Hasan (d. September 976) was the first Buyid amir of northern and central Iran (c. For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — The Buyids (آل بویه Āl-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shī‘ah Iranian For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 935-976). Events By Place Europe Estimation Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world taking the lead He was the son of Buya.
Contents |
Struggle for power
In around 928, Hasan's brother 'Ali joined the services of Makan, who was the Samanid governor of Ray. This article is about the year For the car see Porsche 928 Events By Place Asia Dao Kang Di succeeds Gong Hui Di and is followed ' Ali ibn Buya "'Imad al-Daula" (c 891/2–December 949 was the founder of the Buyid state in Iran (in Shiraz, 934–949 The Samanids (819–999 ( Sāmāniyān) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan, named after its founder Saman See Rayshahr for the Sassanid center of learning in Fars province 'Ali then managed to gain military positions for Hasan and another brother named Ahmad. Ahmad (d April 8, 967) was the first of the Buwayhid Emirs of Iraq, ruling from 945 until his death At the time, Hasan was about thirty years old. When Makan attacked his Samanid overlords and was subsequently defeated by the Ziyarid prince Mardavij, the brothers transferred their allegiance to the latter. The Ziyarids, also spelled Zeyarids (زیاریان or آل زیار were an Iranian dynasty that ruled in the Caspian sea provinces of Gorgan
In the following years, 'Ali repudiated his subservience to Mardavij and, after some time, managed to create an empire in Fars. Fars (pronounced/fɑː(ɹs ( Persian: فارس Fârs) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. During this time, Hasan distinguished himself in the battles over that province. Mardavij, however, marched south and forced 'Ali to recognize his authority in around 934. Events By Place Asia The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County. Hasan was sent to Madavij's court as a hostage. The death of Mardavij in 935 allowed Hasan to escape, and also provided an opportunity for the Buyids to expand into central Iran. 'Ali therefore sent Hasan to take Isfahan. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The Ziyarids, now under Vushmgir, were busy dealing with the Samanids, allowing the Buyid to easily take the city. This success did not last, however. Internal disruptions, combined with an invasion by Vushmgir, forced Hasan to abandon Isfahan to the Ziyarids three years later.
Although he did not receive much support from 'Ali, Hasan continued to be involved in central Iran. In 940 he recaptured Isfahan, then defeated Vushmgir in battle and occupied Ray, which had been taken by the Samanids, in 943. Events By Place Asia Saadia Gaon compiles his Siddur (Jewish prayer book in Iraq. Events By Place Europe King Constantin II of Scotland retires and becomes a monk succeeded by his cousin Malcolm I of Scotland Meanwhile, in 945 Hasan's brother Ahmad had managed to capture Baghdad, occupying the Caliphate. Events By Place Asia The Buwayhid Dynasty takes control of Baghdad (it does not supplant the local caliphate) Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history The caliph gave Ahmad the title of "Mu'izz al-Daula", while Ali' received the title of "'Imad al-Daula". Hasan himself was bestowed with the title "Rukn al-Daula".
That same year, 945, saw Rukn al-Daula expelled from all of central Iran by Ibn Muhtaj, the governor of Samanid Khurasan. Abu 'Ali Ahmad Chaghani (d 955 was the Muhtajid ruler of Chaghaniyan (939&ndash955 and governor of Samanid Khurasan (939&ndash945 952&ndash953 Only in 946 or 947 was he able to make his return to Ray. Events By Place Europe Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in He was, however, able to expand his territory after doing so, stripping Vushmgir of Gurgan and Tabaristan. Gorgan ( Persian: گرگان Caspian: Vergen is the capital of the Golestan Province, Iran.
In 948 or 949, the Sallarid ruler of Azerbaijan, al-Marzuban, became angry over a diplomatic insult sent to him by Mu'izz al-Daula. Events By Place Europe Otto I the Great founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Events By Topic Science 1 February — Belgian Astronomer Jean Meeus (b The Sallarid dynasty (also known as the Musafirids or Langarids) was an Islamic dynasty principally known for its rule of Iranian Azerbaijan Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South He sought revenge against the Buyids by attempting to seize Ray from Rukn al-Daula. The amir, however, convinced al-Marzuban by diplomatic measures to delay his expedition until his brothers sent him additional armies; he then defeated al-Marzuban near Qazvin and imprisoned him. Qazvin ( also spelled as Ghazvin) is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran with an estimated population of 331409 in 2005
Senior amir
In around 948 'Imad al-Daula named Rukn al-Daula's eldest son, Fana Khusrau ('Adud al-Daula) as his successor. Events By Place Europe Otto I the Great founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aḍud al-Dawla ( Arabic: عضد الدولة) or Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw ( ( September 24, 936, Isfahan - March In September 949 he died, and Rukn al-Daula claimed the title of senior amir for himself. Events By Topic Science 1 February — Belgian Astronomer Jean Meeus (b He traveled to Shiraz and stayed there for at least nine months in order to secure his son's succession there, despite the fact that the Samanids were threatening his own possessions. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. Mu'izz al-Daula, meanwhile, accepted Rukn al-Daula's position of senior amir and also sent troops to Shiraz to assist 'Adud al-Daula.
