A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather. The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous. A letter box, letterbox, mail slot, or mailbox is a receptacle for receiving incoming Mail at a private residence or business This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral A modern stadium (plural stadiums or stadia in English is a place or venue for (mostly outdoor Sports Concerts or other events consisting "Habitation" redirects here For Habitation at Port-Royal see Habitation at Port-Royal.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind. Other types of structure, for example, a garden conservatory, might use roofing that protects against cold, wind and rain but admits light. A conservatory is a Glass and Metal structure traditionally found in the Garden of a large house A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. A verandah or veranda is a roofed opened gallery or porchIt is also described as an open pillared gallery generally roofed built around a central structure
The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences an Architect and Designer when they make their design decisions Legislation (or " Statutory law " is law which has been promulgated (or " Enacted quot by a Legislature or other Governing
The elements in the design of a roof are :-
- the material
- the construction
- the durability
The material of a roof may range from banana leaves, wheaten straw or seagrass to lamininated glass, aluminium sheeting and precast concrete. Materials are physical Substances used as inputs to production or Manufacturing. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure Materials are physical Substances used as inputs to production or Manufacturing. For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. Straw is an agricultural By-product, the dry stalk of a Cereal plant after the Grain or Seed has been removed Seagrasses (or sea-grasses in British English) are Flowering plants from one of four plant families ( Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Architectural glass is glass that is used as a Building material. WikipediaNaming Precast concrete is a form of construction where concrete is cast in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment transported to the construction In many parts of the world ceramic tiles have been the predominant roofing material for centuries. A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass.
The construction of a roof is determined by its method of support and how the underneath space is bridged and whether or not the roof is pitched. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from its lowest to highest point. Most domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs which are sloped, or pitched. House generally refers to a Shelter or Building that is a Dwelling or place for Habitation by Human beings. The pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, but has more to do with practicalities. Some types of roofing, for example thatch, require a steep pitch in order to be waterproof and durable. [1] Other types of roofing, for example pantiles, are unstable on a steeply pitched roof but provide excellent weather protection at a relatively low angle. The name pantiles originally referred to a form of Tile used in paving and (more often Roofing Today the name is also used to refer to an area in the town In regions where there is little rain, an almost flat roof with a slight run-off provides adequate protection against an occasional downpour.
The durability of a roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the least accessible part of a building for purposes of repair and renewal, while its damage or destruction can have serious effects.
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Parts of a roof
There are two parts to a roof, its supporting structure and its outer skin, or uppermost weatherproof layer. In a minority of buildings, the outer layer is also a self-supporting structure.
The roof structure is generally supported upon walls, although some building styles, for example, geodesic and A-frame, blur the distinction between wall and roof. A geodesic dome is an almost spherical shell structure based on a network of Great circles ( Geodesics lying approximately on the surface of a Sphere An A-frame is a basic structure designed to bear a load in a lightweight economical manner
Support
The supporting structure of a roof usually comprises beams that are long and of strong, fairly rigid material such as timber, and since the mid 19th century, cast iron or steel. Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 In countries that use bamboo extensively, the flexibility of the material causes a distinctive curving line to the roof, characteristic of Oriental architecture. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture.
Timber lends itself to a great variety of roof shapes. Moreover, because timber can be worked in a variety of ways, the timber structure can fulfil an aesthetic as well as practical function, when left exposed to view.
Stone lintels have been used to support roofs since prehistoric times, but cannot bridge large distances. For lintel as a decorative element see Lintel (architecture For beam as load-bearing member see beam Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The stone arch came into extensive use in the Ancient Roman period and in variant forms could be used to span spaces up to 140 feet across. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The stone arch or vault, with or without ribs, dominated the roof structures of major architectural works for about 2,000 years, only giving way to iron beams with the Industrial Revolution and the designing of such buildings as Paxton's Crystal Palace, completed 1851. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and Glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the
With continual improvements in steel girders, these became the major structural support for large roofs, and eventually for ordinary houses as well. A girder is a support beam used in Construction. Girders often have an I beam cross section for strength but may also have a box shape Z shape Another form of girder is the reinforced concrete beam, in which metal rods are encased in concrete, giving it greater strength under compression. A girder is a support beam used in Construction. Girders often have an I beam cross section for strength but may also have a box shape Z shape Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be
Construction of a ridged roof
A simple ridged roof consists of inclined rafters that rest on horizontal wall-plates on top of each wall. See also Roof This article is about house construction that consists of beams and an outer weatherproof skin as found on most domestic architecture For the Tennis player see Patrick Rafter. A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members that extend from the ridge or hip The top ends of the rafters meet at the horizontal ridge plate or ridge beam. A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance Horizontal purlins are fixed to the rafters to support the roof covering. In Architecture or Structural engineering, a purlin (or purline) is a horizontal structural member in a Roof. Heavier under purlin are used to support longer rafter spans. Tie beams or ceiling joists, are connected between the lower ends of opposite rafters to prevent them from spreading and forcing the walls apart. A tie is any strong component designed to keep two objects closely linked together Collar beams or collar ties may be fixed higher up between opposite rafters for extra strength. A king post (or king-post or collar beam) is a central vertical supporting post used in architectural, Bridge, or Aircraft [2]
