Rotary International

Rotary International
Rotary International Logo
Formation	1905
Type	Service club
Headquarters	Evanston, Illinois
Membership	1. The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point A service club or service organization is a voluntary Non-profit organization where members meet regularly to perform charitable works either Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly 2 million
Official languages	English
President	Wilfrid J. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Wilkinson
Key people	Paul P. Harris (Founder)
Website	www.rotary.org

Rotary International is an organization of service clubs known as Rotary Clubs located all over the world. Paul Percy Harris ( April 19, 1868 - January 27, 1947) was a Chicago Attorney best known for founding Rotary International A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A service club or service organization is a voluntary Non-profit organization where members meet regularly to perform charitable works either There are more than 32,000 clubs and over 1. 2 million members world-wide. ^[1] The members of Rotary Clubs are known as Rotarians. The stated purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders to provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members usually meet weekly for breakfast, lunch or dinner, which is a social event as well as an opportunity to organize work on their service goals.

Rotary's best-known motto is "Service above Self", and its secondary motto is "They profit most who serve best". ^[2]

Philosophy

The declared objectives of Rotary are to encourage and foster the ideal of service as a basis of worthy enterprise and, in particular, to encourage and foster:^[1]

The development of acquaintance as an opportunity for service;
High ethical standards in business and professions, the recognition of the worthiness of all useful occupations, and the dignifying of each Rotarian's occupation as an opportunity to serve society;
The application of the ideal of service in each Rotarian's personal, business, and community life;
The advancement of international understanding, goodwill, and peace through a world fellowship of business and professional persons united in the ideal of service.

These objectives are further set against the "Rotarian four-way test", used to see if a planned action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. The test was developed by Rotarian and entrepreneur Herbert J. Taylor during the Great Depression as a set of guidelines for restoring faltering businesses and was adopted as the standard of ethics by Rotary in 1942. Herbert J Taylor ( April 18, 1893 – May 1, 1978) was the creator of the 4-Way Test of the Things We Think Say and Do in 1932 It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management^[3]:

Is it the truth?
Is it fair to all concerned?
Will it build good will and better friendships?
Will it be beneficial to all concerned?

History

Early years

The first Rotary Club was founded in 1905 in Chicago by attorney Paul P. Harris: on February 23, 1905, Harris held the first meeting with three friends, Silvester Schiele, coal merchant, Gustave E. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Paul Percy Harris ( April 19, 1868 - January 27, 1947) was a Chicago Attorney best known for founding Rotary International Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Loehr, mines engineer and Hiram E. Shorey, tailor. The members chose the name Rotary because they rotated club meetings to each member's office each week.

The National Association of Rotary Clubs was formed in 1910. The same year, Rotary chartered a branch in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[4] This was followed in 1911 by the founding of the first outside North America in Dublin, Ireland. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Other early international branches were Cuba in 1916 and India in 1920. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The name was changed to Rotary International in 1922 because branches had been formed in six continents. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions ^[5] By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members.

World War II and Nazi Germany

Rotary clubs do not appear to have had a unified policy towards the Nazi regime: while several German Rotary Clubs decided to disband their organizations in 1933, others practiced a policy of appeasement or collaborated, as in Munich, where the club removed from its members' list a number of rotarians, Jewish and non-Jewish, who were politically unacceptable for the regime, including Thomas Mann (already in exile in Switzerland) ^[6]. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals — for example an intellectual Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Paul Thomas Mann ( June Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

The Nazis on their turn, although they saw international organizations as suspect, had authorised NSDAP members to be members of the Rotary through Nazi Party's court rulings issued in 1933, 1934 and 1936, and in 1937, more than half the rotarians were Nazi Party members ^[7]. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945

Begin 1937 however, hostile articles are published in the nazi press about Rotary, comparing Rotary with freemasonry. Soon after that, the incompatibility between nazism and the international humanitarian organisation results in two decisions who will jeopardise the existence of the Rotary in Germany: in June 1937, the ministry of the interior forbids civil servants to be members of the Rotary, and in July, the NSDAP's party court issues a ruling declaring party and rotarian membership incompatible as from January 1938. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945

Rotary's cause was advocated before the NSDAP party court by Dr. Grill, Governor for the Rotary 73d district, arguing that the German Rotary was compliant with the goals of the Nazi government, had excluded freemasons in 1933 and non-aryans in 1936 ^[8]. Other attempts were made, also by foreign rotarians ^[9] but appeasement failed this time, and in September 1937, the 73d district dissolved himself and the charter of german clubs was withdrawned by the Rotary International ^[10], although some clubs maintain an activity as "Friday Clubs" ^[11].

