For the history of Canada's naval forces after 1968, see Canadian Forces Maritime Command

Maritime Command

Components Maritime Command 12 Wing History Royal Canadian Navy Military History of Canada Ships Current Fleet Historic Ships Her Majesty's Canadian Ship Bases CFB Halifax (Atlantic) CFB Esquimalt (Pacific)

The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 until 1968 when the three Canadian armed services were unified to form the Canadian Forces. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U The Military history of Canada comprises hundreds of years of armed actions in the territory encompassing This is a list of Royal Canadian Navy (RCN ships that have served past and present from 1911&ndash1968 and Maritime Command (MARCOM of the Canadian Forces This is a list of Royal Canadian Navy (RCN ships that have served past and present from 1911&ndash1968 and Maritime Command (MARCOM of the Canadian Forces The designation Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS (in French Navire Canadien de Sa Majesté) is applied as a prefix to any Canadian Forces Canadian Forces Base Halifax (CFB Halifax is Canada 's east coast navy base and home port to the Atlantic fleet known as Maritime Forces Atlantic. Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt ( CFB Esquimalt) is Canada 's west coast navy base and home port to the Pacific fleet known as Maritime Forces Pacific Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence The modern Canadian navy has been known as Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM) since unification, but still refers to itself unofficially as the "navy" and maintains many RCN traditions. "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U

As Command-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces is vested in the Canadian Monarch,^[1] ships of the Canadian Forces continue to be called "Her/His Majesty's Canadian Ship", but it is not correct to use the name "Royal Canadian Navy" or its abbreviation "RCN" in references to the Canadian navy after February 1, 1968. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of The designation Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS (in French Navire Canadien de Sa Majesté) is applied as a prefix to any Canadian Forces Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation years 1.2 First World War 1.3 Inter-war period 1.4 Second World War 1.5 "Mutinees" in 1949 1.6 Cold War 1.7 Unification 2 Distinctive Environmental Uniform (DEU) introduced 3 Ensigns and jacks 4 Chiefs of the Naval Staff 1910–1964 5 Pre-unification senior officers of the RCN 6 Film and books 7 See also 8 External links 9 Footnotes

History

Formation years

During the early years of the 20th century, there was growing discussion within the British Empire as to the role the Dominions would play in defence and foreign affairs. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and Defence A key part of this discussion focused on naval issues. In Canada, it came down to a choice between two options. Either the young country could provide funds, support and manpower to the Royal Navy, or it could form its own navy. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Canada chose the latter.

On March 29, 1909, George Foster introduced a resolution in the House of Commons calling for the establishment of a Canadian Naval Service. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Sir George Eulas Foster, KCB, PC ( September 3 1847 &ndash December 30 1931) was a Canadian politician The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The resolution was not successful; however, on January 12, 1910, the government of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier took Foster's resolution and introduced it as the Naval Service Bill. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus After third reading, the bill received royal assent on May 4, 1910, and became the Naval Service Act, administered by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries at the time. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The official title of the navy was the Naval Service of Canada (also Canadian Naval Forces), and the first Director of the Naval Service of Canada was Rear-Admiral Charles Kingsmill (Royal Navy, retired), who was previously in charge of the Marine Service of the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Admiral Sir Charles E Kingsmill ( July 7 1855 - July 15 1935) was the first Director of the Canadian Naval Service (which later became the Fisheries and Oceans Canada ( DFO) is the department within the government of Canada that is responsible for developing and implementing policies and programs

Department of Naval Services (Canada) was the department responsible for the naval services in Canada during the transition from the Royal Navy to the Royal Canadian Navy.

