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Rudolf Clausius – founding thermodynamicist and originator of the concept of entropy.
Rudolf Clausius – founding thermodynamicist and originator of the concept of entropy. In Thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is one who studies Thermodynamic processes and phenomena i In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy
"Clausius" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Clausius (crater). Clausius is a lunar crater that is located in the southwest part of the Moon, in the small Lunar mare designated Lacus Excellentiae

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, 1822 – August 24, 1888), was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " [1] By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he put the theory of heat on a truer and sounder basis. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 &ndash 24 August 1832 was a French Physicist and Military engineer who in his 1824 Reflections The Carnot cycle is a particular Thermodynamic cycle, modeled on the hypothetical Carnot heat engine, proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 and In the history of Science, the theory of heat or mechanical theory of heat was a theory introduced predominantly in 1824 by the French physicist Sadi Carnot His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The second law of Thermodynamics is an expression of the universal law of increasing Entropy, stating that the entropy of an Isolated system which In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy

Contents

Life

Clausius was born in Köslin (now Koszalin) in the Province of Pomerania. Koszalin (Köslin; Kòszalëno Scurgum is the largest city of Middle Pomerania in north-western Poland. For the present-day Polish provinces see Pomeranian Voivodeship and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. He started his education at the school of his father. After a few years, he went to the Gymnasium in Stettin (now Szczecin). A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844 where he studied Mathematics and Physics with, among others, Heinrich Magnus, Johann Dirichlet and Jakob Steiner. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Heinrich Gustav Magnus (2 May 1802 &ndash 4 April 1870 was a German Chemist and Physicist. Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (ləʒœn diʀiçle February 13, 1805 &ndash May 5, 1859) was a German Mathematician Jakob Steiner ( 18 March, 1796 &ndash April 1, 1863) was a Swiss Mathematician. He also studied History with Leopold von Ranke. Leopold von Ranke ( December 21, 1795 – May 23, 1886) was a German Historian of the 19th century and frequently considered In 1847, he got his doctorate from the University of Halle on optical effects in the earth's atmosphere. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg also referred to as MLU, is a public University in the cities of He then became professor of physics at the Royal Artillery and Engineering School in Berlin and Privatdozent at the Berlin University. In 1855 he became professor at the ETH Zürich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, where he stayed until 1867. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In that year, he moved to Würzburg and two years later, in 1869 to Bonn. The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, founded in 1402 Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The University of Bonn ( German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany

In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services. For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia

His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. Clausius died in Bonn. Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia

Work

Clausius' PhD thesis on the refraction of light proposed that we see a blue sky during the day, and various shades of red at sunrise and sunset (among other phenomena) due to reflection and refraction of light. Later, Lord Rayleigh would show that it was in fact due to the scattering of light, but regardless, Clausius used a far more mathematical approach than his predecessors. John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM (12 November 1842 &ndash 30 June 1919 was an English Physicist who with William Ramsay, discovered

His most famous paper, "Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme" ("On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom") [2] was published in 1850, and dealt with the mechanical theory of heat. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link In this paper, he showed that there was a contradiction between Carnot's principle and the concept of conservation of energy. Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1 June 1796 &ndash 24 August 1832 was a French Physicist and Military engineer who in his 1824 Reflections In Physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of Energy in an isolated system remains constant and cannot be created although it may Clausius restated the two laws of thermodynamics to overcome this contradiction (the third law was developed by Walther Nernst, during the years 1906–1912). The laws of thermodynamics, in principle describe the specifics for the transport of Heat and work in Thermodynamic processes. The third law of Thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding Entropy and the impossibility of reaching Absolute zero of Temperature Walther Hermann Nernst ( June 25, 1864 &ndash November 18, 1941) was a German Physicist who is known for his theories This paper caused his scientific career to take off.

In 1857, Clausius contributed to the field of kinetic theory after refining August Krönig's very simple gas-kinetic model to include translational, rotational and vibrational molecular motions. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Kinetic theory (or kinetic theory of gases) attempts to explain Macroscopic properties of Gases such as pressure temperature or volume by considering August Karl Krönig (1822–1879 was a German Chemist and Physicist who published an account of the Kinetic theory of gases in 1856 probably In this same work he introduced the concept of 'Mean free path' of a particle. In Physics the mean free path of a particle is the average distance covered by a particle ( Photon, Atom or Molecule) between subsequent impacts [3] [4] [5]

Clausius deduced the Clausius-Clapeyron relation from thermodynamics. The Clausius-Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius and Émile Clapeyron, is a way of characterizing the Phase transition between two phases of In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " This relation, which is a way of characterizing the phase transition between two states of matter such as solid and liquid, had originally been developed in 1834 by Émile Clapeyron. In Thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron (26 February 1799 - 28 January 1864 was a French Engineer and Physicist, one of the founders of Thermodynamics

Entropy

Main article: history of entropy

In 1865, Clausius first gave a mathematical version of the concept of entropy, and gave it its name. The concept of Entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from Combustion reactions is always lost to dissipation In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy He used the now abandoned unit 'Clausius' (symbol: Cl) for entropy. It is important to note that Clausius chose the word "entropy" because the meaning, from Greek, en+tropein, is "content transformative" or "transformation content" ("Verwandlungsinhalt"). [6] [7]

1 Cl = 1 cal/°C = 4. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 1868 joules per kelvin (J/K)

Tributes

Quotes

The following are two famous quotes made by Clausius in 1865:

The energy of the universe is constant. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy

The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy

References

  1. ^ Cardwell, D. S. L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-54150-1.  
  2. ^ Clausius, R. (1850), “Über die bewegende Kraft der Wärme, Part I, Part II”, Annalen der Physik 79: 368–397, 500–524 . See English Translation: On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag. (1851), 2, 1–21, 102–119.
  3. ^ Clausius, R. (1857), “Über die Art der Bewegung, die wir Wärme nennen”, Annalen der Physik 100: 353-379 
  4. ^ Clausius, R. (1862), “Über die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper”, Annalen der Physik 115: 1-57 
  5. ^ Clausius, R. (1864), Abhandlungen über die Mechanische Wärmetheorie. Electronic manuscript from the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  6. ^ Clausius, R. (1865), “Über die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper”, Annalen der Physik 125: 353-400 
  7. ^ Clausius, R. (1865). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies. London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII.

External links

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