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For the ship of the same name, see Royal Charter (ship). The Royal Charter was a Steam clipper which was wrecked on the east coast of Anglesey on 26 October 1859.

A Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the privy council, to legitimize an incorporated body, such as a city, company, university or such. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a A Royal Charter is a kind of letters patent. Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right In medieval Europe, cities were the only place where it was legal to conduct commerce, and Royal Charters were the only way to establish a city. The year a city was chartered is considered the year the city was "founded", irrespective of whether there was settlement there before. A Royal Charter can also create or give special status to an incorporated body. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business It is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy

At one time a Royal Charter was the only way in which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means such as the registration of a limited company are now available. Among the historic bodies formed by Royal Charter were the British East India Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), and the American colonies. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The P&O Cruises brand is not owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company British colonization of the Americas (including colonization under the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland before the 1707 Acts of Union created

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Belgium

The royal decree is the equivalent in Belgium of a Royal Charter. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those In the period before 1958, 32 higher education institutes had been by royal charter: these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities [1].

However, several non-technical higher education institutions have been founded, or refounded, under royal decree:

Canada

The Hudson's Bay Company, building in Montreal
The Hudson's Bay Company, building in Montreal

In Canada, there are hundreds of organizations under Royal Charters. The International Institute for Research and Education (IIRE is a research and educational centre based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Irish International University is an unaccredited university operating in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, and cities. Today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters.

Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen in Council. To receive a Royal Charter, the organization must have corporate members who have at least first degree level in a relevant field, consist of 5,000 members or more, be financially sound, and it must be in the public interest to regulate the institution under a charter. However, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issue of a Royal Charter. [1]

Companies

Canada's oldest company, the Hudson's Bay Company, was founded under a Royal Charter issued by King Charles II in 1670. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. By that charter, until the Company moved to Canada in the 1970's, the Company was required to give two elk skins and two black beaver pelts to the Sovereign or his or her heirs and successors when they visit the area originally called Rupert's Land. The elk, or wapiti ( Cervus canadensis) is one of the largest Species of Deer in the world and one of the largest Mammals in Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that [2]

Cities

Cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, and lays out the powers and responsibilities not given to other municipalities in the province concerned.

Canada has four Royal Charter cities: Saint John, (the oldest, having received its charter in 1786 from King George III), Vancouver, Winnipeg, and Montreal. Saint John is the largest city in the Province of New Brunswick, and the oldest incorporated city in Canada. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec [3]

Universities and colleges

A number of Canadian universities and colleges were founded under Royal Charter.

From King George III:

From King George IV:

From Queen Victoria:

Hong Kong

Before 1997, a number of organizations had the Royal name attached to them:

Royal Hong Kong Golf Club - now Hong Kong Golf Club

Ireland

A number of Irish institutions still have a "Royal" prefix, even though the country has been a republic since 1949. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Windsor is a small town located in central Nova Scotia at the junction of the Avon and St The University of King's College is a post-secondary institution in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus Upper Canada College (UCC is a private elementary and Secondary school for boys in downtown Toronto, Canada. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen's University, generally referred to simply as Queen's, is a coeducational non-sectarian Public university located in Kingston, Ontario The University of Trinity College, referred to locally as Trinity College or colloquially as Trin, is one of the federated colleges making Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Hong Kong Police Force is the police force of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) is one of the oldest institutions in Hong Kong, founded in 1884 to promote Horse racing. The Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club ( Chinese 香港遊艇會 is a Hong Kong sports club for Sailing and rowing. Hong Kong Observatory ( known as the Royal Observatory ( before 1997, is a department of the Hong Kong Government. The Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force (RHKAAF was an auxiliary unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force, based in Hong Kong. The Government Flying Service ( GFS) is a disciplined unit of the Government of Hong Kong SAR.

South Africa

The University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877.

United Kingdom

Among the 750 or so organizations with Royal Charters are cities; the BBC; theatres such as the Royal Opera House and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane; Livery Companies; Britain's older universities; professional institutions and charities. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status WikipediaWikiProject Opera --> The Royal Opera House is an Opera house and major performing The Theatre Royal Drury Lane is a West End theatre in Covent Garden, in the City of Westminster, a borough of London. The following is a list of professional bodies in the United Kingdom. The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates [5]

A Royal Charter is the manner in which a British town is raised to the rank of city. A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan Most recently Inverness, Brighton & Hove and Wolverhampton were given their charters to celebrate the millennium, and Preston, Stirling, Newport, Lisburn and Newry to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2002. Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. Council and directorates The leader of the council is Conservative Mary Mears Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble. Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at Newport (Casnewydd is a city and principal area in Wales, in the United Kingdom. Lisburn (Lios na gCearrbhach meaning fort of the gamblers) is a predominantly Unionist city in Northern Ireland, south-west of and adjoining Belfast Newry ( short form An tIúr, "The Yew" is the fourth largest city in Northern Ireland and eighth on the island of Ireland. The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the fiftieth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II 's accession to the throne For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II

Some of the older British universities operate under Royal Charters, which give them the power to grant degrees. The most recent generation of UK universities were granted the power to grant degrees by the Further and Higher Education Act, 1992 instead of by Royal Charter, while some other universities operate under Acts of Parliament. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Further and Higher Education Acts 1992 made changes in the funding and administration of Further education and Higher education within the United Kingdom An Act of Parliament is a Law enacted as Primary legislation by a national or sub-national Parliament.

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

Most Royal Charters are now granted to professional institutions and to charities. The following is a list of professional bodies in the United Kingdom. For example, the six accountancy institutes which make up the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies each have a Royal Charter which allows their members to call themselves Chartered Accountants. The Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (known as CCAB) is an umbrella group for the British chartered accountancy bodies A Charter is not necessary for them to operate, but one is often sought as a recognition of "pre-eminence, stability and permanence".

A Royal Charter changes a body from a collection of individuals into a single legal entity. Once incorporated by Royal Charter, amendments to the Charter and by-laws require government approval. [6]

United States

Although several American universities which predate the American Revolution purport to hold Royal Charters, they hold instead either Letters Patent from the monarch, or another type of grant from a local authority such as a legislature. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Letters patent are a type of Legal instrument in the form of an Open letter issued by a Monarch or Government, granting an office right

Letters Patent from King William III and Queen Mary II:

Letters Patent from King George II:

American colleges popularly believed to have been established by Royal Charter, but actually by some other type of grant:

See also

Organizations

Other

External links

Footnotes

  1. ^ Privy Council: Royal Charter
  2. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company#Rent_obligation_under_Charter
  3. ^ Canada's Cities: Unleash our Potential
List organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter is an incomplete list of organisations based in the United Kingdom that have received a Royal charter from an List of Australian organisations with royal patronage Organisations 1st 15th Royal New South Wales Lancers Australasian Institute List of organisations in the Republic of Ireland with a royal charter is an incomplete list of organisations based in Ireland that have received a Royal charter from an This is a list of Canadian organizations with royal patronage. This is a list of New Zealand organisations with designated royal status TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of
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