The act called for:

• a permanent force
• a reserve (to be called up in emergency)
• a volunteer reserve (to be called up in emergency)
• the establishment of a naval college

The British cruiser Rainbow was the first ship commissioned into Canada's navy on August 4, 1910, at Portsmouth, England. Royal Canadian Navy service HMS Rainbow was presented to Canada in 1910 and was recommissioned HMCS Rainbow. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting History See also History of Portsmouth There have been settlements in the area since before Roman times mostly being offshoots of Portchester, which She arrived at Esquimalt, British Columbia, on November 7, 1910, and carried out fishery patrols and training duties on Canada's west coast. The City of Esquimalt (ɨsˈkwaɪmɔlt is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Another Royal Navy cruiser, HMS Niobe, became the second ship commissioned into the Canadian navy on September 6, 1910, at Devonport in England and arrived at Halifax Nova Scotia, on October 21, 1910—Trafalgar Day. Career She was built by Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness and launched on February 20 1897 entering service in 1898 Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB Devonport ( HMS ''Drake'') is one of three UK operating bases for the Royal Navy (the others being HMNB Clyde and England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The City of Halifax (est 1841 is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia and shire town of Halifax County Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Trafalgar Day is the celebration of the victory won by Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 's British fleet over the combined French and Spanish

The Naval Service of Canada changed its name to Royal Canadian Navy on January 30, 1911, but it was not until August 29 that the use of "Royal" Canadian Navy was permitted by King George V. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)

Immediately before the First World War, the premier of British Columbia, in a fit of public spirit, purchased two submarines (CC1 and CC2) from a shipyard in Washington. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C HMCS CC-1 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy. HMCS CC-2 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The submarines had been built for the Chilean Navy but the purchase had fallen through. The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile is the naval force of Chile. On August 7, 1914, the Government of Canada purchased the boats from the Government of British Columbia, and they were consequently commissioned into the RCN. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

First World War

In May 1914 the Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve (RNCVR) was established and undertook a strength of 1200 men from three distinct geographic areas: (1) Atlantic, (2) Pacific, and (3) Lake (representing inland areas). The Royal Navy Canadian Volunteer Reserve ( RNCVR) was a naval reserve that was established on 14 May 1914.

After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, London and Ottawa were planning to expand the RCN significantly, but it was decided that Canadian men would be permitted to enlist in either the Royal Navy or its Canadian counterpart, with many choosing the former. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.

During the fall of 1914, HMCS Rainbow patrolled the west coast of North America, as far south as Panama, although these patrols became less important following the elimination of the German naval threat in the Pacific with the December 1914 defeat of Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee's German East Asiatic Squadron off the Falkland Islands. Royal Canadian Navy service HMS Rainbow was presented to Canada in 1910 and was recommissioned HMCS Rainbow. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Graf is a historical German noble title equal in rank to a Count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own or a British Maximilian Graf (Count von Spee ( 22 June 1861 - 8 December 1914) was a German Admiral, born in Copenhagen The German East Asia Squadron was a German Kaiserliche Marine (naval Cruiser Squadron which operated mainly in the Pacific Ocean Much of Rainbow's crew were posted to the east coast for the remainder of the war and by 1917 Rainbow was withdrawn from service.

It was in Esquimalt and Victoria that the only active use of the RNCVR took place, with the reserve being tasked to help man the HMCS Rainbow, C1, and C2. Royal Canadian Navy service HMS Rainbow was presented to Canada in 1910 and was recommissioned HMCS Rainbow. HMCS CC-1 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy. HMCS CC-2 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy.

The early part of the war also saw HMCS Niobe actively patrolling off the coast of New York City but returned to Halifax permanently in July 1915 when she was declared no longer fit for service and was converted to a depot ship. Career She was built by Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-Furness and launched on February 20 1897 entering service in 1898 The City of New York She was heavily damaged in the December 1917 Halifax Explosion. The Halifax Explosion occurred on Thursday December 6, 1917, when the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was devastated by the

