Rose
Bridal Pink, hybrid tea rose, Morwell Rose Garden
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Genus: Rosa L.
Species
Between 100 and 150, see list

A rose is a perennial shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family rosaceae, that contains over 100 species. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its For other meanings see Rosales (disambiguation. Rosales is an order of Flowering plants including nine families The Rosaceae or Rose family is a large family of Plants with about 3000-4000 species in 100-160 genera The Rose subfamily Rosoideae consists of 878 species including many Shrubs perennial Herbs and fruit plants such as strawberries and Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for There is significant disagreement over the number of true Rose species A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The Rosaceae or Rose family is a large family of Plants with about 3000-4000 species in 100-160 genera The species form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp thorns. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar [1]

The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval shaped leaflets. Pinnate is a term used to describe Feather -like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in Plant or Animal structures and comes The plants fleshy edible fruit is called a rose hip. The rose hip and rose haw, is the pomaceous Fruit of the Rose plant that typically is red-to-orange but might be dark purple-to-black Plants range in size from tiny miniature roses to climbers that can reach 20 metres. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, giving rise to the many types of garden roses.

The name originates from Latin rosa, borrowed through Oscan from colonial Greek in southern Italy: rhodon (Aeolic form: wrodon), from Aramaic wurrdā, from Assyrian wurtinnu, from Old Iranian *warda (cf. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Oscan, the language of the Osci, is in the Sabellic branch of the Italic language family, which is a branch of Indo-European that also includes Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken Aramaic is a Semitic language with Armenian vard, Avestan warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr). The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language that was spoken in Sogdiana ( Zarafshan River Valley located in modern day Uzbekistan The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern [2][3]

Attar of rose is the steam-extracted essential oil from rose flowers that has been used in perfumes for centuries. Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the Rose water, made from the rose oil, is widely used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس Rose hips are sometimes made into jam, jelly and marmalade or brewed for tea, mainly for their vitamin C content. British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce an oil used in skin products. Rose hip seed oil is a pressed seed oil, extracted from the seeds of a rose bush ( Rosa moschata or Rosa rubiginosa) which grows wild

Contents 1 Botany 1.1 Species 2 Pests and diseases 3 Cultivation 4 Pruning 4.1 Deadheading 5 History 6 Popular culture 6.1 Symbolism 6.2 Art 6.3 Quotes 7 Perfume 8 Notable rose growers 8.1 Rose Capital of America 8.2 Individuals 9 Notes 10 See also

Botany

The leaves of most species are 5–15 centimetres long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Rosa canina (lit Dog Rose, often called incorrectly Rosehip) is a variable scrambling Rose species native to Europe In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Pinnate is a term used to describe Feather -like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis in Plant or Animal structures and comes The vast majority of roses are deciduous, but a few (particularly in Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round

The flowers of most species roses have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea, which usually has only four. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Rosa sericea is a species of ''Rosa'' native to southwestern China ( Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan) Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four). Rosa sericea is a species of ''Rosa'' native to southwestern China ( Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan) These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.

The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The rose hip and rose haw, is the pomaceous Fruit of the Rose plant that typically is red-to-orange but might be dark purple-to-black Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to pollinating bees and other insects, thus more apt to produce hips. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e. g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Rosa pimpinellifolia ( Burnet Rose) is a species of Rose native to western central and southern Europe (north to Iceland and Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. A hypanthium is a floral structure consisting of the bases of the sepals petals and stamens fused together An achene is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants Achenes are "monocarpellate" (formed from one Carpel Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose (Rosa canina) and Rugosa Rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. Rosa canina (lit Dog Rose, often called incorrectly Rosehip) is a variable scrambling Rose species native to Europe Rosa rugosa ( Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose, or Ramanas Rose) is a species of Rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. See also other birds with "thrush" in their name Waterthrush, Shrike-thrush, Thrush Nightingale The Thrushes, For the Seattle band featuring Rocky Votolato, see Waxwing (band. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the seeds. Finches are Passerine Birds often Seed -eating found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa.

While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are actually prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). True thorns, as produced by e. g. Citrus or Pyracantha, are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself. Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. A few species of roses only have vestigial prickles that have no points.

