Rudolf Hess
„Stellvertreter des Führers“ Deputy to Adolf Hitler
In office 21 April 1933 – May 1941
Preceded by	none
Succeeded by	Martin Bormann
Lieutenant	Karl Gerland
Lieutenant	Martin Bormann
Born	April 26, 1894(1894-04-26) Alexandria, Egypt
Died	August 17, 1987 (aged 93) Berlin, Germany
Nationality	German
Political party	National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) (Since 1920)
Spouse	Ilse Pröhl (22 June 1900 - 07 September 1985) married 20 December 1927
Children	Wolf Rüdiger Hess (18 November 1937 - 14 October 2001). Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945 Karl Gerland ( 14 July 1905 &ndash 21 April 1945) was a Nazi Gauleiter of Kurhessen. Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945 Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945
Alma mater	University of Munich
Profession	Reichsminister
German spelling is Heß

Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (Heß in German) (April 26, 1894 – August 17, 1987) was a prominent figure in Nazi Germany, acting as Adolf Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 On the eve of war with the Soviet Union, he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom, but instead was arrested. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to life in prison at Spandau Prison, where he remained until his death in 1987 as a result of strangulation by an electrical cord. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most Spandau Prison was a Prison situated in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin, constructed in 1876 and demolished in The official cause of death was recorded as suicide.

Hess's attempt to negotiate peace and subsequent lifelong imprisonment have given rise to many theories about his motivation for flying to Scotland, and conspiracy theories about why he remained imprisoned alone at Spandau, long after all other convicts had been released. A conspiracy theory attributes the ultimate cause of an event or chain of events (usually Political, Social or Historical events or the concealment On September 27 and September 28, 2007, numerous British news services published descriptions of conflict between his Western and Soviet captors over his treatment and how the Soviet captors were steadfast in denying repeated entreaties for his release on humanitarian grounds during his last years. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. ^[1][2][3]

Hess has become a figure of veneration among neo-Nazis. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, ^[4][5][6]

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Hitler's deputy 1.3 Flight to Scotland 1.4 Trial and imprisonment 1.5 Death and legacy 2 Speculation on his flight to Britain 2.1 The Queen's Lost Uncle 2.2 Lured into a trap? 2.3 Hess's landing 3 Portrayal in popular culture 3.1 Film and television 3.2 Literature 3.3 Other 4 Notes 5 References and further reading 6 External links

Biography

Early life

Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, the eldest of the four children of Fritz H. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Hess, a Lutheran importer/exporter. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther His mother was of Greek descent, of the Georgiadis family of Alexandria (where traditionally there had been a vibrant and rich Greek community). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The family moved to Germany in 1908 and Rudolf was enrolled in boarding school there. Although he expressed interest in being an astronomer, his father convinced him to study business in Switzerland. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation At the onset of World War I he enlisted in the 7th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment, became an infantryman and was awarded the Iron Cross, second class. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia After numerous injuries, including a chest wound severe enough that he was not allowed to return to the front as an infantryman, he transferred to the Imperial Air Corps (after being rejected once). He took aeronautical training and served in an operational squadron at the rank of lieutenant. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services

On December 20, 1927 Hess married 27-year-old Ilse Pröhl (June 22, 1900–September 7, 1995) from Hanover. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Together they had a son, Wolf Rüdiger Hess (November 18, 1937–October 24, 2001). Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.