HMCS C1 and HMCS C2 spent the first three years of the war patrolling the Pacific; however, the lack of German threat saw them reposted to Halifax in 1917. HMCS CC-1 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy. HMCS CC-2 was a CC class submarine used by the Royal Canadian Navy. With their tender, HMCS Shearwater, they became the first warships to transit the Panama Canal flying the White Ensign (the RCN's service flag). HMCS Shearwater was a commissioned sloop and later submarine tender serving in the Royal Canadian Navy. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Arriving in Halifax on October 17, 1917, they were declared unfit for service and never patrolled again, being scrapped in 1920. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

On September 5, 1918 the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service (RCNAS) was formed with a main function to carry out anti-submarine operations using flying boat patrol aircraft. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A flying boat is a specialised form of Aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water using its Fuselage as a floating hull. The U.S. Navy's Naval Air Station Halifax, located on the eastern shores of the harbour at Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia, was acquired but following the November 11, 1918 Armistice, the RCNAS was discontinued. The Naval Air Station Halifax, also NAS Halifax, was a United States Navy Naval Air Station located in Eastern Passage, Nova Scotia Eastern Passage is a Canadian urban community in Nova Scotia 's Halifax Regional Municipality Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting

Canada's wartime naval shipbuilding policies were not considered a success, having only delivered a cruiser and two destroyers.

Inter-war period

Following a draw-down in the RCN after the war, the RCN undertook to find a mission and found it in taking over many of the civilian responsibilities of the Marine Service of the Department of Transport, and during the 1920s the RCN was threatening to become a civilian service. Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing Regulations, Policies and services

On January 31, 1923, the RNCVR was replaced by the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR) The initial authorized strength of the RCNVR was 1,000 all ranks. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR was a naval reserve force of the Royal Canadian Navy, which replaced the Royal Navy Canadian Volunteer Reserve Twelve Canadian cities (Calgary, Charlottetown, Edmonton, Halifax, Hamilton, Ottawa, Prince Rupert, Quebec City, Regina, Saint John, Saskatoon and Vancouver) were earmarked for divisions of “Half-Company” strength, i. e. 50 men, all ranks. Three larger cities (Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg) were ordered to man to a “Company” strength, which was 100, all ranks. The first commission was given, on 14 March 1923, to Lieutenant Frank Meade, who established a Company sized detachment in Montreal. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. By the end of 1923, twelve units had been formed.

On May 22, 1931, the RCN underwent a major facelift when the first custom-built RCN ships, destroyers HMCS Saguenay and HMCS Skeena, were commissioned at Portsmouth, England. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History See also History of Portsmouth There have been settlements in the area since before Roman times mostly being offshoots of Portchester, which

Still, by the 1930s, the RCN, along with its sister services, were starved of funding and equipment. However, this decade saw the RCN begin its rebuilding, as Ottawa joined London, Paris, and Washington in a growing apprehension of the ramifications of Nazi Germany's rearmament and the adventurism of Italy and Japan. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. By the outbreak of war in September 1939, the RCN still had only six destroyers and a handful of smaller ships.

Second World War

The RCN expanded greatly during the Second World War and following the end of the war was the third-largest navy in the world, behind the United States and the United Kingdom. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[2] Although it showed its inexperience at times during the early part of the war, a navy made up of men from all across the country, including many who had never before seen a large body of water, proved capable of exceeding the expectations of its allies. By the end of the Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945), the RCN was the primary navy in the northwest sector of the Atlantic Ocean and was responsible for the safe escort of innumerable convoys and the destruction of many U-boats — an anti-submarine capability that the RCN would build upon during the post-war. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous Military campaign of World War II, (though some say it was a series of naval Military campaigns U-boat is the anglicized version of the German word, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot ( undersea boat) and refers Similarly, a massive building program (for a nation of only 11 million) saw corvettes, frigates, and other escort vessels built in shipyards on both coasts and on the Great Lakes. A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Added to this were aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, and various auxiliary ships. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy In addition, the Royal Canadian Naval Air Service was reborn with the use of anti-submarine patrols on both coasts conducted with PBY Catalina flying boats. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

As the end of the war against Germany approached, attention focused on Japan. At the end of 1944, some RCN ships were deployed with the British Pacific Fleet, joining the many Canadian personnel already serving with the Royal Navy in the Pacific War. The British Pacific Fleet (BPF was a multinational Allied naval force which saw action against Japan during World War II. The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between Ottawa was also laying plans to expand the RCN's capabilities beyond its anti-submarine orientation. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines The war in the Pacific was expected to culminate with a massive invasion of Japan itself, and this would need a different navy than that required in the Atlantic.