Species

Further information: List of Rosa species

Some representative rose species

• Rosa canina — Dog Rose, Briar Bush
• Rosa chinensis — China Rose
• Rosa dumalis — Glaucous Dog Rose
• Rosa gallica — Gallic Rose, French Rose
• Rosa gigantea (syn. There is significant disagreement over the number of true Rose species Rosa multiflora ( Multiflora Rose, Baby Rose, Rambler Rose) is a species of Rose native to eastern Asia, in China Rosa canina (lit Dog Rose, often called incorrectly Rosehip) is a variable scrambling Rose species native to Europe Rosa chinensis, known commonly as the China Rose is a member of the genus Rosa native to central China in Guizhou, Rosa dumalis ( Glaucous Dog Rose) is a species of Rose native to Europe and southwest Asia. Rosa gallica, ( Gallic Rose, French Rose, or Rose of Provence) is a species of Rose native to southern and central Europe Rosa gigantea is a species of Rose native to northeast India, northern Myanmar and southwest China ( Yunnan) in the R. x odorata gigantea)
• Rosa glauca (syn. Rosa glauca ( Red-leaved Rose or Redleaf Rose; syn R rubrifolia) is a species of Rose native to the mountains of R. rubrifolia) — Redleaf Rose
• Rosa laevigata (syn. Rosa laevigata ( Cherokee Rose) is a Rose native to southern China and Taiwan south to Laos and Vietnam. R. sinica) — Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose
• Rosa majalis — Cinnamon Rose
• Rosa multiflora — Multiflora Rose
• Rosa persica (syn. Rosa majalis J Herrm (syn R cinnamomea sensu L 1759 non 1753 R Rosa multiflora ( Multiflora Rose, Baby Rose, Rambler Rose) is a species of Rose native to eastern Asia, in China Hulthemia persica, R. simplicifolia)
• Rosa roxburghii — Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose
• Rosa rubiginosa (syn. Rosa rubiginosa ( Sweet briar or Eglantine Rose; syn R eglanteria) is a species of Rose native to Europe R. eglanteria) — Eglantine, Sweet Brier
• Rosa rugosa — Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose
• Rosa spinosissima — Scotch Rose
• Rosa stellata — Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose
• Rosa virginiana (syn. Rosa rugosa ( Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose, or Ramanas Rose) is a species of Rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern Rosa virginiana, commonly known as the Virginia Rose, Common Wild Rose or Prairie Rose, is a woody perennial in the rose family R. lucida) — Virginia Rose

Pests and diseases

Main articles: Pests and diseases of roses and List of rose diseases

Roses are subject to several diseases. Roses ( Rosa sp) are susceptible to a number of Pests diseases and disorders This article is a list of diseases of Roses ( Rosa spp Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Chalaropsis thielavioides A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly The most serious is rose rust (Phragmidium mucronatum), a species of rust fungus, which can defoliate the plant. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. More common, though less debilitating, are rose black spot, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae, which makes circular black spots on the leaves in summer, and powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Diplocarpon rosae is a Fungus that causes the Rose disease Black Spot Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants Fungal diseases are best solved by a preventative fungicidal spray program rather than by trying to cure an infection after it is visible. Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores After the disease is visible, its spread can be minimized through pruning and use of fungicides although actual infection cannot be reversed. Some rose varieties are considerably less susceptible than others to fungal disease.

The main insect pest affecting roses is the aphid (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. Ladybirds are a predator of aphids and should be encouraged in the rose garden. Spraying with insecticide is often recommended but should be done with care to minimize loss of beneficial insects. Roses are also used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Roses ( Rosa spp are used as food plants by the Caterpillars ( Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including

Cultivation

See also: Rose cultivars named after celebrities

Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs, as well as the most popular and commonly sold florists' flowers. The following is a partial list of rose cultivars named after celebrities. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Floristry is the general term used to describe the professional floral trade In addition to their great economic importance as a florists crop, roses are also of great value to the perfume industry. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living

Many thousands of rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use, mostly double-flowered with many or all of the stamens mutated into additional petals. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar " Double-flowered " describes varieties of Flowers with extra Petals often containing flowers within flowers The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in Abney Park in Stoke Newington, north-east London UK is a historic parkland originally laid out in the early 18th century by Lady Mary Abney and Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and color, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent.