Hitler's deputy

After the war Hess went to Munich and joined the Freikorps. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century He also joined the Thule Society, a völkisch occult-mystical organization. The Thule Society (Thule-Gesellschaft originally the Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum 'Study Group for Germanic Antiquity' was a German Occultist The völkisch movement is the German interpretation of the populist movement with a romantic focus on Folklore and the "organic" The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity ^[7] Hess enrolled in the University of Munich where he studied political science, history, economics, and geopolitics under Professor Karl Haushofer. The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München also known as LMU, is a University in Munich and with more Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales Karl Ernst Haushofer ( August 27, 1869 &ndash March 10, 1946) was a German geopolitician and General. After hearing Hitler speak in May 1920, he became completely devoted to his leadership. For commanding an SA battalion during the Beer Hall Putsch, Hess served seven and a half months in Landsberg prison. The, abbreviated SA, ( German for "Assault detachment" or "Assault section" usually translated as " stormtroop(ers A battalion is a Military unit of around 500-1500 men usually consisting of between two and seven companies and typically commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 Landsberg Prison is a penal facility located in the town of Landsberg am Lech in the southwest of the German state of Bavaria, about 30 miles (65 km Acting as Hitler's private secretary, he transcribed and partially edited Hitler's book Mein Kampf and eventually rose to deputy party leader and third in leadership of Germany, after Hitler and Hermann Göring. Mein Kampf ( English: My Struggle/My Battle) is a book by Adolf Hitler. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member

Hess had a privileged position as Hitler's deputy in the early years of the Nazi movement but was increasingly marginalized throughout the 1930s as Hitler and other Nazi leaders consolidated political power. Hess also played a prominent part in the creation of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. Hitler biographer John Toland described Hess's political insight and abilities as somewhat limited and his alienation increased during the early years of the war as attention and glory were focused on military leaders, along with Göring, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler. John Willard Toland ( June 29, 1912 in La Crosse Wisconsin - January 4, 2004 in Danbury Connecticut) was an Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation ˈɡœbəls English generally ˈɡɝbəlz (29 October 1897 1 May 1945 was a German politician and Reich Minister of Public Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Hess worshipped Hitler more than Göring, Goebbels and Himmler, but he was not ambitious, and did not crave power like the others did.

Hess had a strong interest in herbalism and organic farming. Herbalism is a traditional Medicinal or Folk medicine practice based on the use of Plants and Plant extracts Herbalism is also known as Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation

Flight to Scotland

Like Goebbels, Hess was privately distressed by the war with Britain. According to William L. Shirer, author of The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Hess may have hoped to score a diplomatic victory by sealing a peace between the Third Reich and Britain. William Lawrence Shirer ( February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and historian The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by Journalist William L Shirer was the first definitive history of Nazi Germany in English. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers According to Lt. Col. Eugene K. Bird, former U. Lieutenant Colonel Eugene K Bird ( 11 March, 1926 Lambert Montana &ndash October 28, 2005, Berlin S. commandant of Spandau prison, what really impelled Hess to fly to Britain were the behind-the-scenes moves by the Haushofers in Nazi Germany to contact the Duke of Hamilton in Scotland; for documentary proof, he shows the Haushofer Letters in the National Archives in Washington D. The United States National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government charged C. ^[8]

Hess flew to Britain in May 1941 to meet the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, parachuting from his Messerschmitt Bf 110 over Renfrewshire on May 10 and landing (though breaking his ankle) at Floors Farm near Eaglesham, just south of Glasgow. Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Renfrewshire ( Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Scottish Gaelic) is one of 32 Council areas of Scotland. Eaglesham (pronounced "Eagles-ham" is a village in East Renfrewshire, Scotland. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom

A young boy who was living on the farm was shooting pigeons at the time when Hess landed nearby. He claimed to have shot down Hess's plane with a stray bullet, a tale that was accepted by the other residents.

Hess was quickly arrested, although the details of how this happened are somewhat unclear and remain controversial. In one newsreel clip, farmhand David McLean claims to have arrested Hess with his pitchfork. A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories

It appears that Hess believed Hamilton to be an opponent of Winston Churchill, whom he held responsible for the outbreak of the war. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 His proposal of peace included returning all the western European countries conquered by Germany to their own national governments, but German police would remain in position. Germany would also pay back the cost of rebuilding these countries. In return, Britain would have to support the war against Soviet Russia. Hess's strange behaviour and unilateral proposals quickly discredited him as a serious negotiator (especially after it became obvious he did not officially represent the German government). However, Churchill and Stewart Menzies, head of MI6, felt that Hess might have useful military intelligence. Major General Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, KCB, KCMG, DSO, MC (pronounced "mingis" with a hard 'g' ( 30 January The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency.