With his substantial territories in central Iran, as well as pledges to respect his authority by both Mu'izz al-Daula and 'Adud al-Daula, Rukn al-Daula was now the most powerful ruler in the Buyid empire. The center of power therefore shifted from Shiraz to Ray. As a consequence of this, Rukn al-Daula was able to request troops from the other Buyid rulers. His own position was not secure; during his time in Shiraz the governor of Samanid Khurasan seized Jibal for a time. Jibāl ( جبال) was a short-lived Arab-ruled province located in western Iran, under the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad
Following his defeat of the Sallarids, Rukn al-Daula sent Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Razzaq, who was formerly the governor of Samanid Tus, to Azerbaijan with orders to take control of the province. Toos (توس or طوس in Persian) also known as Tous or Tus, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan The latter suffered difficulties, however, and returned in 949 or 950 to Ray. Events By Place Europe Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I. In 952 or 953 al-Marzuban escaped, and after some fighting retook control of Azerbaijan. Events By Topic Asia Kalbid forces defeat the Byzantines in Calabria. Events Europe First documented mention of the village of Aach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. By 955, Rukn al-Daula made peace with him, and married his daughter. Events By Place Europe August 10 — Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting
The fight between the Buyids and the Ziyarids, along with their Samanid overlords over Gurgan and Tabaristan also continued until 955, with control of the provinces switching hands several times. Rukn al-Daula was forced to sign a treaty with the Samanids, in which he promised to respect the independence of the Ziyarids in exchange for peace. The peace did not last long, however; in 958 Vushmgir occupied Ray for a short time, while in 960 Rukn al-Daula briefly gained control of Gurgan. Events By Place Asia King Kshemgupta of Kashmir dies and is succeeded by his young son Abhimanyu Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. In 962, the Buyid managed to take both Gurgan and Tabaristan for a short time. Events By Place Europe February 2 — Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. Eventually, this fighting began to work in Rukn al-Daula's favor, and he was able to sign a less humiliating treaty with the Samanids in 971 or 972, though he continued to pay tribute. 971 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe Kenneth II of Scotland succeeds Culen 972 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine
In 974 Rukn al-Daula sent 'Adud al-Daula to suppress a large revolt against 'Izz al-Daula, who had succeeded Mu'izz al-Daula in Iraq in 967. Events By Place Africa The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli; Fatimid rule is consolidated ' Izz al-Daula (d 978 was the Buyid amir of Iraq (967-978 He was born Bakhtiyar and was the son of Mu'izz al-Daula. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. 967 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Europe The Bishopric of Merseburg is formed in Saxony 'Izz al-Daula had also recognized Rukn al-Daula as senior amir, but he and 'Adud al-Daula had a dislike of each other. 'Adud al-Daula successfully destroyed the rebellion, but ended up deposing his cousin as well and proclaimed himself the ruler of Iraq. Rukn al-Daula, however, vehemently protested this, claiming that the line of Mu'izz al-Daula could not be removed from power. 'Adud al-Daula's offer to his father to pay tribute for his possession of Iraq was rejected, and he reluctantly reinstated 'Izz al-Daula and returned to Fars.
'Adud al-Daula began to grow concerned that his father would deny him the succession as senior amir. Although he had never been explicitly designated as successor, it was assumed that as the eldest son that the position would be his upon Rukn al-Daula's death. The fiasco in Iraq, however, cooled the relationship between the two. At this point, Abu'l-Fath ibn al-'Amid, Rukn al-Daula's vizier, attempted to reconcile them by arranging a meeting in Isfahan in January of 976.
The meeting proved to be a success, at least for 'Adud al-Daula. Rukn al-Daula may have been pressured to give in to his son's demands; in any case he agreed to name 'Adud al-Daula as his successor to the senior amirate. All he asked for in exchange was that Ray would go to his second son, Fakhr al-Daula, while Hamadan would go to a third son, Mu'ayyad al-Daula. Fakhr al-Daula ( Arabic: فخر الدولة) (d October or November 997 was the Buyid amir of Jibal (976-980 984-997 Hamadan Hamedān or Hamadān ( Persian: همدان, Old Persian: Hagmatana Hebrew: המזיין Ancient Greek: Ecbatana) Mu'ayyad al-Daula (d 983 was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976-983 Jibal (977-983 Tabaristan (980-983 and Gorgan (981-983 Both sons would recognize 'Adud al-Daula as senior amir. The issue of Iraq was not discussed.
Death and legacy
Only a few months later, Rukn al-Daula died. He was succeeded by his two younger sons in Ray and Hamadan, while 'Adud al-Daula claimed the senior amirate. 'Izz al-Daula, however, refused to recognize this, paving the way for conflict between the two sides.
Rukn al-Daula's campaigns in central Iran were done almost entirely without the support of 'Imad al-Daula. As a result of this, Rukn al-Daula was in nearly all aspects independent of his brother. His coins bear only his name after that of the caliph's, and he was considered by contemporary sources to be an independent ruler. For the remainder of the Buyid presence in central Iran, the amirs there were either independent of the rest of the empire, or were the senior amirs that ruled the empire.
The failure of 'Imad al-Daula to extend his authority over the Buyids of central Iran was later to present problems for the Buyid state, as the descendants of both brothers each considered themselves to be the best candidate for the senior amirate. This led to multiple independent rulers, destroying the unity of the Buyid state and allowing for internal dissent.
In terms of a capital, Isfahan at first served Rukn al-Daula's his city of choice, and continued to be a favorite even after Ray was captured and the court was moved there. His successors would continue to use Ray as the capital. Like the other Buyids, Rukn al-Daula was a Shi'ite. While he recognized the authority of the caliph of his coins and allowed the caliph's name to be said in the Friday prayers, in all other aspects he ruled as a Shi'ite. On the other hand, he was no fanatic; he recognized that the Sunni citizens of his empire must be protected in order to prevent internal discord. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic
References
- R. N. Frye (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Four: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. ISBN 0-521-20093-8
- Nagel, Tilman. Buyids, Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v4_articles/buyids&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html
| Preceded by None |
Buyid Amir (in Ray) 943–976 |
Succeeded by Fakhr al-Daula |
| Preceded by None |
Buyid Amir (in Hamadan) ?–976 |
Succeeded by Mu'ayyad al-Daula |
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic