Melting point 39. 31˚ C

37 krypton ← rubidium → strontium K ↑ Rb ↓ Cs Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	rubidium, Rb, 37
Chemical series	alkali metals
Group, Period, Block	1, 5, s
Appearance	grey white
Standard atomic weight	85.4678(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	1. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 532  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 46  g·cm−3
Melting point	312. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 46 K (39. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 31 °C, 102. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 76 °F)
Boiling point	961 K (688 °C, 1270 °F)
Critical point	(extrapolated) 2093 K, 16 MPa
Heat of fusion	2. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemistry and Condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 19  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	75. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 77  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 31. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 060  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 434 486 552 641 769 958
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic body centered
Oxidation states	1 (strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	0. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 82 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  403. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 0  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  2633  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  3860  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	235  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	265  pm
Covalent radius	211  pm
Van der Waals radius	244 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 128 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 58. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 2  W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 1300 m/s
Young's modulus	2. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 4  GPa
Bulk modulus	2. 5  GPa
Mohs hardness	0. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 3
Brinell hardness	0. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 216  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-17-7
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of rubidium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 83Rb syn 86. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Rubidium ( Rb) has 24 Isotopes with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes Rb-85 (72 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 2 d ε - 83Kr γ 0. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 52, 0. 53, 0. 55 - 84Rb syn 32. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 9 d ε - 84Kr β+ 1. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 Positron emission is a type of Beta decay, sometimes referred to as " beta plus " (&beta+ 66, 0. 78 84Kr γ 0. Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 881 - β- 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 892 84Sr 85Rb 72. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 168% 85Rb is stable with 48 neutrons 86Rb syn 18. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 65 d β- 1. 775 86Sr γ 1. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 0767 - 87Rb 27. 835% 4. 88×1010 y β- 0. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun 283 87Sr
References

Rubidium (pronounced /ruːˈbɪdiəm/, /rəˈbɪdiəm/) is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Rb is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling Rb-87, a naturally occurring isotope, is very slightly radioactive, with a half-life of 4. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 88×10¹⁰ years, which, at 49 billion years, is far longer than the estimated age of the universe. Rubidium is very soft and highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like rapid oxidation in air. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five

Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Uses 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Isotopes 6 Compounds 7 Precautions 8 Biological effects 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links

Notable characteristics

Rubidium is the second most electropositive of the stable alkali elements and liquefies at high ambient temperature (102. Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate Electrons, and therefore form positive Ions. 7 °F = 39. 3 °C). Like other group 1 elements this metal reacts violently in water. In common with potassium and caesium this reaction is usually vigorous enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air. Also like other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it can form alloys with gold, caesium, sodium, and potassium. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The element gives a reddish-violet color to a flame, hence its name.

Uses

Potential or current uses of rubidium include:

• A Bose-Einstein condensate. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to
• A working fluid in vapor turbines.
• A getter in vacuum tubes. Getters are reactive materials used for removing traces of gas from vacuum systems This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall.
• A photocell component. Photosensors or photodetectors are Sensors of Light or other Electromagnetic energy
• The resonant element in atomic clocks. An atomic clock is a type of Clock that uses an Atomic resonance Frequency standard as its timekeeping element This is due to the hyperfine structure of Rubidium's energy levels. In Atomic physics, hyperfine coupling is the weak magnetic interaction between Electrons and nuclei.
• An ingredient in special types of glass. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many
• The production of superoxide by burning in oxygen. Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the
• The study of potassium ion channels in biology. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Ion channels are pore-forming Proteins that help establish and control the small Voltage Gradient across the Plasma membrane of all living
• Rubidium vapor has been used to make atomic magnetometers. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the Magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument ⁸⁷Rb is currently being used, with other alkali metals, in the development of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers. A spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF Magnetometer achieves very high magnetic field sensitivity by monitoring a high density vapor of Alkali metal atoms precessing in a near-zero ^[1]

Rubidium is easily ionized, so it has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose). An ion thruster is a form of Electric propulsion used for Spacecraft propulsion that creates thrust by accelerating Ions Ion thrusters are characterized A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe.

Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in fireworks to give them a purple color. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue.

RbAg₄I₅ has the highest room temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal. Rubidium silver iodide, formula RbAg4I5 is an unusually conductive crystal with the conductivity involving movement of the silver ions within the crystal lattice Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. An ionic crystal is a Crystal consisting of Ions bound together by their Electrostatic attraction This property could be useful in thin film batteries and in other applications. In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy

Rubidium has also been considered for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle, where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. Thermoelectricity ( Thermo - Electricity) refers to a class of phenomena in which a Temperature difference creates an Electric potential or an electric Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD ( magnetofluiddynamics or hydromagnetics) is the Academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. In Electrical engineering, an armature is one of the two principal electrical components of an Electromechanical machine--a motor or generator Electric current is the flow (movement of Electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the Ampere.

Rubidium, particularly ⁸⁷Rb, in the form of vapor, is one of the most commonly used atomic species employed for laser cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation. Laser cooling is a technique that uses Light to cool atoms to a very low temperature A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive diode laser light at the relevant wavelength, and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures. A laser diode is a Laser where the active medium is a Semiconductor similar to that found in a Light-emitting diode. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency.

Rubidium has been used for polarizing ³He (that is, producing volumes of magnetized ³He gas, with the nuclear spins aligned toward a particular direction in space, rather than randomly). Rubidium vapor is optically pumped by a laser and the polarized Rb polarizes ³He by the hyperfine interaction. ^[2] Spin-polarized ³He cells are becoming popular for neutron polarization measurements and for producing polarized neutron beams for other purposes. Spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, ie the intrinsic Angular momentum of elementary particles is aligned with a given direction ^[3]

History

Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Lepidolite (KLi2Al(AlSi3O10(FOH2 is a lilac or rose-violet colored phyllosilicate Mineral of the Mica group A spectrometer is an Optical instrument used to measure properties of Light over a specific portion of the Electromagnetic spectrum, typically used ^[4] The extraction of 150 kg of lepidolite yielded only a few grams for analysis. The first rubidium metal was produced by the reaction of rubidium chloride with potassium by Bunsen. However, this element had minimal industrial use until the 1920s. Historically, the most important use for rubidium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electronic applications.

In the year 2000 rubidium-87 was used to make a Bose-Einstein condensate^[5], for which the discoverers won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics^[6]. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC is a State of matter of Bosons confined in an external Potential and cooled to Temperatures very near to The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Occurrence

Rubidium is about the sixteenth most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, roughly as abundant as zinc and rather more common than copper. This table shows the abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage in weight It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces of up to 1% of its oxide. Leucite is a rock -forming Mineral composed of Potassium and Aluminium tectosilicate K Pollucite is a Zeolite mineral with the formula ( Cs, Na)2 Al 2 Si 4 O 12·2 H2O Zinnwaldite, K[[lithium Li]] Fe[[aluminum Al]](Al Si 3 O 10(O H, F)2 is a potassium lithium iron An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Lepidolite contains 1. Lepidolite (KLi2Al(AlSi3O10(FOH2 is a lilac or rose-violet colored phyllosilicate Mineral of the Mica group 5% rubidium and this is the commercial source of the element. Some potassium minerals and potassium chlorides also contain the element in commercially significant amounts. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 The Chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl is a Metal Halide salt composed of Potassium and Chlorine. One notable source is also in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Pollucite is a Zeolite mineral with the formula ( Cs, Na)2 Al 2 Si 4 O 12·2 H2O Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America

Rubidium metal can be produced by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium among other methods. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 In 1997 the cost of this metal in small quantities was about US$ 25/gram. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation.

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of rubidium

There are 24 isotopes of rubidium known with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; Rb-85 (72. Rubidium ( Rb) has 24 Isotopes with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes Rb-85 (72 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 2%) and the radioactive Rb-87 (27. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. 8%). Natural rubidium is radioactive with specific activity of about 670 Bq/g, enough to fog photographic film in approximately 30 to 60 days. The becquerel (symbol Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock.

Rb-87 has a half-life of 4. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 88×10¹⁰ years. It readily substitutes for potassium in minerals, and is therefore fairly widespread. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Rb has been used extensively in dating rocks; Rb-87 decays to stable strontium-87 by emission of a negative beta particle. Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring Strontium (ˈstrɒntiəm /ˈstrɒnʃiəm/) is a Chemical element with the symbol Sr and the Atomic number 38 Beta particles are high-energy high-speed Electrons or Positrons emitted by certain types of Radioactive nuclei such as Potassium -40 During fractional crystallization, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Fractional crystallization is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle. Plagioclase is a very important series of tectosilicate Minerals within the Feldspar family Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. Magma (Plurals magmas and magmata) is molten rock that sometimes forms beneath the surface of the Earth (or any other Terrestrial planet Highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites. Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained Igneous rock that has a grain size of 20 mm or more such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio. The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered. See Rubidium-Strontium dating for a more detailed discussion. The rubidium-strontium dating method is a Radiometric dating technique that geologists use to determine the age of rocks.

Compounds

Rubidium chloride is probably the most-used rubidium compound; it is used in biochemistry to induce cells to take up DNA, and as a biomarker since it is readily taken up to replace potassium, and does not normally occur in living organisms. Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal Halide RbCl This alkali halide finds diverse uses from Electrochemistry to Molecular biology. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Rubidium hydroxide is the starting material for most rubidium-based chemical processes; rubidium carbonate is used in some optical glasses. Rubidium Hydroxide (RbOH is a strong basic chemical and Alkali that is formed by one Rubidium ion and one Hydroxide ion Rubidium carbonate, Rb2CO3 is a convenient compound of Rubidium; it is stable not particularly reactive and readily soluble in water (2

Rubidium has a number of oxides, including Rb₆O and Rb₉O₂ which appear if rubidium metal is left exposed to air; the final product of reacting with oxygen is the superoxide RbO₂. Rubidium oxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Rb2O Superoxide is the Anion O2&minus It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of Dioxygen, which occurs widely in nature Rubidium forms salts with most anions. Some common rubidium compounds are rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb₂O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb₂SO₄·CuSO₄·6H₂0). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg₄I₅, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.

Precautions

Rubidium reacts violently with water and can cause fires. To ensure both health and safety and purity, this element must be kept under a dry mineral oil, in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere. Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five

Biological effects

Rubidium, like sodium and potassium, is almost always in its +1 oxidation state. The human body tends to treat Rb⁺ ions as if they were potassium ions, and therefore concentrates rubidium in the body's electrolytic fluid. The ions are not particularly toxic, and are relatively quickly removed in the sweat and urine. However, taken in excess it can be dangerous.

See also

• Rubidium compounds

References

Sources

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Rubidium
• Louis Meites, Handbook of Analytical Chemistry (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963)
• Daniel A. Steck. Rubidium-87 D Line Data. Los Alamos National Laboratory (technical report LA-UR-03-8638).

External links

• WebElements.com – Rubidium

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