After being held in the Maryhill army barracks, he was transferred to Mytchett Place near Aldershot. Maryhill is an area of the City of Glasgow, in Scotland. Maryhill is a former Burgh. Aldershot is a town in the English County of Hampshire, located on heathland about 60 km (37 miles southwest of London. The house was fitted out with microphones and sound recording equipment. Frank Foley and two other MI6 officers were given the job of debriefing Hess — or "Jonathan", as he was now known. Major Francis Edward Foley CMG (November 1884 Highbridge Somerset – May 8 1958, Stourbridge) was a British secret service Churchill's instructions were that Hess should be strictly isolated, and that every effort should be taken to get any information out of him that might be useful. ^[9]

This turned out not to amount to much. Although Hess was officially Deputy Führer, he had been squeezed out of Hitler's inner circle and had little detailed military information to offer. Hess became increasingly agitated as his conviction grew that he would be murdered. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Mealtimes were difficult, since Hess suspected that his food might be poisoned, and the MI6 officers had to exchange their food with his to reassure him. Gradually, their conviction grew that Hess was insane. Traditionally insanity or madness is the behaviour whereby a person flouts societal norms and may become a danger to himself and others

Hess was interviewed by psychiatrist John Rawlings Rees who had worked at the Tavistock Clinic prior to becoming a Brigadier in the Army. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric John Rawlings Rees (also known as 'Jack' ( June 25, 1890 - April 11, 1969) was a wartime and civilian psychiatrist and became a Brigadier See Tavistock Institute for the independent charity focussing on group relations Rees concluded that he was not insane, but certainly mentally ill and suffering from depression — probably due to the failure of his mission. Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression ^[9] Hess's diaries from his imprisonment in Britain after 1941 make many references to visits from Rees, whom he did not like and accused of poisoning him and "mesmerising" him. Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness Rees took part in the Nuremberg trial of 1945.

Taken by surprise, Hitler had Hess's staff arrested, then spread word throughout Germany that Hess had gone insane and acted of his own accord. Hearing this, Hess began claiming to his interrogators that as part of a pre-arranged diplomatic cover story, Hitler had agreed to announce to the German people that his deputy Führer was insane. Meanwhile Hitler granted Hess's wife a pension. A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. Martin Bormann succeeded Hess as deputy under a newly-created title. Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945

“	My coming to England in this way is, as I realize, so unusual that nobody will easily understand it. I was confronted by a very hard decision. I do not think I could have arrived at my final choice unless I had continually kept before my eyes the vision of an endless line of children's coffins with weeping mothers behind them, both English and German, and another line of coffins of mothers with mourning children.	”
—June 10, 1941 (from Rudolf Hess: Prisoner of Peace by his wife, Ilse Hess)

Trial and imprisonment

Hess was detained by the British for the remainder of the war, for most of the time at Maindiff Court Military Hospital in Abergavenny, Wales^[10]. Abergavenny (Y Fenni meaning Mouth of the River Gavenny, is a Market town in Monmouthshire, Wales. He then became a defendant at the Nuremberg Trials of the International Military Tribunal, where he was found guilty on two of four counts and given a life sentence. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany after

He was declared guilty of "crimes against peace" ("planning and preparation of aggressive war") and "conspiracy" with other German leaders to commit crimes. In the Criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between Natural persons to break the law at some time in the future and in some cases with at least one overt act Hess was found not guilty of "war crimes" or "crimes against humanity. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of "

Some of his last words before the tribunal were, "I do not regret anything. " For decades he was addressed only as prisoner number seven. Throughout the investigations prior to trial Hess claimed amnesia, insisting that he had no memory of his role in the Nazi Party. Amnesia (from Greek) is a condition in which Memory is disturbed He went on to pretend not to recognise even Hermann Göring — who was as convinced as the psychiatric team that Hess had lost his mind. Hess then addressed the court, several weeks into hearing evidence, to announce that his memory had returned — thereby destroying his defence of diminished responsibility. He later confessed to having enjoyed pulling the wool over the eyes of the investigative psychiatric team.