Britain was nearly bankrupt after five and a half years of war and was looking to shrink its military somewhat, especially since the United States was now the dominant power in the Pacific. With this in mind, the RCN and the Royal Australian Navy were to receive many ships considered surplus to the RN's needs, with the end goal being a powerful Commonwealth fleet of Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand ships alongside the United States Navy. The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. A fleet, or naval fleet is a large formation of Warships, and the largest formation in any Navy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island As in World War I, the war ended before these plans came to fruition. With the dropping of two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan's will to fight evaporated. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at

With the end of the war, the RCN stopped expanding. A planned transfer of two light aircraft carriers from the Royal Navy, HMCS Warrior and HMCS Magnificent was slowed, and when Warrior was found to be unsuitable for a North Atlantic winter, she was sent to the west coast and the next year was replaced by Magnificent, with Warrior being given back to the RN. History Built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast, she was originally to be called HMS Brave; the Royal Navy had originally intended to rush History The third ship of the ''Majestic'' class, Magnificent was built by Harland and Wolff, laid down 29 July 1943 and Canada still had two light cruisers, HMCS Ontario and HMCS Uganda (later HMCS Quebec), a number of Tribal-class and other destroyers, and a mass of frigates, corvettes, and other ships, the majority of which were mothballed by 1947. Later use of the name HMCS Ontario became the name of a Sea Cadet Summer Training establishment located in Kingston Ontario, Canada, at the Home Fleet operations In March 1943 after training at Scapa Flow, HMS Uganda sailed as convoy escort to protect a convoy bound for Sierra Leone from Design history From 1926 all Royal Navy destroyers had descended from a common lineage based upon the prototypes ''Amazon'' and ''Ambuscade''.

"Mutinees" in 1949

In the late winter of 1949, the RCN was shaken by three almost simultaneous cases of mass insubordination variously described as "Incidents" or "Mutinees":

• On February 26, when the destroyer HMCS Athabaskan was on a fuelling stop at Manzanillo, Mexico, ninety Leading Seamen and below — constituting more than half the ship's company — locked themselves in their messdecks, and refused to come out until getting the captain to hear their grievances. See also List of ships of the Canadian Navy Royal Canadian Navy#"Mutinees" in 1949 The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
• On March 15, in another destroyer — HMCS Crescent, at Nanjing, China — eighty-three junior ratings held a similar protest. HMCS Crescent was a Canadian C class destroyer, launched on 20 July 1944 ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
• On March 20, thirty-two aircraft handlers on the carrier HMCS Magnificent, then on fleet manoeuvres in the Caribbean, briefly refused an order to turn to morning cleaning stations. History The third ship of the ''Majestic'' class, Magnificent was built by Harland and Wolff, laid down 29 July 1943 and The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting

As noted by Dr Richard Gimblett, researcher and himself a retired naval officer^[3] the respective captains in all three cases acted with great sensitivity, entering the messes for an informal discussion of the sailors' grievances and carefully avoided using the term "mutiny," which could have had severe legal consequences for the sailors involved. Specifically, the captain of the Athabaskan, while talking with the disgruntled crew members, is known to have placed his cap over a written list of demands, which could have been used as legal evidence of a mutiny, and pretended not to notice it.