Roses thrive in temperate climates, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in sub-tropical and even tropical climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate rootstock. The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 Grafting is a method of asexual Plant propagation widely used in Agriculture and Horticulture where the tissues of one Plant are encouraged to A rootstock is a Plant, and sometimes just the Stump, which already has an established healthy root system, used for Grafting a cutting or

There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:

• Wild Roses — The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids.

• Old Garden Roses — Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups. In general, Old Garden Roses of European or Mediterranean origin are once-blooming shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only on two-year-old canes.
  • Alba — Literally "white roses", derived from R. arvensis and the closely allied R. alba. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to Great Britain by the Romans. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring with blossoms of white or pale pink. The shrubs frequently feature gray-green foliage and a climbing habit of growth . Examples: 'Alba Semiplena', 'White Rose of York'. The White Rose of York ( Rosa alba) is the symbol of the House of York and has since been adopted as a symbol of Yorkshire as a whole
  • Gallica — The gallica roses have been developed from R. Rosa gallica, ( Gallic Rose, French Rose, or Rose of Provence) is a species of Rose native to southern and central Europe gallica, which is a native of central and southern Europe. They flower once in the summer over low shrubs rarely over 4' tall. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, the gallica class includes shades of red, maroon and deep purplish crimson. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (R. gallica versicolor).
  • Damask — Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose, the Autumn Damask, existed in Europe for hundreds of years prior. Rosa × damascena, more commonly known as the Damask rose or simply as " Damask " or sometimes as the Rose of Castile For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Summer damasks (crosses between gallica roses and R. phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Autumn damasks (Gallicas crossed with R. moschata) bloom again later, in the autumn. Shrubs tend to have rangy to sprawly growth habits and vicious thorns. The flowers typically have a more loose petal formation than gallicas, as well as a stronger, tangy fragrance. Examples: 'Ispahan', 'Madame Hardy'. ' Ispahan', also known as ' Pompon des Princes', is a clear pink half-open kind of Damask rose (an early type introduced from the Middle east in European breeding
  • Centifolia (or Provence) — These roses, raised in the seventeenth century in the Netherlands, are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. Rosa × centifolia (lit hundred leaved/petaled rose syn R gallica var As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The result of damask roses crossed with albas, the centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below) . Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.
  • Moss — Mutations of primarily centifolia roses (or sometimes damasks), these have a mossy excrescence on the stems and sepals that often emits a pleasant woodsy or balsam scent when rubbed. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant. A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants Moss roses are cherised for this unique trait, but as a group they have contributed nothing to the development of new rose classifications. Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Example: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).
  • China — The China roses were grown in East Asia for thousands of years and finally reached Western Europe in the late 1700s. Rosa chinensis, known commonly as the China Rose is a member of the genus Rosa native to central China in Guizhou, Compared to the aforementioned European rose classes, the China roses had smaller, less fragrant, more poorly formed blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. Yet they possessed the amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. This made them highly desirable for hybridization purposes in the early 1800s. The flowers of China roses were also notable for their tendency to "suntan," or darken over time — unlike the blooms of European roses, which tended to fade after opening. Four China roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar This brought about the creation of the first classes of repeat-flowering Old Garden Roses, and later the Modern Garden Roses. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis'.
  • Portland — The Portland roses represent the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, specifically gallicas and damasks. They were named after the Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy in 1800) a rose then known as R. For the whaler see Duke of Portland (whaler Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was thence developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, they are mostly descended from hybrids between damask and China roses. The plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with proportionately short flower stalks. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambourd'.
  • Bourbon — Bourbons originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called Réunion) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Réunion ( French: Réunion or formally La Réunion; previously Île Bourbon) is an island located in the Indian Ocean, east of They are most likely the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island. They flower repeatedly over vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs with glossy foliage and purple-tinted canes. They were first Introduced in France in 1823. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
  • Noisette — The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China Rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (Rosa moschata), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in Paris, who then introduced 'Blush Noisette' in 1817. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Mme. Alfred Carriere' (Noisette), 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See French and German articles on Noisette roses)
  • Tea — The result of crossing two of the original China roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses, tea roses are considerably more tender than other Old Garden Roses (due to cold-tender Rosa gigantea in the ancestry of the 'Parks' Yellow' rose). The teas are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The color range includes pastel shades of white, pink and yellow, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet'.
  • Hybrid Perpetual — The dominant class of roses in Victorian England, they first emerged in 1838 and were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates. The "perpetual" in the name hints at repeat-flowering, but many varieties of this class had poor reflowering habits; the tendency was for a massive spring bloom, followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumn burst, or sometimes nothing at all until next spring. Due to a limited color palette (white, pink, red) and lack of reliable repeat-bloom, the hybrid perpetuals were ultimately overshadowed by their own descendants, the Hybrid Teas. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes', 'Paul Neyron'.
  • Hybrid Musk - This group was primarily developed by Rev. Joseph Pemberton, a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', a 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. Joseph Pemberton (1852-1926 was a British clergyman and Rosarian, remembered for creating the 'hybrid musk' class of cultivated Roses A keen amateur grower he joined A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the be foundation of the class. The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. Rose multiflora, however, is known to be one parent, and R. moschata (the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, remontant and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent. ^[1][2] Examples include 'Buff Beauty' and 'Penelope'.
  • Bermuda "Mystery" Roses — A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in Bermuda for at least a century. Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both nematode damage and the fungal diseases that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.
  • Miscellaneous — There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.

