"Roundheads" was the nickname given to the Puritan supporters of Parliament during the English Civil Wars. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. Several military conflicts are considered English civil wars: The Anarchy ( 1135 &ndash 1154) Roundhead political and religious factions included (but were not limited to) Presbyterians, classical republicans, Levellers, and Independents. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Classical republicanism' is a form of Republicanism originating from and inspired by the governmental forms and writings of Classical antiquity. See Levellers (disambiguation for alternative meanings. The Levellers were members of a mid 17th century English Political movement In English Church history, Independents advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters without any wider geographical hierarchy Today, Roundheads are most associated with Oliver Cromwell, who rose to prominence as an MP and Parliamentary soldier, and eventually imposed unity on the various Parliamentary factions by establishing himself as Lord Protector in 1653. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State with two meanings (and full styles at different periods of history The Roundheads' enemies, the Royalist supporters of King Charles I, were nicknamed Cavaliers. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Cavalier was the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1651

Etymology

During the war and for a time afterwards, "Roundhead" appeared to have been first used as a term of derision, towards the end of 1641 when the debates in Parliament on the Bishops Exclusion Bill were causing riots at Westminster. The Clergy Act 1640 (also known as the Bishops Exclusion Act or the Clerical Disabilities Act) (16 Car Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. Some of the Puritans, but by no means all, wore their hair closely cropped round the head, and there was thus an obvious contrast between them and the men of courtly fashion with their long ringlets. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, A ringlet is a type of Hairstyle. It is achieved by wrapping a lock of hair around the length of a thin Curling iron One authority says of the crowd which gathered there: "They had the hair of their heads very few of them longer than their ears, whereupon it came to pass that those who usually with their cries attended at Westminster were by a nickname called Roundheads. "

According to John Rushworth (Historical Collections), the word was first used on 27 December 1641 by a disbanded officer named David Hide, who during a riot is reported to have drawn his sword and said he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops". John Rushworth (c 1612 - May 12, 1690) was born at Acklington Park in the parish of Warkworth, Northumberland, England Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the

The principal advisor to Charles II, the Earl of Clarendon (History of the Rebellion, volume IV. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Edward Hyde 1st Earl of Clarendon ( 18 February 1609 &ndash 9 December 1674) was an English Historian and statesman and page 121) remarks on the matter: "and from those contestations the two terms of 'Roundhead' and 'Cavalier' grew to be received in discourse, . . . they who were looked upon as servants to the king being then called 'Cavaliers,' and the other of the rabble contemned and despised under the name of 'Roundheads' ".

Richard Baxter ascribes the origin of the term to a remark made by Queen Henrietta Maria at the trial of the Earl of Strafford; referring to John Pym, she asked who the roundheaded man was. Richard Baxter ( November 12, 1615 - December 8, 1691) was an English Puritan church leader theologian and Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Thomas Wentworth 1st Earl of Strafford ( April 13, 1593 &ndash May 12, 1641) was an English statesman and a major figure in John Pym (1584 &ndash December 8, 1643) was an English parliamentarian, leader of the Long Parliament and a prominent critic of

History

The Roundheads eventually won the Second Civil War in 1648, and Charles I was executed in 1649. The name Charles I may refer to Kings Charlemagne, Charles I Holy Roman Emperor (742-814 Charles I of England, There was further fighting in Ireland and Scotland, and Cromwell defeated at Scots invasion in support of Charles II at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Charles II may refer to Charles the Bald (823 &ndash 877 king of the West Franks and Holy Roman Emperor Charles II of Naples (1248 The Battle of Worcester took place on 3 September 1651 at Worcester England and was the final battle of the English Civil War. These events are sometimes called the Third Civil War, although strictly speaking Scotland was a foreign power. The Third English Civil War ( 1649 &ndash 1651) was the last of the English Civil War ( 1642 &ndash 1652) a series of armed conflicts

In the New Model Army it was a punishable offense to call a fellow soldier a "Roundhead". The New Model Army was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War. The name remained in use to describe those with republican tendencies until after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland in 1688 by a union

In general, modern historians deprecate the use of the term 'Roundhead' except in discussions of its use during the Civil Wars.

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "ROUNDHEAD", a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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