Still, the Canadian government of the time — the early years of the Cold War — felt apprehensive of "The Red Menace," especially since the naval sailors' discontent coincided with a Communist-inspired strike in the Canadian merchant marine (also, one of the incidents occurred in a country — China — where the local Communists were in the fast process of winning a civil war and gaining power). Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

Defence Minister Brooke Claxton appointed Rear-Admiral Rollo Mainguy, Flag Officer Atlantic Coast, to head a commission of inquiry. Brooke Claxton, PC, DCM, KC, BCL, LLD ( 1898-08-23 &ndash 1960-06-13) was a Canadian veteran of Vice-Admiral Edmond Rollo Mainguy, OBE CD RCN ( 11 May 1901 - 29 April 1979) was a Canadian naval officer and a post-war Chief of The Mainguy Report — described by Dr Gimblett as "a watershed in the Navy's history, whose findings, recommendations and conclusions remain a potent legacy" — concluded that no evidence was found of Communist influence or of collusion between the three crews.

The "General Causes Contributing to [the] Breakdown of Discipline" noted by the commission included:

• Collapse of the Divisional System of personnel management;
• Failure to provide Welfare Committees for the airing of petty grievances, which led to sailors informally adopting a kind of equivalent to a sit down strike;
• Frequent changes in ships' manning and routines with inadequate explanation;
• A deterioration in the traditional relationship between officers and petty officers;
• The absence of a distinguishing Canadian identity in the Navy. A sit-down strike is a form of Civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers usually employed at a factory or other centralized location take possession of

The last issue — an assertion of "an uncaring officer corps harbouring aristocratic British attitudes inappropriate to Canadian democratic sensitivities" — went beyond the question of sailors' morale and touched on the basic identity of the Canadian Navy and indeed, on the national identity of Canada as a whole.

It was to have ramifications in the process undertaken in later decades, painful to many of the officers concerned, of deliberately cutting off many of the British traditions in such areas as ensigns and uniforms. ^[4]

Cold War

The Cold War and the formation of NATO saw the RCN halt its contraction and begin expanding again. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The North Atlantic Treaty Several World War II vintage ships saw action in the Korean War, including "exciting but dangerous" shore bombardment and North Korean train destruction missions. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The growing Soviet submarine threat in the 1950s saw a new class of anti-submarine destroyer escorts (DDEs), the St. Laurent class, designed. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Construction The need for the St Laurent class came about in 1949 when Canada joined NATO and the Cold War was in its infancy The RCN also pioneered several innovative ship designs, one of the more notable being the "rounded" upper part of the hull which helps drain seawater from the upper decks during the extremely rough conditions of the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans — it has also been said that this rounded upper hull would assist in cleaning radiation from a ship in the event of coming in contact with fallout from a nuclear explosion. A nuclear explosion occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from an intentionally high-speed Nuclear reaction.

Following the seven St. Laurent DDEs, the Restigouche and Mackenzie DDE classes were built with seven and four vessels respectively. Construction The need for the St Laurent class came about in 1949 when Canada joined NATO and the Cold War was in its infancy In the early 1960s the St. Laurent DDEs were upgraded to destroyer-helicopter (DDH) vessels to accommodate the new CH-124 Sea King anti-submarine helicopters. The RCN was the first navy in the world to pioneer the use of ship-borne helicopters on small surface ships, such as destroyers and frigates, in the rough waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific. Recovery of helicopters to a wildly pitching flight deck was aided with the RCN invention of the "Bear Trap" — a cable-assisted winching system which hauled a helicopter, while operating at full power, to the deck in all manner of conditions. RCN also was an early pioneer in various forms of ship-borne sonar, both passive and active. These innovations resulted in their NATO allies giving RCN an expanded anti-submarine role throughout the North Atlantic.