Hess was considered to be the most mentally unstable of all the defendants. He would be seen talking to himself in court, counting on his fingers, laughing for no obvious reason. Such behaviour was a source of great annoyance to Göring, who made clear his desire to be seated apart from him. The request was denied.

Following the 1966 releases of Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer, Hess was the sole remaining inmate of Spandau Prison, partly at the insistence of the Soviets. Baldur Benedikt von Schirach ( May 9, 1907 &ndash August 8, 1974) was a Nazi youth leader later convicted of being a War criminal Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, commonly known as Albert Speer ( 19 March 1905 - 1 September 1981 was an Architect, author and for part of World Spandau Prison was a Prison situated in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin, constructed in 1876 and demolished in Guards reportedly said he degenerated mentally and lost most of his memory. For two decades, his main companion was warden Eugene K. Bird, with whom he formed a close friendship. Lieutenant Colonel Eugene K Bird ( 11 March, 1926 Lambert Montana &ndash October 28, 2005, Berlin Bird wrote a 1974 book titled The Loneliest Man in the World: The Inside Story of the 30-Year Imprisonment of Rudolf Hess about his relationship with Hess.

Many historians and legal commentators have expressed opinions that his long imprisonment was an injustice. In his book, The Second World War Part III, Winston Churchill wrote,

“

Reflecting upon the whole of the story, I am glad not to be responsible for the way in which Hess has been and is being treated. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Whatever may be the moral guilt of a German who stood near to Hitler, Hess had, in my view, atoned for this by his completely devoted and frantic deed of lunatic benevolence. He came to us of his own free will, and, though without authority, had something of the quality of an envoy. He was a medical and not a criminal case, and should be so regarded.

”

In the early 1970s, the U.S., British and French governments had approached the Soviet government to propose that Hess be released on humanitarian grounds due to his age. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at The government of France is a Semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares The Soviet official response was apparently to reject these attempts and reportedly "refused to consider any reduction in Hess's life sentence. "^[11] U.S. President Richard Nixon was in favor of releasing Hess and stated that the U. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by S. , Britain, and France should continue to entreat the Soviet Union for his release.

In 1977, Britain's chief prosecutor at Nuremberg, Sir Hartley Shawcross, characterized Hess's continued imprisonment as a "scandal. Hartley William Shawcross Baron Shawcross, GBE, PC, KC ( 4 February 1902 &ndash 10 July 2003) was a British "

Death and legacy

On August 17, 1987, Hess died while under Four Power imprisonment at Spandau Prison in West Berlin, at the age of 93. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Following the defeat of Nazi Germany and then the partition of German territory two Four-Power Authorities, in which all 3 of the conquering forces (The United States Spandau Prison was a Prison situated in the borough of Spandau in western Berlin, constructed in 1876 and demolished in West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 He was found in a summer house in a garden located in a secure area of the prison with an electrical cord wrapped around his neck. His death was ruled a suicide by self-asphyxiation, accomplished by tying the cord to a window latch in the summer house, but there has been much dispute over this, with some sources claiming that Hess was in fact murdered. He was buried in Wunsiedel, and Spandau Prison was subsequently demolished to prevent it from becoming a shrine. Wunsiedel is a Town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in the Fichtelgebirge mountains at the bottom of the Kösseine Plateau ^{[12] [13]}

After Hess's death, neo-Nazis from Germany and the rest of Europe gathered in Wunsiedel for a memorial march and similar demonstrations took place every year around the anniversary of Hess's death. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, Wunsiedel is a Town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in the Fichtelgebirge mountains at the bottom of the Kösseine Plateau These gatherings were banned from 1991 to 2000 and neo-Nazis tried to assemble in other cities and countries (such as the Netherlands and Denmark). The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Demonstrations in Wunsiedel were again legalised in 2001. Over 5,000 neo-Nazis marched in 2003, with over 9,000 in 2004, marking some of the biggest Nazi demonstrations in Germany since 1945. After stricter German legislation regarding demonstrations by neo-Nazis was enacted in March 2005 the demonstrations were banned again. March 2005: ← - January 2005 - February 2005 - March - April 2005 - May 2005 - June 2005 - July 2005