• Modern Garden Roses — Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics, such as "large-flowered shrub", "recurrent, large-flowered shrub", "cluster-flowered", "rambler recurrent", or "ground-cover non-recurrent". The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern Garden Roses:
  • Hybrid Tea — The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses, hybrid teas were initially created by hybridizing Hybrid Perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 1800s. Hybrid Tea is a Cultivar Group of Roses created by cross-breeding two different types of roses 'La France,' created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between both parents: hardier than the teas but less hardy than the hybrid perpetuals, and more everblooming than the hybrid perpetuals but less so than the teas. The flowers are well-formed with large, high-centered buds, and each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom. The shrubs tend to be stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged, which today is often seen as a liability in the landscape. The hybrid tea class is important in being the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian brier rose (Rosa foetida). This resulted in an entirely new color range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolors, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. The new color range did much to skyrocket hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colors came at a price: Rosa foetida also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning, to its descendants. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Hybrid teas became the single most popular class of garden rose of the 20th century; today, their reputation as being more high maintenance than many other rose classes has led to a decline in hybrid tea popularity among gardeners and landscapers in favor of lower-maintenance "landscape" roses. The hybrid tea remains the standard rose of the floral industry, however, and is still favoured in small gardens in formal situations. Examples: 'Peace', 'Mr. The Peace Rose is the most famous and successful garden rose of all time Lincoln,' 'Double Delight. '
  • Polyantha — Literally "many-flowered" roses, from the Greek "poly" (many) and "anthos" (flower). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species (Rosa chinensis and R. multiflora), polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 1800s alongside the hybrid teas. They featured short plants — some compact, others spreading in habit — with tiny blooms (1" in diameter on average) carried in large sprays, in the typical rose colors of white, pink and red. Their main claim to fame was their prolific bloom: From spring to fall, a healthy polyantha shrub might be literally covered in flowers, creating a strong color impact in the landscape. Polyantha roses are still regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant garden roses today, and remain popular for that reason. Examples: 'Cecile Brunner', 'The Fairy', 'Red Fairy'.
  • Floribunda — Rose breeders quickly saw the value in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses with that bloomed with the polyantha profusion, but with hybrid tea floral beauty and color range. In 1909, the first polyantha/hybrid tea cross, 'Gruss an Aachen,' was created, with characteristics midway between both parent classes. As the larger, more shapely flowers and hybrid-tea-like growth habit separated these new roses from polyanthas and hybrid teas alike, a new class was created and named Floribunda, Latin for "many-flowering. " Typical floribundas feature stiff shrubs, smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than hybrid teas but are carried in large sprays, giving a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colors and with the classic hybrid tea-shaped blossom, sometimes differing from hybrid teas only in their cluster-flowering habit. Today they are still used in large bedding schemes in public parks and similar spaces. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Examples: 'Dainty Maid', 'Iceberg', 'Tuscan Sun'.
  • Grandiflora — Grandifloras (Latin for "large-flowered") were the class of roses created in the mid 1900s to designate back-crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category — specifically, the 'Queen Elizabeth' rose, which was introduced in 1954^[3]. Grandiflora shrubs are typically larger than either hybrid teas or floribundas, and feature hybrid tea-style flowers borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to a floribunda. Grandifloras maintained some popularity from about the 1950s to the 1980s but today they are much less popular than either the hybrid teas or the floribundas. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Examples: 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Comanche,' 'Montezuma'.