Following the construction of these vessels throughout the 1950s, RCN was able to retire all remaining World War II-era vessels. HMCS Magnificent stopped being used as an active carrier by the mid-1950s and was used as a vehicle transport during Canada's peacekeeping response to the 1956 Suez Crisis, before being paid off and replaced by HMCS Bonaventure, a more modern aircraft carrier which was subsequently updated with an angled flight deck. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh History As HMS Powerful she was laid down at Harland and Wolff in Belfast on 21 November 1943, and launched on 27 February The RCNAS used stations at HMCS Shearwater and HMCS Patricia Bay to operate carrier-based fighter aircraft (including the British propeller-driven Seafire (a naval derivative of the famous Spitfire) and Sea Fury and the American F2H Banshee, the RCN's only jet fighter) as well as coastal patrol aircraft. 12 Wing Shearwater, is located in Shearwater, Nova Scotia on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour in the Halifax Regional Municipality. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

The RCN also conducted experiments with the fastest warship ever built, the 60-knot (110 km/h) maximum speed HMCS Bras d'Or. Construction Bras d'Or was built at Marine Industries Limited (MIL in Sorel Quebec, the primary contractor being De Havilland Canada.

Unification

On February 1, 1968, the Royal Canadian Navy was merged with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Canadian Army to form the unified Canadian Forces. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Land Force Command ( LFC) is responsible for army operations within the Canadian Forces. The Canadian Forces (CF ( French: Forces canadiennes) are the unified Armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence The naval forces were restructured as Canadian Forces Maritime Command (MARCOM). "MARCOM" redirects here For the historical (1936–1950 U

For many of the serving naval personnel, the transition - giving up the old ensigns, and even more the adoption of army-type ranks and green uniforms instead of the distinctive naval ones - was a very painful process. Researcher Alan Filewood recalls:^[5]

I grew up in a navy family; my father was a regular force officer who had risen from the lower deck, and he was himself the son of a petty officer who had come to Canada as one of the British Royal Navy crews that brought Canada's first warships to this country in 1911 and elected to stay to build the RCN. Growing up in a naval family, I was imbued with the traditions of a service that prided itself on its British roots.

I recall vividly the day the armed forces paraded in Ottawa to witness the lowering of the old service ensigns and the raising of the new. My mother was a naval vet, a former WREN, and at this transformative moment of national symbolism, she wept; with the lowering of the White Ensign something disappeared from her history. Sometime later my father came home demoralized in his new army-style uniform with an army rank. Like many other naval officers, he retired soon thereafter.

The controversy included the dismissal of Rear-Admiral William Landymore, senior officer in the Atlantic, who tried to secure commitments that naval traditions would be maintained, but was later fired by Defence Minister Paul Hellyer for his opposition to the changes. Paul Theodore Hellyer, PC (born 6 August 1923) is a Canadian Politician and commentator who has had a long and varied career

Distinctive Environmental Uniform (DEU) introduced

In 1987 the CF reintroduced Distinctive Environmental Uniforms (DEU's) for the three commands of the Armed Forces. The new naval uniform was broadly similar to the former RCN uniform except that officers' uniforms contained six rather than eight buttons on the front of the tunic and the "square rig" for other ranks was not re-introduced. In addition, the executive curl on officers' rank insignia was omitted and the rank insignia of other ranks continued to follow the pattern used by the army.

Ensigns and jacks

On March 3, 1911, the RCN was authorized the use of the White Ensign, which remained the main identifying flag of the navy for the next 54 years. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The White Ensign is an Ensign flown on British Royal Navy ships and Shore establishments It consists of a red St George's Cross on At the same time, the Canadian Blue Ensign was designated the jack of the RCN. The Canadian Red Ensign is the former flag of Canada, used officially by the federal government though it was never adopted as official by the Parliament of Canada However, because naval tradition dictates that the jack is worn at the ship's bow only when docked or on "dress ship" occasions, HMC ships normally had no distinctly Canadian flags when under way, the White Ensign being identical to the Royal Navy's ensign. Because of this, a tradition developed of painting a green maple leaf on ships' funnels to mark the ship as Canadian.