Speculation on his flight to Britain

The Queen's Lost Uncle

Related claims were made in The Queen's Lost Uncle, a television programme broadcast in November 2003 and March 2005 on Britain's Channel 4. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U November 2003: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - March 2005: ← - January 2005 - February 2005 - March - April 2005 - May 2005 - June 2005 - July 2005 Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began This programme reported that, according to unspecified "recently released" documents, Hess flew to the UK to meet Prince George, Duke of Kent, who had to be rushed from the scene due to Hess's botched arrival. The Prince George Duke of Kent (George Edward Alexander Edmund 20 December 1902 - 25 August 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family This was supposedly also part of a plot to fool the Nazis into thinking the prince was plotting with other senior figures to overthrow Winston Churchill.

Lured into a trap?

In May 1943, the American Mercury magazine published a story from an anonymous source which indicated that Hess was lured to Scotland by the British secret service. The article posited that Hess had come to Britain in the belief that he was meeting with the Duke of Hamilton, and that when he was intercepted by farmer David McLean, he admitted to home guardsmen that "he had come from Germany and was hunting the private airdrome on the Duke of Hamilton's estate, ten miles away. " The Duke was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship Association. According to the source, British Secret Service agents had intercepted the correspondence to the Duke, which had been brought from Germany by an "eminent diplomat", and had begun responding in the Duke's name and handwriting. Thus encouraged, Hitler sent Hess to propose an accommodation which would reverse German gains in the west in exchange for a free hand in dealing with the Soviet Union in the east. This was a month before Germany attacked its former Soviet ally.

Violet Roberts, whose nephew Walter was a close relative of the Duke of Hamilton and was working in the political intelligence and propaganda branch of the Secret Intelligence Service (SO1/PWE), was friends with Hess's mentor Karl Haushofer. Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and Black propaganda Karl Ernst Haushofer ( August 27, 1869 &ndash March 10, 1946) was a German geopolitician and General. He wrote a letter to Haushofer, which Hess took great interest in prior to his flight. Haushofer replied to Violet Roberts, suggesting a post office box in Portugal for further correspondence. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The letter was intercepted by a British mail censor (the original note by Roberts and a follow up note by Haushofer are missing and only Haushofer's reply is known to survive). Certain documents Hess brought with him to Britain were to remain sealed until 2017. However, when the seal was broken in 1991-92, they were missing. Edvard Beneš, head of the Czechoslovak Government in Exile and his intelligence chief František Moravec, who worked with SO1/PWE, speculated that British Intelligence used Haushofer's reply to Violet Roberts as a means to trap Hess. Edvard Beneš ( pronounced) ( May 28 1884 Kožlany, Bohemia (then part of Austria-Hungary Following the Anschluss of Nazi Germany and Austria in March 1938 Nazi leader Adolf Hitler 's next target for annexation was Czechoslovakia František Moravec ( July 23 1895, Čáslav – July 26 1966, Washington D ^[14]

The fact that the files concerning Hess will be kept closed to the public until 2016 does allow the debate to continue, since without these files the existing theories cannot be fully verified. Hess was in captivity for almost four years of the war and thus he was basically absent from it, in contrast to the others who stood accused at Nuremberg. According to data published in a book about Wilhelm Canaris, a number of contacts between Britain and Germany were kept during the war. Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr ^[15] It cannot be known, however, whether these were direct contacts on specific affairs or an intentional confusion created between secret services for the purpose of deception. - Martin Allen's book about the background of the flight is based on forged documents in the British National Archives (see the article by E. Haiger).