From 1945

Rotarian clubs in Eastern Europe were also disbanded from 1947 to 1989, under the communist regimes.

In 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the world's children against polio. In 2005 Rotary claimed to have contributed half a billion dollars to the cause, resulting in the immunization of nearly two billion children worldwide^[12].

In 1989, women were allowed to join Rotary Clubs. Rotary started opening new clubs in former communist countries and the first Russian club was chartered in 1990.

As of 2006, Rotary has more than 1. 2 million members in over 32,000 clubs among 200 countries and geographical areas, making it the most widespread by branches and second largest service club by membership, behind Lions Club International. Lions Clubs International (LCI is the world's largest Secular service organization with over 44500 clubs and more than 1 The number of Rotarians has slightly declined in recent years: Between 2002 and 2006, they went from 1,245,000 to 1,223,000 members. North America accounts for 450,000 members, Asia for 300,000, Europe for 250,000, Latin America for 100,000, Oceania for 100,000 and Africa for 30,000^[13].

Other Rotary sponsored organizations include: Rotaract — a service club for young men and women aged 18 to 30 with around 185,000 members in 8,000 clubs in 155 countries; Interact — a service club consisting of more than 239,000 young people aged 14–18 with over 10,700 clubs in 108 countries; and Rotary Community Corps (RCC) — a volunteer organization with an estimated 103,000 non-Rotarian men and women in over 4,400 communities in 68 countries. Rotaract originally began as a Rotary International youth programme in 1968 and has now grown into a major Rotary-sponsored organisation of over 7000 clubs spread around the

Conspiracy Theories

In 1988 Hamas labeled Rotary International (and Lions Clubs International) Zionist organizations and, according to the 1988 Covenant of Hamas, is bent on its ultimate obliteration^[14]. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Lions Clubs International (LCI is the world's largest Secular service organization with over 44500 clubs and more than 1 History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة

Organization and administration

In order to carry out its service programs, Rotary is structured in club, district and international levels. Rotarians are members of their clubs. The clubs are chartered by the global organization Rotary International (RI) headquartered in Evanston, a suburb of Chicago. Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. For administration purposes, the more than 32,000 clubs worldwide are grouped into 529 districts, and the districts into 34 zones.

Club level

Each club elects its own president and officers among its active members for a one year term. The clubs enjoy considerable autonomy within the framework of the standard constitution and the constitution and bylaws of Rotary International. The governing body of the club is the board of directors, which consists of president-elect, vice president, club secretary and treasurer, chaired by club president. The immediate past president is a de facto member of the board. The club president appoints the chairmen of the four main task groups for club service, vocational service, community service and international service.

District level

A district governor, who is an officer of Rotary International and represents the RI board of directors in the field, leads Rotary districts. The governor is nominated by the clubs of the district and elected by all the clubs meeting in the annual RI Convention held in a different country each year. To assist him with his duties, the district governor appoints assistant governors from among the Rotarians of the district.

Zone level

Approximately 15 Rotary districts form a zone. A zone director, who serves as a member of the RI board of directors, heads two zones. The zone director is nominated by the clubs in the zone and elected by the convention for the terms of two consecutive years.

Rotary International

Rotary International Headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, USA. Evanston Illinois is an affluent suburban Chicago Municipality on Lake Michigan on the North Shore in Cook County, Illinois directly The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Rotary International is governed by a board of directors composed of 17 zone directors, a president-elect and an international president. The nomination and the election of the president are based on zones. The international president, the highest officer of the organization, is elected for a term of one year. The board meets quarterly to establish policies.

The chief administrative officer of RI is the general secretary, who heads a staff of about 600 persons working at the headquarters and in seven international offices around the world.

Membership

According to its constitutions ("Charters"), Rotary defines itself as a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization. It is open to business and professional leaders of all ages and economic status. Its membership tends towards the middle-aged and wealthy. The clubs have some exclusivist membership criteria: reputation and business or professional leadership is a specific evaluation criterion for issuing invitations to join, and they limit representation from a specific profession or business to a percentage of a specific club's membership. One can join a rotary club only if invited; there is no provision to join without an invitation. ^[15] In the 1980s, Rotary was the subject of lawsuits which forced it to admit women. ^[16]

Active membership

Active membership is by invitation from a current Rotarian, to professionals working in diverse areas of endeavour. Each club can have up to ten per cent of its membership representing each business or profession in the area it serves. The goal of the clubs is to promote service to the community they work in, as well as to the wider world. Many projects are organized for the local community by a single club, but some are organized globally.

