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Dr. R.L.K. Virchow
Dr. R. L. K. Virchow

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (October 13, 1821, Schivelbein (Pomerania) - September 5, 1902, Berlin) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Świdwin (Schivelbein is a Town in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 16240 inhabitants (2005 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" A biologist is a Scientist devoted to and producing results in Biology through the study of Organisms Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person He is referred to as the "Father of Pathology," and founded the field of Social Medicine. The field of social medicine seeks to(1 understand how social and economic conditions impact health disease and the practice of medicine and (2 foster conditions in which this understanding

Contents

Scientific Career

From a farming family of relatively modest means, Virchow studied medicine in Berlin at the military academy of Prussia on a scholarship. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state When he graduated in 1842 he went to serve as Robert Froriep's assistant at the Berlin Charité rather than the expected military service. Robert Friedrich Froriep ( February 2, 1804 - June 15, 1861) was a German Anatomist who was a native of Jena. The Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin is the Medical school for the Free University of Berlin and the Humboldt University of Berlin. He was employed as an intern at Charité Hospital in Berlin but was suspended on March 31, 1849 because of his liberal view of the German government. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Due to political reasons, he moved to Würzburg to study and teach anatomy. The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, founded in 1402 Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration In 1856, he returned to Berlin as a professor of anatomic pathology (a chair created just for him) at Berlin University and the Berlin Charité where he had previously worked as Froriep's assistant. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. One of his major contributions to German medical education was to encourage the use of microscopes by medical students and was known for constantly urging his students to 'think microscopically'. The campus where this Charité hospital is located is named after him, the Campus Virchow Klinikum.

Virchow is credited with multiple significant discoveries. Although he and Theodor Schwann are not mentioned together. His most widely known is indeed his cell theory. He is cited as the first to recognize leukemia. Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood However, he is perhaps best known for his theory Omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell originates from another existing cell like it. ") which he published in 1858. (The epigram was actually coined by François-Vincent Raspail but popularized by Virchow). An epigram is a short Poem, often with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement François-Vincent Raspail ( January 25 1794 - January 7[[ 878]] was a French Chemist, Physiologist, and Socialist It is a rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from non-living matter. It was believed, for example, that maggots could spontaneously appear in decaying meat; Francesco Redi carried out experiments which disproved this. Francesco Redi (February 18/19 1626&ndash March 1, 1697) was an Italian Physician. Redi's work gave rise to the maxim Omne vivum ex ovo ("every living thing comes from a living thing"), Virchow (and his predecessors) extended this to state that the only source for a living cell was another living cell. Biogenesis is the process of Lifeforms producing other lifeforms e

Another significant credit relates to the discovery, made approximately simultaneously by Virchow and Charles Emile Troisier, that an enlarged left supra-clavicular node is one of the earliest signs of gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly of the stomach, or less commonly, lung cancer. Charles Emile Troisier (1844-1919 was a French doctor The following are named for him Troisier's sign Troisier-Hanot-Chauffard syndrome This has become known as Virchow's node and simultaneously Troisier's sign. In Medicine ( Oncology) Virchow's node (or signal node) is an enlarged hard left supraclavicular Lymph node which can contain Troisier's sign is finding a hard enlarged left Supraclavicular Lymph node.

Virchow is also famous for elucidating the mechanism of pulmonary thromboembolism, coining the term embolism. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood Clot ( Thrombus) inside a Blood vessel, obstructing the flow of Blood through the Circulatory In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation He noted that blood clots in the pulmonary artery originate first from venous thrombi, stating: "The detachment of larger or smaller fragments from the end of the softening thrombus which are carried along by the current of blood and driven into remote vessels. This gives rise to the very frequent process on which I have bestowed the name of Embolia. " Related to this research, Virchow described the factors contributing to venous thrombosis, Virchow's triad. Virchow's triad encompasses the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to Thrombosis.

Furthermore, Virchow founded the medical disciplines of cellular pathology, comparative pathology (comparison of diseases common to humans and animals). Cytopathology (from Greek grc κύτος kytos, "a hollow" grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus His very innovative work may be viewed as sitting between that of Morgagni whose work Virchow studied, and that of Paul Ehrlich, who studied at the Charité while Virchow was developing microscopic pathology there. Giovanni Battista Morgagni ( February 25, 1682 – December 6, 1771) Italian anatomist, was born on at Forlì Paul Ehrlich ( March 14, 1854 &ndash August 20, 1915) was a German Scientist who won the 1908 Nobel

Rudolph Virchow, by Hugo Vogel
Rudolph Virchow, by Hugo Vogel

In 1869 he founded the Society for anthropology, ethnology and prehistory (Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte) which was very influential in coordinating and intensifying German archaeological research. Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit custom convention" is the branch of Anthropology that compares and Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" In 1885 he launched a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race", leading him to denounce the "Nordic mysticism" in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe. Craniometry is the technique of measuring the Bones of the Skull. Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century Karlsruhe (ˈkaɐ̯lsʁuːə population 285812 in 2006 is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-Württemberg, located near Josef Kollmann , a collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be them German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" on others [1].