Hess's landing

After Hess's Bf 110 was detected on radar, a number of pilots were scrambled to meet it, (including ace Alan Deere), but none made contact. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships Air Commodore Alan Christopher "Al" Deere DSO, OBE, DFC & Bar (12 December 1917 - 21 September 1995 was a New Zealand (The tail and one engine of the Bf 110 can be seen in the Imperial War Museum in London; the other engine is on display at the National Museum of Flight in East Lothian). The Imperial War Museum is a Museum in London, England featuring military vehicles weapons war memorabilia an extensive library open to the public London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The National Museum of Flight is an Aerospace Museum at East Fortune Airfield (formerly RAF East Fortune) just south of the village of East Fortune

Some witnesses in the nearby suburb of Clarkston claimed Hess's plane landed smoothly in a field near Carnbooth House. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. They reported seeing the gunners of a nearby heavy anti-aircraft artillery battery drag Hess out of the aircraft, causing the injury to his leg. The 37-Inch QF AA was Britain's primary heavy Anti-aircraft gun during World War II, the equivalent of the German 88 mm FlaK with a slightly The following night a Luftwaffe aircraft circled the area above Carnbooth House, possibly in an attempt to locate Hess's plane. ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. It was shot down.

The witness accounts are said to uncover various insights. Hess's flight path implies he was looking for the home of Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, a large house on the River Cart. Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, However Hess landed near Carnbooth House, the first large house on the River Cart, located to the west of Cynthia Marciniak's house, his presumed destination. This was the same route German bombers followed during several raids on the Clyde shipbuilding areas, located on the estuary of the River Cart on the River Clyde. The River Cart is a Tributary of the River Clyde, Scotland, which it joins from the west roughly midway between the towns of Erskine and

Portrayal in popular culture

Film and television

Rudolf Hess has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions;^[16]

• George Lynn in the 1943 United States short documentary film Plan for Destruction. The year 1943 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films (U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
• Victor Varconi in the 1944 United States film The Hitler Gang
• Carroll O'Connor in the 1960 Engineer of Death: The Eichmann Story episode of the United States T. Victor Varconi ( March 31, 1891 - June 6, 1976) was a highly successful Silent film star in Hungary. The year 1944 in film involved some significant events Events July 20 - Since You Went Away is released John Carroll O'Connor ( August 2, 1924 &ndash June 21, 2001) was an American Actor, producer and director The year 1960 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1960. V. series Armstrong Circle Theatre
• Predrag Lakovic in the 1971 Yugoslavian television production Nirnberski epilog
• Maurice Roëves in the 1982 United States television production Inside the Third Reich
• Laurence Olivier in the 1985 United States action film Wild Geese II
• Richard Edson in the 1997 United States drama Snide and Prejudice
• Roc LaFortune in the 2000 Canadian/U. Armstrong Circle Theatre was an anthology drama Television series which ran from 1950 to 1957 on NBC, and then until 1963 The year 1971 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1971. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Maurice Roëves (born 19 March 1937 in Sunderland) is an English born actor raised in Glasgow, Scotland. The year 1982 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 1982. Inside the Third Reich is a Memoir written by Albert Speer, the Nazi Minister of Armaments from 1942 to 1945 serving as Hitler's main architect Laurence Kerr Olivier Baron Events 3 December - Roger Moore steps down from the role of James Bond after twelve years and seven films Richard Edson (born 1954 is an American Actor and Musician. Edson was born in New Rochelle New York. The year 1997 in film involved some significant events Events Summer - Production begins on Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace The year 2000 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2000. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page S. T. V. production Nuremberg
• James Babson in the 2003 Canadian/U. The year 2003 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2003. S. T. V. production Hitler: The Rise of Evil
• Conor Timmis in the 2004 United States documentary Hitler's Lost Plan. The year 2004 in film involved some significant events Major releases of sequels took place
• Horst-Günter Marx in the 2005 British television series Auschwitz: The Nazis and the 'Final Solution'
• André Hennicke in the 2005 German T. The year 2005 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2005. Auschwitz The Nazis and the 'Final Solution is a BBC six-episode Documentary film series presenting the story of Auschwitz through interviews with André Hennicke (born September 21, 1959) is a German Actor. Hennicke was born in Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony. The year 2005 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2005. V. miniseries Speer und er
• Victor Wagner in the 2005 Caso Mengele episode of the Brazillian T. The year 2005 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2005. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld V. series Linha Direta
• Ben Cross in the 2006 British/U. Linha Direta is a Brazilian Television program broadcast by Globo Network. Ben Cross (born Harry Bernard Cross on December 16, 1947 in London) is an English Actor of the stage and screen best The year 2006 in television involved some significant eventsBelow is a list of Television -related events in 2006. S. television production Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial
• Attila Harsányi in the 2008 Romanian theatre production The Ten Commandements of Rudolf Hess