Honorary membership

Honorary membership is given by election of a Rotary Club to people who have distinguished themselves by meritorious service in the furtherance of Rotary ideals. Honorary membership is conferred only in exceptional cases. Honorary members are exempt from the payment of admission fees and dues. They have no voting privileges and are not eligible to hold any office in their club. Honorary membership is time limited and terminates automatically at the end of the term, usually one year. It may be extended for an additional period or may also be revoked at any time. Examples of honorary members are heads of state or former heads of state^[17], famous scientists^[18] or other famous people^[19]. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices

Female membership

From 1905 until the 1980s, women were not allowed membership in Rotary clubs, although Rotarian spouses, including Paul Harris's wife, were often members of the similar "Inner Wheel" club. Inner Wheel Club is an international organisation which Women did play some roles and Paul Harris's wife made numerous speeches. In 1963, it was noted that the Rotary practice of involving wives in club activities had helped to break down female seclusion in some countries^[20]. Clubs such as Rotary had long been predated by women's voluntary organizations, which started in the United States as early as 1790^[21].

Interestingly, the first Irish clubs discussed admitting women in 1912 but the proposal floundered over issues of social class.

Gender equity in Rotary International was first publicly raised by the Duarte Rotary Club affair. In 1976, the Duarte California club allowed three women to join. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Rotary International expressed alarm but requests to terminate the women's memberships were rejected by the club. As a result, Rotary International revoked the club's charter in 1978. The Duarte club filed suit in the California courts, claiming that Rotary Clubs are business establishments subject to regulation under California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination based on race, gender, religion or ethnic origin. The Unruh Civil Rights Act is a piece of California legislation that specifically outlaws Discrimination based on sex racecolor religion ancestry national origin Rotary International then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The RI attorney argued that ". . . [the decision] threatens to force us to take in everyone, like a motel". The Duarte Club was not alone in opposing RI leadership; the Seattle-International District club unanimously voted to admit women in 1986. ^[22] The United States Supreme Court, on May 4, 1987, confirmed the Californian decision and, since that time, women have been allowed to join Rotary. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) ^[23] The Elks, the final holdout among service clubs in prohibiting female membership, voted in 1995 to allow women^[24]. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks ( BPOE; also often known as the Elks Lodge or simply The Elks) is an American Fraternal order and By 2007, there was a female trustee of Rotary's charitable wing The Rotary Foundation while female district governors and club presidents were common. The Rotary Foundation is a Not-for-profit Corporation that supports the efforts of Rotary International to achieve world understanding and peace through Women accounted for 15% of international membership (22% in North America).

The change of the second Rotarian motto in 2004, from "He profits most who serves best" to "They profit most who serve best", 99 years after its foundation, illustrates the move to general acceptance of women members in Rotary.

Minority membership

Rotary and other service clubs in the last decade of the 20th century became open to homosexual membership. ^[25] Other minorities, in the face of general changes in demographics and declining membership, are also encouraged to join. There have been efforts to reach out to minority communities, such as Oakland, California's $10,000 scholarships for students in inner-city schools^[26]. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U

There have been some individual exceptions; as early as 1963 a Hindu Bengali, Nitish Chandra Laharry, served as Rotary International's first Asian president^[27]. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang The past tendency to favor the "old boys club" has also passed; so it is no longer just legislation or membership pressures driving these trends: A study has shown that only 2% of middle aged men interested in joining a club were interested in joining exclusive male-only clubs. ^[28]

Programs

PolioPlus

The most notable current global project, PolioPlus, is contributing to the global eradication of polio. The global eradication of poliomyelitis is a Public health effort to eliminate all cases of Poliomyelitis (polio infection Since beginning the project in 1985, Rotarians have contributed over US$600 million and tens of thousands of volunteer-hours, leading to the inoculation of more than two billion of the world's children. Inspired by Rotary's commitment, the World Health Organization (WHO) passed a resolution in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral Infectious disease spread from person to person primarily via Now in partnership with WHO, UNICEF and the U. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rotary is recognized by the United Nations as the key private partner in the eradication effort. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

