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Ruhr Area within Germany
Ruhr Area within Germany
Map of the Ruhr Area
Map of the Ruhr Area

The Ruhr Area, (German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, consisting of a number of large formerly industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Lippe (ˈlɪpə is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. In the Southwest it borders on the Bergisches Land. The Bergisches Land is a region in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. The area with a population of some 5. 3 million is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area of more than 12 million people. The Rhine-Ruhr Area (Rhein-Ruhr in Germany is one of the largest Metropolitan areas in Europe with about 11800000 inhabitants A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central

From west to east, the area includes the city boroughs of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen, and Dortmund as well as parts of the more "rural" districts Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr. Duisburg (ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k is a German city in the western part of the Ruhr Area ( Ruhrgebiet) in North Rhine-Westphalia. Oberhausen (ˈoːbɐhaʊzən is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. (ˈbɔtʁɔp is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal in North Rhine-Westphalia. Mülheim an der Ruhr, also called "City on the River", is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Essen (ˈɛsən is a City in the center of the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Gelsenkirchen (ˌgɛlzənˈkɪʁçən is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Bochum (ˈboːχʊm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Herne (ˈhɛʁnə is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hamm is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW Germany. It is located on the Lippe River, in the northeastern part of the Ruhr area. Hagen is the 37th-largest City in Germany, located in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Dortmund (ˈdɔʁtmʊnt is a City in Germany, located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. Wesel (ˈveːzəl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Recklinghausen (ʁɛklɪŋˈhaʊzən is a City in the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Unna is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the seat of the Unna district. The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. These districts have grown into a large complex forming an industrial landscape of unique size, inhabited by some 5. 3 million people, the fifth largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, London, Madrid, and Paris. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

Contents

History

Towns in the area first grew during the Industrial Revolution, mainly basing their economy on coal mining and steel production. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Large-scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution, and coal provided the main source of Primary energy Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 As demand for coal slowly decreased after 1960, the area went into phases of structural crisis and industrial diversification, first developing traditional heavy industry, then moving into service industries and high technology. The proverbial air and water pollution of the area are largely a thing of the past. In 2005 “Essen for the Ruhrgebiet” was the official candidate for nomination as European Capital of Culture for 2010. The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its

In January 1923 French forces occupied the Ruhr area as a means of reprisal after Germany did not fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr. World War I reparations refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that the German country was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919 following The German government answered with "passive resistance," which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences completely ruined public finances in Germany and passive resistance was called off in late 1923.

In World War II, the Allies mounted a campaign specifically to encircle and capture the Ruhr Area. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose This effort succeeded in surrounding the entire area, trapping several hundred thousand Wehrmacht troops within what was known as the "Ruhr Pocket. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 The Ruhr Pocket was a battle of encirclement that took place in late March and early April 1945 near the end of World War II, in the Ruhr Area of " Due to its economic significance, the region was very heavily bombed during the War and some of its towns (Dortmund, for example) were among the most devastated cities in Germany. Dortmund (ˈdɔʁtmʊnt is a City in Germany, located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area.

Following the German unconditional surrender after World War II, the Ruhr area led a perilous existence. The Morgenthau Plan had set the tone in 1944 by requiring the entire area to be stripped of all mining and manufacturing industry, and its industrial worker population to be dispersed as widely as possible. The Morgenthau Plan was a plan for the occupation of Germany after World War II that advocated measures intended to remove Germany's ability to wage war The Ruhr area was then to be governed as an international zone. The French Monnet plan also pushed for an internationalization (see also French proposal from September 1945). This article deals with the 1945-47 plan of the immediate post-war period The Ruhr Agreement was imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany. The International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR was an international body established in 1949 by the Allied powers to control the coal and steel industry of the Ruhr Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [1] (see also the International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR)). The International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR was an international body established in 1949 by the Allied powers to control the coal and steel industry of the Ruhr

In the end, the beginning of the Cold War led to increased German control of the area, although permanently limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into a multinational community in 1951 (see European Coal and Steel Community). Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating The nearby Saar area, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was handed over by the U. The Saar or Saar Area or Saar Protectorate or Saar Region was a French-German borderland territory twice temporarily made a protectorate S. to economic administration by France as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957, with economic reintegration occurring a few years later. Parallel to the question of political control of the Ruhr, the Allies conducted an effort to decrease German industrial potential by limitations on production and dismantling of factories and steel plants, predominantly in the Ruhr. (see also The industrial plans for Germany). The Level of Industry plans for Germany were the effected Allied plans to lower and control German industrial potential after World War II. By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by then much watered-down "level of industry" plans, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods [2] Dismantling finally ended in 1951.

After Cold War tensions increased, it was anticipated that a Red Army thrust into Western Europe would begin in the Fulda Gap, and would have the Ruhr Area as a primary target. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Fulda Gap is a region of lower elevation between the former East German border and Frankfurt (West Germany.

Language

The local dialect of German is commonly called Ruhrdeutsch or Ruhrpottdeutsch, although there is really no uniform dialect that justifies designation as a single dialect. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. It is rather a working class sociolect with influences from the various dialects found in the area and changing even with the professions of the workers. In Linguistics, a sociolect is the variety of language characteristic of a social background or status A major common influence stems from the coal mining tradition of the area. For example, the Ruhr Area is more commonly known among locals as either "Ruhrpott", where "Pott" is a derivate of "Pütt" (pitmen's term for mine; cp. the English "pit"), or as "Revier"

Migration

During the 19th century the Ruhr area attracted up to 500,000 Poles from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as Ostflucht. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people The Ostflucht (flight from the East was a movement by residents of the Former eastern territories of Germany, such as East Prussia, West Prussia, By 1925, the Ruhrgebiet had around 3. 8 million inhabitants. Most of the new inhabitants migrated from Eastern Europe, however, immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It has been claimed that immigrants came to the Ruhr from over 140 different nations. After World War II, even more immigrants flocked from the east. These guest workers or "gastarbeiter" came mostly from Italy, and Turkey. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Almost all of their descendants today speak German only and consider themselves Germans, with only their Polish family names remaining as a sign of their past.

In 1900, the main concentrations of the Polish minority were:

Public Transport

All public transport companies in the Ruhr Area are run under the umbrella of the VRR (German: Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr), which provides a uniform ticket system valid for the entire area. The Ruhr Area is well-integrated into the Deutsche Bahn, both in passenger and cargo rail. Deutsche Bahn AG ( DB AG, DBAG or DB) is the German national Railway company

External links

Notes

  1. ^ Amos Yoder, "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", The Review of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul. , 1955), pp. 345-358
  2. ^ Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun. , 1961), pp. 517-534

Bibliography

See also

The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr. The Rhine-Ruhr Area (Rhein-Ruhr in Germany is one of the largest Metropolitan areas in Europe with about 11800000 inhabitants Ruhrpolen (“Ruhr Poles” is a German umbrella term for Silesians, Masurians and ethnic Poles who migrated to the rapidly-industrializing ||-||} Wuppertal (ˈvʊpɐtaːl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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