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A royal burgh was a type of Scottish burgh which had been founded by, or subsequently granted, a royal charter. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A Burgh (ˈbʌʀə is an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland, usually a Town. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company Although abolished in 1975, the term is still used in many of the former burghs. [1]

Most royal burghs were seaports, and each was either created by the crown, or upgraded from another status, such as burgh of barony. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. A burgh of barony is a type of Scottish town ( Burgh) They were distinct from Royal burghs as the title was granted to a tenant-in-chief a landowner who held As discrete classes of burgh emerged, the royal burghs—originally distinctive by virtue of the fact they were on royal lands—acquired a monopoly of foreign trade. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient

An important document for each burgh was its burgh charter, creating the burgh or confirming the rights of the burgh as laid down (perhaps verbally) by a previous monarch. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified Each royal burgh (with the exception of four 'inactive burghs') was represented in the Parliament of Scotland and could appoint bailies with wide powers in civil and criminal justice. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. A baillie (alternative spelling bailie, from Old French) was a local civic officer in Scottish Burghs approximately equivalent to the post of Criminal justice is the system of practices and organizations used by national and local governments directed at maintaining Social control, deterring [2] By 1707 there were 70 royal burghs. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

The Royal Burghs Act 1833 reformed the election of the town councils that governed royal burghs. Those qualified to vote in parliamentary elections under the Reform Act 1832 were now entitled to elect burgh councillors. The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system

Contents

Origins

Before the reign of David I Scotland had no towns. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b The closest thing to towns were the larger than average population concentrations around large monasteries, such as Dunkeld and St Andrews, and regionally significant fortifications. Dunkeld ( Dùn Chailleann in Scottish Gaelic) is a small town in Strathtay, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, approximately 15 Miles St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. Scotland, outside Lothian at least, was populated by scattered hamlets, and outside that area, lacked the continental style nucleated village. David I established the first burghs in Scotland, initially only in Middle-English-speaking Lothian (note:Tain claims a charter dating from 1066 under Malcolm III). Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Tain ( Gaelic Baile Dhubhthaich, Duthac's town is a former Royal burgh in the Committee area of Ross and Cromarty, in The earliest burghs, founded by 1124, were Berwick and Roxburgh. Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost The destroyed Royal burgh of Roxburgh (or Rosbroch) was an important trading Burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland However, by 1130, David had established burghs in Gaelic areas: Stirling, Dunfermline, Perth and Scone, as well as Edinburgh. Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The conquest of Moray in that same year led to the establishment of burghs at Elgin and Forres. Elgin (Eilginn is a former Cathedral city and a former Royal Burgh in Moray, Scotland and is the administrative and commercial centre for Moray Forres ( Gaelic Farrais) is a town and former Royal burgh situated in the north of Scotland on the Moray coast approximately Before David was dead, St Andrews, Montrose, and Aberdeen were also burghs. Montrose is a coastal Resort town and former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council In the reigns of Máel Coluim IV and William, burghs were added at Inverness, Banff, Cullen, Auldearn, Nairn, Inverurie, Kintore, Brechin, Forfar, Arbroath, Dundee, Lanark, Dumfries and (uniquely for the west coast) Ayr. Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. Banff ( Gaelic Banbh) and Macduff (Gaelic MacDhuibh) are neighbouring towns situated on Banff Bay, both of which are former Cullen (Inbhir Cuilinn is a village and former Royal burgh in Moray, Scotland, on the North Sea Coast 20 Miles east of Auldearn is a village situated east of the River Nairn, just outside Nairn in the Highland council area of Scotland. Nairn ( Gaelic: Inbhir Narann) is a town in the Highland council area of Scotland. Inverurie is a Royal Burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 miles north west of Aberdeen on the A96 road and lies on the Kintore ( Gaelic: Ceann Tòrr) is a town and former Royal burgh near Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, now bypassed Brechin is a former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Traditionally Brechin is often described as a city because of its cathedral and its status Forfar is a town and former Royal burgh of approximately 13500 people located in the Unitary authority of Angus in Scotland. Arbroath or Aberbrothock ( Scottish Gaelic: Obair Bhrothaig which translates literally as 'at the mouth of the Brothock' is a former Royal burgh Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Lanark is a small town in the Central belt of Scotland. Its population of 8253 makes it the 100th largest settlement in Scotland Dumfries (dəmˈfriːs is a town and former Royal burgh within the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland and is situated close to the Ayr (Inbhir Àir Mouth of the River Ayr) is a town and port situated on the Firth of Clyde, in south-west Scotland. New Lothian burghs also came into existence, at Haddington, Leith and Peebles. Haddington is a town and former Royal Burgh in East Lothian, Scotland Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port Peebles ( Gaelic: Na Pùballan is a Burgh in the Committee area of Tweeddale, in the Scottish Borders, By 1210, there were 40 burghs in the Scottish kingdom. Rosemarkie, Dingwall and Cromarty were also burghs by the Scottish Wars of Independence. Rosemarkie (Ros Maircnidh (NGR) is a village on the south coast of the Black Isle peninsula in northern Scotland, a quarter of a mile east of the town of Fortrose Dingwall ( Inbhir Pheofharain in Gaelic) is a town and former Royal burgh in the highlands of Scotland. The Royal Burgh of Cromarty ( Cromba in Gaelic) is a Burgh in Ross and Cromarty, Highland, Scotland. The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th

David I established the first burghs, and their charters and Leges Burgorum (rules governing virtually every aspect of life and work in a burgh) were copied almost verbatim from the customs of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England He essentially imported the burgh into his "Scottish" dominions from his English ones. Burghs were for the most part populated by foreigners, rather than native Scots or even Lothianers. The predominant ethnic group were the Flemings, but early burgesses were also English, French and German. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The burgh’s vocabulary was composed totally of either Germanic terms (not necessarily or even predominantly English) such as croft, rood, gild, gait and wynd, or French ones such as provost, bailie, vennel, port and ferme. The councils that governed individual burghs were individually known as lie doussane, meaning the dozen.

List of royal burghs

Burghs by 1153.
Burghs by 1153.

[3] [2]

By 1153 (royal)

By 1153 (Burghs passing between the king and other lords)

By 1153 (Burghs controlled by other lords)

By 1214 (royal)

By 1214 (Burghs passing between the king and other lords)

By 1214 (Burghs controlled by other lords)

Burghs created by Alexander II

By 1300 (royal)

By 1300 (Burghs controlled by other lords)

Early 14th century

Burghs created by Robert II

Burghs created by Robert III

Burghs created by James II

Burghs created by James III

Burghs created by James IV

Burghs created by James V

Burghs created by Mary, Queen of Scots

Burghs created by James VI

Burghs created by Charles I

Burghs created by William III

20th Century

Abolition and status since 1975

Royal burghs were abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The town of Culross,pronounced "Coo-ros" ( Gaelic: Cuileann Ros) is a former Royal burgh in Fife, Scotland. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom for Fortrose in New Zealand see Fortrose New Zealand Fortrose ( is a Burgh in the Scottish Highlands, located on the Kilrenny is a village in Fife, Scotland. Part of the East Neuk, it lies immediately to the north of (but inland and separate from Anstruther Rosemarkie (Ros Maircnidh (NGR) is a village on the south coast of the Black Isle peninsula in northern Scotland, a quarter of a mile east of the town of Fortrose St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. Sanquhar ( Gd An t-Seann Chathair) is a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway, on the River Wick ( Inbhir Uige in Gaelic) is an Estuary Town and a former Burgh in the north of the Highland council area Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Brechin is a former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Traditionally Brechin is often described as a city because of its cathedral and its status Dornoch ( Gaelic: Dòrnach, d̪̊ɔːɾnəx is a town and Seaside resort, and former Royal burgh in the Highlands of Scotland for Fortrose in New Zealand see Fortrose New Zealand Fortrose ( is a Burgh in the Scottish Highlands, located on the Inveraray ( Inbhir Aora in Gaelic) is a town and former Royal Burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located on the western shore Kirkcaldy (kɪrˈkɔːdi Cathair Chaladain) is a town and former Royal burgh in Fife, on the east coast of Scotland. New Galloway ( Gd Baile Ur Ghall-ghaidhealaibh) is a Village in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland. Queensferry can refer to South Queensferry, Edinburgh Scotland simply Queensferry in historical contexts and for the General Registry Office Newburgh is a royal Burgh of Fife, Scotland having a population of 2040 (est 2004 William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Campbeltown ( Scottish Gaelic: "Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain" is a town and former Royal burgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, located Auchterarder ( Scottish Gaelic: Uachdar Ardair) is a small town located north of the Ochil Hills in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, and Kilrenny Anstruther Easter and Anstruther Wester was a royal and Small burgh in Fife, Scotland from 1930 to 1975 Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Local Government (Scotland Act 1973 (1973 c 65 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, that reformed local government in Scotland Article XXI of the Act of Union 1707 which states "That the Rights and Privileges of the Royal Boroughs in Scotland as they now are Do Remain entire after the Union and notwithstanding thereof", has been deemed by Her Majesty's Government to be abrogated by the 1973 Act. The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at [1] The towns are now sometimes referred to officially as "former royal burghs", for instance by the Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland. The Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland is an independent body in Scotland created under the Local Government (Scotland Act 1973.