There has been some limited criticism concerning the Rotary International program for polio eradication, which is supported with the help of World Health Organization. There are some reservations regarding the adaptation capabilities of the virus and some of the oral vaccines, which have been reported to cause infection resurgences^[29]. As stated by Vaccine Alliance, however, in spite of the limited risk of polio vaccination, it would neither be prudent nor practicable to cease the vaccination program until there is strong evidence that "all wild poliovirus transmission [has been] stopped". In a recent speech at the Rotary International Convention, held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Bruce Cohick stated that polio in all its known wild forms will be eliminated by late 2008, provided efforts in Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India all proceed with their current momentum. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ^[30]

Exchanges and scholarships

Some of Rotary's most visible programs include Rotary Youth Exchange, a student exchange program for students in secondary education, and Rotary's oldest program, Ambassadorial Scholarships. Rotary Youth Exchange ( RYE) is a Rotary International Student exchange program for students in secondary school. A student exchange program is a program in which a Student, typically in secondary or Higher education, chooses to live in a foreign country to learn Australia See also Education Today, there are six different types of Rotary Scholarships. Rotary International offers a number of scholarships worldwide for periods of 3 months 6 months 1 year and 2 years More than 38,000 men and women from 100 nations have studied abroad under the auspices of Ambassadorial Scholarship, and today it is the world's largest privately funded international scholarships program. A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education In 2006-07 grants totaling approximately US$15 million were used to award some 800 scholarships to recipients from 69 countries who studied in 64 nations. The Exchange Students of Rotary Club Munich International publish their experiences on a regular basis on Rotary Youth Exchange with Germany.

Rotary Fellowships, paid by the foundation launched in honor of Paul Harris in 1947, specialize in providing graduate fellowships around the world, usually in countries other than their own in order to provide international exposure and experience to the recipient^[31]

Rotary Centers for International Studies

Starting in 2002, The Rotary Foundation partnered with eight universities around the world to create the Rotary Centers for International Studies in peace and conflict resolution. The Rotary Foundation is a Not-for-profit Corporation that supports the efforts of Rotary International to achieve world understanding and peace through The universities include International Christian University (Japan), University of Queensland (Australia), Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) (France), University of Bradford (United Kingdom), Universidad del Salvador (Argentina), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (U. is a non-denominational Private university located in Mitaka Tokyo, Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The University of Queensland (UQ is one of Australia's premier learning and research institutions For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The University of Bradford (est 1966 is a University in Bradford, West Yorkshire in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Universidad del Salvador (USAL is a Catholic University in Buenos Aires, Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC, North Carolina, or simply Carolina) is a public, Coeducational Research S. ), Duke University (U. Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. S. ), and University of California, Berkeley (U. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley S. ) Rotary World Peace Fellows complete two year masters level programs in conflict resolution, peace studies, and international relations. The first class graduated in 2004 [3]. In 2004, Fellows established the Rotary World Peace Fellows Association [4] to promote interaction among Fellows, Rotarians, and the public on issues related to peace studies.

Individual club efforts

While there are numerous Rotary-wide efforts, Rotary clubs are also encouraged to take part in local ventures; In a more unusual twist, Rosalie Maguire, a Batavia, New York, Rotarian, taking a cue from Calendar Girls convinced fellow members (a woman for each month and a male cover) to pose for a "nude" calendar sold as part of a $250,000 fundraiser for a local hospital^[32]. Batavia is a city in Genesee County, Western New York, USA, located near the middle of Genesee County entirely within the Town New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Calendar Girls is a 2003 British Comedy film directed by Nigel Cole. In the past, members were assessed mock "fines" for minor infractions as a way of raising funds: these fines could in 1951 range from 10 cents to $1,000^[33]

Rotarian Presence on Internet

Rotary has begun to build "virtual" Rotary e-Clubs on Internet ^[34]. Rotary shows on the Internet its own selection of "famous Rotarians"^[35]. Rotary is active through the site: "Digaria"^[36].

Meetings

Various meetings and seminars are held regularly at all Rotary organization levels to develop Rotary leaders, to prepare and motivate incoming leaders and officers for their administrative and service responsibility roles. Assemblies and conferences are organized for conferring on the Rotary program and club activities. For legislative purposes, a council is provided.