• • Miniature — All of the classes of Old Garden Roses — gallicas, centifolias, etc. Terra cotta ( Italian: "baked earth" is a Ceramic. Its uses include vessels water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in Building construction — had corresponding miniature forms, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. As with the standard-sized varieties, miniature Old Garden roses were crossed with repeat-blooming Asian species to produce everblooming miniature roses. Today, miniature roses are represented by twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colors; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but it is important to remember that these plants are largely descended from outdoor shrubs native to temperate regions; thus, most miniature rose varieties require an annual period of cold dormancy to survive. Examples: 'Petite de Hollande' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), 'Cupcake' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming).
  • Climbing/Rambling — As is the case with Miniature roses, all aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing" forms, whereby the canes of the shrubs grow much longer and more flexible than the normal ("bush") forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit of many cultivars and varieties; in many Modern roses, however, climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations. For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i. e. "climbing. " Most Climbing roses grow anywhere from 8'–20' in height and exhibit repeat-bloom. Rambler roses, although technically a separate class, are often lumped together with climbing roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are distinguished from true climbers in two ways: A larger overall size (20'–30' tall is common), and a once-blooming habit. It should be noted that both climbing roses and rambling roses are not true vines such as ivy, clematis or wisteria; they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own, and must be manually trained and tied over structures such as arbors and pergolas. Hedera (English name ivy, plural ivies) is a genus of 15 species of climbing or ground-creeping Evergreen woody plants in the family Clematis (from Ancient Greek klematis, a climbing plant probably periwinkle) is a Genus of mostly vigorous climbing Lianas Wisteria is a Genus of about ten species of woody climbing Vines native to the eastern United States and the East Asian states of China Examples: 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber), 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler).
  • English/David Austin — Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. They were developed in the 1960s by David Austin of Shropshire, England, who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 David CH Austin OBE (born 1926 is a Rose breeder and writer who lives in Shropshire, England. Shropshire (ˈʃrɒpʃɪə/ /-ʃə alternatively known as Salop or abbreviated in print only Shrops, is a county in the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The idea was to create a new group of roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic gallica, alba and damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the larger modern color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers. It should be noted that the typical winterhardiness and disease-resistance of the classic Old Garden Roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 'Mary Rose,' 'Graham Thomas', 'Tamora'.

• Landscape Roses — These are a modern classifation of rose developed mainly for mass amenity planting. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favor amid gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labor- and chemical-intensive plants susceptible to myriad pest and disease problems. So-called "landscape" roses have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers color, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most landscape roses having the following characteristics:
  • Good disease resistance
  • Lower growing habit, usually under 60cm
  • Repeat flowering
  • Disease and pest resistance
  • Non suckering, growing on their own roots.

Principal parties involved in the breeding of new Landscape Roses varieties are Werner Noak (Germany) Meidiland Roses (France) Boot&Co. (Netherlands)

Pruning

Rose pruning, sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning. For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation.

Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc. ) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. As such, their pruning requirements are quite minimal, and are overall similar to any other analogous shrub, such as lilac or forsythia. The unrelated but somewhat similar-looking Chinaberry ( Melia azedarach) is sometimes called "lilac" too Forsythia is of Flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive family Generally, only old, spindly canes should be pruned away, to make room for new canes. One-year-old canes should never be pruned because doing so will remove next year's flower buds. The shrubs can also be pruned back lightly, immediately after the blooms fade, to reduce the overall height or width of the plant. In general, pruning requirements for OGRs are much less laborious and regimented than for Modern hybrids.

Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (R. chinensis). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits: Unlike Old Garden Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning away of any spent flowering stem, in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and thence new flowers.

Additionally, Modern Hybrids planted in cold-winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12" in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, Modern Hybrids are typically not as cold-hardy as European OGRs, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damanged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas, floribundas, etc. should generally be done in early spring; most gardeners coincide this pruning with the blooming of forsythia shrubs. Canes should be cut about 1/2" above a vegetative bud (identifiable as a point on a cane where a leaf once grew).

For both Old Garden Roses and Modern Hybrids, any weak, damaged or diseased growth should be pruned away completely, regardless of the time of year. Any pruning of any rose should also be done so that the cut is made at a forty five degree angle above a vegetative bud. This helps the pruned stem callus over more quickly, and also mitigates moisture buildup over the cut, which can lead to disease problems.

For all general rose pruning (including cutting flowers for arrangements), sharp secateurs (hand-held, sickle-bladed pruners) should be used to cut any growth 1/2" or less in diameter. For canes of a thickness greater than 1/2", pole loppers or a small handsaw are generally more effective; secateurs may be damaged or broken in such instances.

Deadheading

Deadheading is the simple practice of manually removing any spent, faded, withered or discoloured flowers from rose shrubs over the course of the blooming season. For other uses of the term "Pruning" see Pruning (disambiguation. The purpose of deadheading is to remove deteriorating parts of the plant so that the plant can focus its energy and resources on forming new offshoots and blooms. Roses are particularly responsive to deadheading.

Deadheading causes different effects on different varieties of roses. For continual blooming varieties, whether Old Garden roses or more modern hybrid varieties, deadheading allows the rose plant to continue forming new shoots, leaves, and blooms. For "once-blooming" varieties (that bloom only once each season), deadheading has the effect of causing the plant to form new green growth, even though new blooms will not form until the next blooming season.

For most rose gardeners, deadheading is used to refresh the growth of the rose plants to keep the rose plants strong, vibrant, and reproductive.

History

The rose has always been valued for its beauty and has a long history of symbolism. The ancient Greeks and Romans identified the rose with their goddesses of love referred to as Aphrodite and Venus. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC In Rome a wild rose would be placed on the door of a room where secret or confidential matters were discussed. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The phrase sub rosa, or "under the rose", means to keep a secret — derived from this ancient Roman practice. The Latin phrase sub rosa means "under the rose" and is used in English to denote Secrecy or Confidentiality.

Early Christians identified the five petals of the rose with the five wounds of Christ. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Despite this interpretation, their leaders were hesitant to adopt it because of its association with Roman excesses and pagan ritual. The red rose was eventually adopted as a symbol of the blood of the Christian martyrs. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Roses also later came to be associated with the Virgin Mary.

Rose culture came into its own in Europe in the 1800s with the introduction of perpetual blooming roses from China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National There are currently thousands of varieties of roses developed for bloom shape, size, fragrance and even for lack of prickles.

Popular culture

Roses are ancient symbols of love and beauty. Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** The rose was sacred to a number of goddesses (including Isis and Aphrodite), and is often used as a symbol of the Virgin Mary. A goddess is a Female Deity. Many Cultures have goddesses Often deities are part of a polytheistic system that includes several deities Isis is a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs and is celebrated in their mythology as the ideal mother and wife patron of nature and magic friend of slaves sinners 'Rose' means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as Romance languages, Greek, and Polish). The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland.