In 1892 he was awarded the Copley Medal. The Copley Medal is a scientific award for distinguished achievement in any field of Science established by the Royal Society of London in 1731

He was a very prolific writer. Some of his works are:

He also developed a standard method of autopsy procedure, named for him, that is still one of the two main techniques used today. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination More than a laboratory physician, Virchow was an impassioned advocate for social and political reform, stating that physicians should act as "attorneys for the poor. " His views are evident in his "Report on the Typhus Outbreak of Upper Silesia (1848),"writing that the outbreak could not be solved by treating individual patients with drugs or with minor changes in food, housing, or clothing laws, but only through radical action to promote the advancement of an entire population. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Upper Silesia (Horní Slezsko Oberschlesien Latin: Silesia Superior; Górny Śląsk Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk) is the southeastern part [1] He is widely regarded as a pioneer of social medicine. The field of social medicine seeks to(1 understand how social and economic conditions impact health disease and the practice of medicine and (2 foster conditions in which this understanding [2]

anthropology. "[3]

Hostility toward antiseptics

Despite these many accomplishments in medicine, Virchow's reputation is blackened by his rejection of and hostility towards the theory that bacteria cause disease. His attacks on Ignaz Semmelweis's advocacy of antisepsis delayed the use of antiseptics. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis ( July 1, 1818 &ndash August 13, 1865) also Ignac Semmelweis (born Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp [2]

He died following a hip fracture that he sustained falling from a tram.

Medical terms

Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938)

Political career

Virchow also worked as a politician (member of the Berlin City Council, the Prussian parliament since 1861, German Reichstag 1880-1893) to improve the health care conditions for the Berlin citizens, namely working towards modern water and sewer systems. Dorland's is the brand name of a family of medical reference works (including dictionaries, spellers word books and spell-check software) in various media (including The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Virchow is also credited with the founding of "Social Medicine", frequently focusing on the fact that disease is never purely biological, but often, socially derived. The field of social medicine seeks to(1 understand how social and economic conditions impact health disease and the practice of medicine and (2 foster conditions in which this understanding As a co-founder and member of the liberal party (Deutschen Fortschrittspartei) he was an important political antagonist of Bismarck. The German Progress Party ( Deutsche Fortschrittspartei or DFP) was the first modern political party with a program in Germany founded by the liberal members of the Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898)

One area where he co-operated with Bismarck was in the Kulturkampf, the anti-clerical campaign against the Catholic Church[3] claiming that the anti-clerical laws bore "the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity". The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted [4] It was during the discussion of Falk’s May Laws (Maigesetze) that Virchow first used the term. Paul Ludwig Adalbert Falk ( 10 August 1827 &ndash July 7, 1900) was a German Politician. [5]

Virchow was respected in Masonic circles,[6] and according to one source[7] may have been a freemason, though no official record of this has been found.

The Society for Medical Anthropology gives an annual award in Virchow's name, Rudolph Virchow Award. The Rudolf Virchow Awards are annual American awards in Anthropology.

References

  1. ^ Andrea Orsucci, "Ariani, indogermani, stirpi mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee (1870-1914), Cromohs, 1998 (Italian)
  2. ^ HighBeam Encyclopedia http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1B1-382053.html
  3. ^ "This anti-Catholic crusade was also taken up by the Progressives, especially Rudolf Virchow, though Richter himself was tepid in his occasional support. " Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century by Ralph Raico
  4. ^ "The term came into use in 1873, when the scientist and Prussian liberal statesman Rudolf Virchow declared that the battle with the Roman Catholics was assuming “the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity. ”" from Kulturkampf. (2006). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 25, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ A leading German school teacher, Rudolf Virchow, characterized Bismarck's struggle with the Catholic Church as a Kulturkampf - a fight for culture - by which Virchow meant a fight for liberal, rational principles against the dead weight of medieval traditionalism, obscurantism, and authoritarianism. " from The Triumph of Civilization by Norman D. Livergood and "Kulturkampf \Kul*tur"kampf`\, n. [G. , fr. kultur, cultur, culture + kampf fight. ] (Ger. Hist. ) Lit. , culture war; - a name, originating with Virchow (1821 - 1902), given to a struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and the German government" Kulturkampf in freedict. co. uk
  6. ^ "Rizal's Berlin associates, or perhaps the word "patrons" would give their relation better, were men as esteemed in Masonry as they were eminent in the scientific world--Virchow, for example. " in JOSE RIZAL AS A MASON by AUSTIN CRAIG, The Builder Magazine, August 1916 - Volume II - Number 8
  7. ^ "It was a heady atmosphere for the young Brother, and Masons in Germany, Dr. Dr José P Rizal (full name José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda) (June 19 1861 – December 30 1896 was a Filipino Polymath, Rudolf Virchow and Dr. Feodor Jagor, were instrumental in his becoming a member of the Berlin Ethnological and Anthropological Societies. " From Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal By Reynold S. Fajardo, 33° by Fred Lamar Pearson, Scottish Rite Journal, October 1998

Further reading

External links

Persondata
NAME Virchow, Rudolf
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Virchow, Rudolf Ludwig Karl; "Father of Pathology"
SHORT DESCRIPTION German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH October 13, 1821
PLACE OF BIRTH Schivelbein (Pomerania
DATE OF DEATH September 5, 1902
PLACE OF DEATH Berlin, Germany
Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin was established in March 1994 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" A biologist is a Scientist devoted to and producing results in Biology through the study of Organisms Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Świdwin (Schivelbein is a Town in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 16240 inhabitants (2005 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany.
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