Literature

Rudolf Hess has been portrayed in literary works by the following authors;

• Eric Knight in 1942 novel Sam Small Flies Again
• Timothy Findley in 1981 novel Famous Last Words
• Daniel Carney in 1982 novel The Square Circle
• Katherine Kurtz in 1992 novel The Lodge of the Lynx
• Greg Iles in 1993 thriller novel Spandau Phoenix
• Christopher Priest in 2002 novel The Separation
• David Edgar in 2000 play Albert Speer
• Michael Moorcock in 2001 novel The Dreamthief's Daughter
• Peter Ho Davies in 2007 novel The Welsh Girl

Other

Hess's symbolism to the Far Right is the central topic in Chumbawamba's song "On the Day the Nazi Died". Nuremberg Nazis on Trial, is a BBC Documentary film series consisting of three one-hour films that re-enact the Nuremberg War Trials Eric Knight ( April 10, 1897 - January 15, 1943) was an author who is mainly notable The year 1942 in literature involved some significant events and new books Timothy Irving Frederick Findley, OC, O Ont ( October 30, 1930 - June 21, 2002) was a Canadian Novelist The year 1981 in literature involved some significant events and new books Famous Last Words is a 1981 novel by Canadian author Timothy Findley, in which Hugh Selwyn Mauberly (originally from the Ezra Pound poem of the same name Daniel Carney (1944 - 1987 was a novelist Three of his novels have been made into films The year 1982 in literature involved some significant events and new books Katherine (Irene Kurtz (born 18 October 1944) is the author of numerous Fantasy novels especially the Deryni novels. The year 1992 in literature involved some significant events and new books Greg Iles (born 1960 is an American bestselling Novelist who lives in Natchez Mississippi. The year 1993 in literature involved some significant events and new books The thriller is a broad Genre of Literature, Film, Gaming and Television. Christopher Priest (born July 14, 1943 in Cheadle, near Stockport, Greater Manchester) is an English novelist whose notable works The year 2002 in literature involved some significant events and new books The Separation is a 2002 novel by Christopher Priest. It is an alternate history revolving around the experiences of identical twin brothers during the Second David Edgar may refer to David Edgar (footballer, Canadian footballer David Edgar (playwright, English playwright The year 2000 in literature involved some significant events and new books Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer primarily of Science fiction and fantasy who has also The year 2001 in literature involved some significant events and new books Peter Ho Davies (born August 30, 1966) is a contemporary British writer of Welsh and Chinese descent The year 2007 in literature involves some significant new books Chumbawamba are an English band who began their career playing Anarcho-punk, but over a 25-year career have gone on to play music ranging from pop -influenced It was covered by several artists, mainly from the anarcho-punk spectrum, like Across The Border or Stockholms Anarkafeministkör. Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics

Notes

References and further reading

• Allen, Peter. The Crown and the Swastika: Hitler, Hess, and the Duke of Windsor.
• Brenton, Howard. H. I. D. : Hess Is Dead.
• Costello, John. John Costello may refer to John Costello (baseball, MLB pitcher John A Ten Days to Destiny: The Secret Story of the Hess Peace Initiative and British Efforts to Strike a Deal With Hitler. Also published as Ten Days That Saved the West.
• Douglas-Hamilton, James. Motive for a Mission: The Story Behind Rudolf Hess's Flight to Britain.
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. The Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany 1890-1935. (Wellingborough, England: Aquarian Press, 1985, ISBN 0-85030-402-4)
• Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. Black Sun Aryan Cults Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity is a Book by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. (New York University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8147-3124-4. Paperback 2003, ISBN 0-8147-3155-4)
• Hess, Ilse. Prisoner of Peace.
• Hess, Rudolf. Selected speeches.
• Hess, Wolf Ruidger. My Father Rudolf Hess.
• Hutton, Joseph Bernard. Hess: The Man and His Mission.
• Irving, David John Cawdell. David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938 is a British writer specializing in the Military history of World War II. Hess: The Missing Years 1941–1945.
• Le Tissier, Tony. Farewell to Spandau.
• Knopp, Guido for ZDF Hitlers helfer - Hess, der Stellvertreter. Guido Knopp (born January 29, 1948, in Treysa, Hesse) is a German journalist author and Historian. (German TV, 1998, ISBN 0-7509-3781-5)
• Kilzer, Louis C. Churchill's Deception: The Dark Secret That Destroyed Nazi Germany.
• Leasor, James The Uninvited Envoy.
• Machtan, Lothar. Lothar Machtan PhD, (born 1949 is a German Historian, Author, and professor of Modern and Current History at University of Bremen. The Hidden Hitler. The Hidden Hitler is the English language title for the 2001 book Hitlers Geheimnis (2001) ISBN 0-465-04308-9
• Manvell, Roger. Roger Manvell was born in England on October 10, 1909 and died on November 30, 1987 Hess: A Biography.
• Moriarty, David M. Rudolf Hess, Deputy Fuhrer: A Psychological Study.
• Nesbit, Roy Conyers, and Georges Van Acker. The Flight of Rudolf Hess: Myths and Reality.
• Padfield, Peter. Hess: Flight for the Führer.
• Padfield, Peter. Hess: The Fuhrer's Disciple.
• Picknett, Lynn, Clive Prince, and Stephen Prior. Double Standards The Rudolf Hess Cover-Up. ISBN 0-7515-3220-7
• Pile, G. Rudolf Hess: Prisoner of Peace.
• Rees, John R. , and Henry Victor Dicks. The Case of Rudolf Hess; A Problem in diagnosis and forensic psychiatry.
• Rees, Philip, editor. For the controversial British award-winning reporter and documentary film maker see Phil Rees. Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890. The Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 is a Reference book by Philip Rees, on leading people in the various Far right movements (1991, ISBN 0-13-089301-3)
• Royce, William Hobart The Behest of Hess's. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
• Smith, Alfred. Rudolf Hess and Germany's Reluctant War, 1939-41.
• Tuccille, Jerome, and Philip S. Jacobs. The Mission. (Dutton Adult, 1991 novel, ISBN 1-55611-199-1)
• Thomas, Hugh. The Murder of Rudolf Hess (republished as Hess: A Tale of Two Murders).
• Schwarzwäller, Wulf. Rudolf Hess, the Last Nazi. (A Zenith edition)
• Ernst Haiger Fiction, Facts, and Forgeries: The 'Revelations' of Peter and Martin Allen about the History of the Second World War. The Journal of Intelligence History, Vol 6 no. 1 (Summer 2006 [published in 2007]), pp. 105–117.
• Cornell University Law Library [1] - "Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler" Cornell University lawschool. Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler was a report commissioned by Office of Strategic Services head William "Wild Bill" Donovan, in Readers can download a PDF version of the whole document here

• Hess:The British Conspiracy by John Harris

External links

• Rudolf Hess at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Interview with eyewitness of Hess's crash-landing outside Glasgow
• Rudolf Hess's relationship to Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy
• Correspondence on Rudolph Hess's incarceration held by the National Archives of the United Kingdom
• Mail firm issues stamps of Hitler deputy Reuters May 22, 2008

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