The rose is the national flower of England and the United States^[4], as well as being the symbol of England Rugby, and of the Rugby Football Union. This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The England national rugby union team represents England in Rugby union. The Rugby Football Union (RFU is the Rugby union governing body in England It is also the provincial flower of Yorkshire and Lancashire in England (the white rose and red rose respectively) and of Alberta (the wild rose), and the state flower of four US states: Iowa and North Dakota (R. arkansana), Georgia (R. laevigata), and New York^[5] (Rosa generally). Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Rosa arkansana ( Prairie Rose or Wild Prairie Rose; syn R pratincola, R The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Rosa laevigata ( Cherokee Rose) is a Rose native to southern China and Taiwan south to Laos and Vietnam. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Portland, Oregon counts "City of Roses" among its nicknames, and holds an annual Rose Festival. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers

Roses are occasionally the basis of design for rose windows, such windows comprising five or ten segments (the five petals and five sepals of a rose) or multiples thereof; however most Gothic rose windows are much more elaborate and were probably based originally on the wheel and other symbolism. A Rose window (or Catherine window) is often used as a generic term applied to a circular Window, but is especially used for those found in churches

A red rose (often held in a hand) is a symbol of socialism or social democracy; it is also used as a symbol by the British and Irish Labour Parties, as well as by the French, Spanish (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Portuguese, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, Brazilian, Dutch (Partij van de Arbeid) and European socialist parties. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the The Labour Party (Páirtí an Lucht Oibre is a Democratic socialist and Social democratic Political party in the Republic of Ireland. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral This originated when the red rose was used as a badge by the marchers in the May 1968 street protests in Paris. For other events in May 1968 see 1968. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city White Rose was a World War II non violent resistance group in Germany. Also see Die weiße Rose (opera and Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage The White Rose (die Weiße Rose was a non-violent

Symbolism

Further information: Rose (symbolism)

According to the "language of flowers", certain rose colors carry specific symbolic meanings. The rose symbolizes various things depending on the context The Rose is accepted as one of the state and national symbols in Bulgaria because of the leading The language of flowers, sometimes called floriography, was a Victorian-era means of Communication in which various Flowers and floral arrangements

Rosa canina (Dog Rose) flower

Red rose: Deepest love and respect.

Pink rose: Grace.

White rose: Innocence.

• Red: love, used to say "I love you," but also stands for courage and respect.
• Red & White Together or White Roses with Red Edges signify unity and togetherness.
• Pink: symbolizes grace, sophistication and elegance. Also symbolizes gentle feelings of love and friendship.
• Dark Pink: Gratefulness and appreciation.
• Light Pink: Admiration, sympathy
• White: Innocence, purity, secrecy, friendship, reverence and humility.
• Yellow: Often akin to joy and deep friendship or platonic love. Amor Platonicus The term amor platonicus was coined as early as the 15th century by the Florentine scholar Marsilio Ficino In German speaking countries, however, they can mean jealousy and infidelity.
• Yellow with red tips: Symbolizes a gesture of falling in love.
• Orange or Coral symbolizes enthusiasm and desire
• Burgundy: Beauty
• Blue: Mystery

Further information: blue rose

• Green: Calm
• Black: used to signify death (black being the color of death) often of old habits. Blue roses were traditionally created by dyeing white roses since Roses lack a gene to produce Delphinidin, the primary plant pigment that produces In a positive light it signifies rebirth after death. Also, slavish devotion (as a true black rose is impossible to produce).
• Purple: protection (paternal/maternal love)

The rose also has various supernatural and literary attributes.

• Pale Colors:convey warmth and friendship.
• A Dozen Roses: stand for "there are dozens of ways I care about you. "
• Two Dozen Roses: stands for the 24 hours in a day and tells that "you think about them every hour".
• Three Dozen Roses: signify a romantic attachment unlike any other.
• Four Dozen Roses: mean unchanging and unconditional love.

Art

Roses are often portrayed by artists. Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( February 25, 1841 &ndash December 3, 1919) was a French Artist who was a leading painter in Rosa × centifolia (lit hundred leaved/petaled rose syn R gallica var The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating The French artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté produced some of the most detailed paintings of roses. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Pierre-Joseph Redouté ( July 10, 1759 - June 20, 1840) was a Belgian painter and Botanist, known for his paintings

Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. Henri Fantin-Latour ( January 14, 1836 - August 25, 1904) was a French painter and lithographer. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.