When British and Canadian foreign policies began to diverge in the 1950s (highlighted by the two countries' different roles in the Suez Crisis), having an ensign identical to the Royal Navy's became less satisfactory. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh In 1961, a policy of wearing the Canadian Red Ensign from the masthead (in addition to the Canadian Blue Ensign at the jack staff when appropriate, and the White Ensign at the ensign staff) was established. The Canadian Red Ensign is the former flag of Canada, used officially by the federal government though it was never adopted as official by the Parliament of Canada On February 15, 1965, the White, Blue, and Red ensigns were all replaced by the new National Flag of Canada, the Maple Leaf flag. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag

Chiefs of the Naval Staff 1910–1964

1. Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Kingsmill (as Director of the Naval Service of Canada) 1910–1920
2. Rear-Admiral Walter Hose 1920–1934 (Director of Naval Service, 1920–1921)
3. Admiral Percy W. Nelles 1934–1944
4. Vice-Admiral George C. Admiral Sir Charles E Kingsmill ( July 7 1855 - July 15 1935) was the first Director of the Canadian Naval Service (which later became the Biography Admiral Percy Walker Nelles was an officer in the Royal Canadian Navy and the Chief of the Naval Staff from 1934 to 1944 Jones 1944–1946
5. Vice-Admiral Howard E. Reid 1946–1947
6. Vice-Admiral Harold Grant 1947–1951
7. Vice-Admiral Rollo Mainguy 1951–1956
8. Vice-Admiral Harry DeWolf 1956–1960
9. Vice-Admiral Herbert S. Harold Grant was the fifth head College football coach of the College of Emporia Fighting Presbies in Emporia Kansas. Vice-Admiral Edmond Rollo Mainguy, OBE CD RCN ( 11 May 1901 - 29 April 1979) was a Canadian naval officer and a post-war Chief of Vice Admiral Henry "Harry" George DeWolf CBE, DSO, DSC, RCN ( 26 June 1903 – 18 December Rayner 1960–1964

Pre-unification senior officers of the RCN

Between the time the RCN was integrated with the RCAF and the Canadian Army in 1966, and unification in 1968, there was no Chief of the Naval Staff, and responsibility for the RCN often overlapped between Ottawa and Halifax. ^[6]

Flag Officer, Atlantic Coast

1. Rear Admiral J. V. Brock, 1964
2. Rear Admiral William Landymore, 1964-1966

Flag Officer, Pacific Coast

1. Rear Admiral M. G. Stirling, 1964-1966
2. Rear Admiral J. A. Charles, 1966-1969

Principal Naval Adviser, CFHQ

1. Vice Admiral K. L Dyer, 1964-1966
2. Vice Admiral R. L. Hennessy, 1966-1968

Commander, Maritime Command

1. Rear Admiral William Landymore, 1966
2. Vice Admiral J. C. O'Brien, 1966-

Film and books

• Corvette K-225 (1943), centres on the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. Corvette K -225 is a 1943 Film starring Randolph Scott and Ella Raines. Produced by Howard Hawks. Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and
• A Canadian Second World War Naval officer is one of the main characters in Jan de Hartog's novel The Captain. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Jan de Hartog (b1914- d2002 was a Dutch playwright novelist and occasional social critic who moved to the United States in the early 1960s and became a Quaker.

See also

• List of ships of the Canadian Navy
• List of Royal Canadian Navy stations
• Uniforms of the Canadian Forces#Navy
• Canadian Forces Maritime Command
• List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy

External links

• Canada faces fleet programme dilemmas Extract from April 2006 article discussing development options facing Canadian Navy
• Information about Canadian naval ships on Haze gray and underway
• Canadian World War II Newspaper Archives - The Royal Canadian Navy
• Interactive history of the Canadian Navy
• Ensigns of the Royal Canadian Navy 1910-1965
• Alan Filewood, "Theatre, Navy and The Narrative of 'True Canadianism'".
• Dr Richard Gimblett, "Dissension in the Ranks - "Mutinies" in the Royal Canadian Navy
• Royal and Dominion Navies in World War 2, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses
• Royal and Dominion Navies, Victoria Cross at Sea, 1940-45

Footnotes

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