The issue of the future status of royal burghs was discussed during debate on the Local Government Bill. In the Commons on December 4, 1972 by Ronald Murray (MP for Edinburgh, Leith) stated

Most of the well-known cities and towns of Scotland became royal burghs by Charter. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ronald King Murray Lord Murray PC (born 15 June 1922) was a Scottish Labour politician and judge Edinburgh Leith was a Burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1997 The Bill does not say that those Charters are removed or are of no legal effect, but Schedule 24 repeals the legislation upon which they appear to stand. I hope that the Government do not intend to abolish entirely the ancient rights of royal burghs, at least to be royal burghs. '[5]

In June 1973, David Steel (MP for Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles), unsuccessfully introduced an amendment that

the title of "Provost" shall attach to the chairman of any community council which is based on any existing burgh . David Martin Scott Steel Baron Steel of Aikwood, KT, KBE, PC (born 31 March 1938) is a British and Scottish Roxburgh Selkirk and Peebles was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( Westminster) from . to . . carry forward a title which appears, for example, in the Royal Charters of those burghs". [6]

In 1977 Alick Buchanan-Smith (MP for North Angus and Mearns) asked Frank McElhone, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland:

why a community council for a former Royal burgh is not able to use the words "Royal Burgh" in its title; and what scope there is for the continuance of historical titles under the present organisation of local authorities. Alick (Laidlaw Buchanan-Smith ( 8 April 1932 - 29 August 1991) was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist politician Angus Angus North and Mearns, Scotland, was a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 Francis Patrick "Frank" McElhone ( 5 April 1929 &ndash 22 September 1982) was a Scottish Labour Party Politician The (Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland is a junior Ministerial post (of Parliamentary Under Secretary of State rank in the United Kingdom government

In reply McElhone stated:

The title which may be used by a community council is a matter for the district council to decide when drawing up the scheme for community councils in its area. Section 23 of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 governs any change of name of region, islands or district councils. There is no statutory ban to the continuance of historic titles for other purposes. [7]

Accordingly some community councils established since 1975 have the term "Royal Burgh" incorporated in their title. Community councils (CCs are the most local statutory representative bodies in Great Britain. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [8] Lord Lyon has permitted the armorial bearings of a number of royal burghs to be rematriculated by community councils. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people [9]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Select Committee on Privileges Second Report, September 1999
  2. ^ a b c d George S Pryde, The Burghs of Scotland: A Critical List, Oxford, 1965. The four inactive burghs were Auchtermuchty, Earlsferry, Falkland and Newburgh
  3. ^ , based on the maps in McNeill & MacQueen, Atlas, pp. 196-8, supplemented with Rosemarkie and Leith, which the Atlas omits for unknown reasons; there seems to be two missing, if Barrow's account of things (40) is correct.
  4. ^ R M Urquhart, Scottish Burgh and county Heraldry, London, 1973
  5. ^ Hansard, December 4, 1972, Col. 1030
  6. ^ Hansard, 18 June 1973, Col. 118
  7. ^ Hansard, 6 December 1977, Columns 693 - 694
  8. ^ Examples include Annan, Arbroath, Cupar, Elgin, Haddington and District, Jedburgh, Kirkcudbright and District, Lanark, Peebles and District, St Andrews, and Wick. The former Royal burgh of Annan ( Gaelic: Anainn) is a well-built town red Sandstone being the material mainly used Arbroath or Aberbrothock ( Scottish Gaelic: Obair Bhrothaig which translates literally as 'at the mouth of the Brothock' is a former Royal burgh Cupar is a town and former Royal burgh in Fife, Scotland. The town is approximately equidistant between the larger settlements of Dundee Haddington is a town and former Royal Burgh in East Lothian, Scotland Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jeddart or Jethart is a town and former Royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and historically in Roxburghshire. Kirkcudbright, (kɚˈkuːbriː ("Kirr Coo Bree" (Cille Chuithbeirt is a town in the south of Scotland in Dumfries and Galloway. Lanark is a small town in the Central belt of Scotland. Its population of 8253 makes it the 100th largest settlement in Scotland Peebles ( Gaelic: Na Pùballan is a Burgh in the Committee area of Tweeddale, in the Scottish Borders, St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. Wick ( Inbhir Uige in Gaelic) is an Estuary Town and a former Burgh in the north of the Highland council area
  9. ^ R M Urquhart, Scottish Civic Heraldry 2, Hamilton, 2001

References

See also

The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III England Regis Beeston Regis Bere Regis Bognor Regis Grafton Regis A burgh (pronounced burruh) is the Scots' term for a town or a municipality
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