Other impressionists including Claude Monet and Paul Cézanne have paintings of roses among their works. Claude Monet ( French klod mɔnɛ also known as Oscar-Claude Monet or Claude Oscar Monet (14 November 1840 &ndash 5 December 1926 was a founder

Quotes

• What's in a name? That which we call a rose/By any other name would smell as sweet. — William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet act II, sc. William Shakespeare ( baptised Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the ii
• O, my love's like a red, red rose/That's newly sprung in June — Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose
• Information appears to stew out of me naturally, like the precious ottar of roses out of the otter. Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire A Red Red Rose is a 1794 song in Scots by Robert Burns based on traditional sources Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the Mark Twain, Roughing It
• Hearts starve as well as bodies; give us bread, but give us roses. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Roughing It is semi-autobiographical Travel literature written by American humorist Mark Twain. — James Oppenheim, "Bread and Roses"
• Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose — Gertrude Stein, Sacred Emily (1913), a poem included in Geography and Plays. For the musician see Boney James. James Oppenheim (1882-1932 was an American poet author and editor The slogan " Bread and Roses " originated in a poem of that name by James Oppenheim, published in American Magazine in December 1911 which attributed it to The sentence "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem Sacred Emily, which appeared in the Gertrude Stein ( February 3, 1874 &ndash July 27, 1946) was an American Writer who spent most of her life in France

Perfume

Main article: Rose oil

Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the Rose oil, meaning either rose otto ( attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the Essential oil extracted from the An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile The technique originated in Persia (the word Rose itself is from Persian) then spread through Arabia and India, but nowadays about 70% to 80% of production is in the Rose Valley near Kazanluk in Bulgaria, with some production in Qamsar in Iran and Germany. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Rose Valley (Розова долина Rozova dolina) is a region in Bulgaria located just south of the Balkan Mountains, between them and the Kazanlak (Казанлък is a Bulgarian town located in the middle of the plain of the same name at the foot of the Balkan mountain range, The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Qamsar is a city in the Esfahan province, Iran, near the city of Kashan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kaaba in Mecca is annually washed by the Iranian rose water from Qamsar. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In the French rose oil industry Rosa centifolia is used. The oil, pale yellow or yellow-grey in color, is sometimes called 'Rose Absolute' oil to distinguish it from diluted versions. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.

The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and l-citronellol; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an Alcohol. It is the primary part of Rose oil, Palmarosa oil and Citronella oil (Java type Citronellol, or dihydrogeraniol is a natural acyclic monoterpenoid. In chemistry paraffin is the common name for the Alkane Hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H2 n +2

Notable rose growers

Rose Capital of America

Tyler, Texas has been nicknamed the "Rose Capital of America" because of its large role in the rose-growing industry; about 20% of commercial rose bushes produced in the U. Tyler is a city in and the County seat of Smith County, Texas in the United States. Tyler is a city in and the County seat of Smith County, Texas in the United States. S. are grown in Tyler and Smith County and more than half of the rose bushes are packaged and shipped from the area. It boasts the nation's largest municipal rose garden and hosts the Texas Rose Festival each October, which draws more than 100,000 spectators. The Texas Rose Festival, a four-day event held annually in Tyler Texas, celebrates the role of the Rose -growing industry in the local economy

Individuals

Some rose growers are known for their particular contributions to the field. These include:

• David Austin ("English" roses)
• Joséphine de Beauharnais
• Griffith Buck, professor of horticulture at Iowa State University from 1948 to 1985, hybridized nearly 90 rose varieties. David CH Austin OBE (born 1926 is a Rose breeder and writer who lives in Shropshire, England. Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie Josèphe Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie June 23 1763 &ndash May 29 1814) was the first Griffith Buck (1915 – 28 March 1991) was a professor of Horticulture at Iowa State University who created over 80 named Cultivars Buck roses are known for disease resistance and winter hardiness.
• Conard-Pyle Co. (Star Roses)
• Jules Gravereaux
• Meilland family
• Jean Pernet, père
• Joseph Pernet-Ducher
• Suzuki Seizo

Notes

See also

• List of roses named after people
• Rose (color)
• Rose Colors and Their Meanings
• Further quotes pertaining to roses

Among the individuals who have had roses named after them are the following Adelaide Hoodless Alex Nordholm Alexander McKenzie Rose is the Color halfway between Red and Magenta on the HSV color wheel, on which it is at Hue angle of 330 degrees

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