The rafters, tie beams and joists serve to transmit the weight of the roof to the walls of the building. There are a number of structural systems employed to facilitate this, including the use of wall-plates set at the top of the wall, hammer-beams, which spread the weight down the wall and create an equilibrium between outward and upward thrust, king posts which transfer the weight of the roof ridge, and various types of trusses. Hammerbeam roof, in Architecture, the name given to a Gothic open Timber Roof, of which the finest example is that over Westminster A king post (or king-post or collar beam) is a central vertical supporting post used in architectural, Bridge, or Aircraft In Architecture and Structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose
In cyclone and hurricane prone areas the main engineering consideration is to hold the roof down during severe storms. In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Every component of the roof (as of course the rest of the structure) has to withstand the uplift forces of high wind speeds. Modern roofing technologies in hurricane areas includes the purpose-made steel hook bracket which is bolted to the truss with M16 bolt. The bracket is bolted to an M16 bolt cast in situ, embedded 300 mm into the reinforced concrete block wall. Reinforced concrete is Concrete in which reinforcement bars (" Rebars quot or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be This system is typically in place every 900 mm around perimeter. The perimeter is the distance around a given two-dimensional object
Outer layer
This part of the roof shows great variation dependent upon availability of material. In simple vernacular architecture, roofing material is often vegetation, such as thatches of different materials, the most durable being sea grass with a life of perhaps 40 years. Vernacular Architecture is a term used to categorize methods of Construction which use locally available resources to address local needs Seagrasses (or sea-grasses in British English) are Flowering plants from one of four plant families ( Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, In areas with an abundance of timber, wooden shingles are used, while in some countries the bark of certain trees can be peeled off in thick, heavy sheets and used for roofing.
The 20th century saw the manufacture of composition shingles which can last from a thin 20-year shingle to the thickest which are limited lifetime shingles, the cost depending on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When a layer of shingles wears out, they are usually stripped, along with the underlay and roofing nails, allowing a new layer to be installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly over the worn layer. While this method is faster, it does not allow the roof sheathing to be inspected and water damage, often associated with worn shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingles under a new layer causes roofing nails to be located further from the sheathing, weakening their hold. The greatest concern with this method is that the weight of the extra material could exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and cause collapse.
Slate is an ideal, and durable material, while in the Swiss Alps roofs are made from huge slabs of stone, several inches thick. Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay The Swiss Alps (Schweizer Alpen Alpes suisses Alpi svizzere Alps svizras are the central portion of the Alps Mountain range that lies within The slate roof is often considered the best type of roofing. A slate roof may last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install - in the USA, for example, a slate roof may have the same cost as the rest of the house. Often, the first part of a slate roof to fail is the fixing nails; they corrode, allowing the slates to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail sickness". Because of this problem, fixing nails made of stainless steel or copper are recommended, and even these must be protected from the weather. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29
Roofs made of cut turf (known as Green roofs) have good insulating properties and are increasingly encouraged as a way of "greening" the Earth. A green roof is a Roof of a Building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil or a growing medium planted over a waterproofing membrane Adobe roofs are roofs of clay, mixed with binding material such as straw or animal hair, and plastered on lathes to form a flat or gently sloped roof, usually in areas of low rainfall.
In areas where clay is plentiful, roofs of baked tiles have been the major form of roof. The casting and firing of roof tiles is an industry that is often associated with brickworks. A Brickworks also known as a brick factory is a factory for the manufacturing of Bricks, from Clay or Shale. While the shape and colour of tiles was once regionally distinctive, now tiles of many shapes and colours are produced commercially, to suit the taste of the purchaser.
Sheet metal in the form of copper and lead has also been used for many hundreds of years. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Both are expensive but durable, the vast copper roof of Chartres Cathedral, oxidised to a pale green colour, having been in place for hundreds of years. Lead, which is sometimes used for church roofs, was most commonly used as flashing in valleys and around chimneys on domestic roofs, particularly those of slate. Copper was used for the same purpose.
In the 19th century, iron, electroplated with zinc to improve its resistance to rust, became a light-weight, easily-transported, waterproofing material. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 While its insulating properties were poor, its low cost and easy application made it the most accessible commercial roofing, world wide. Since then, many types of metal roofing have been developed. Steel shingle or standing-seam roofs last about 50 years or more depending on both the method of installation and the moisture barrier (underlayment) used and are between the cost of shingle roofs and slate roofs. In the 20th century a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on bitumen (already used in previous centuries), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as thermoplastic and on fibreglass. A thermoplastic is a Plastic that Melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a Brittle, very Glassy state when cooled sufficiently Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass.
Insulation
Some roofing materials, particularly those of natural fibrous material, such as thatch, have excellent insulating properties. For those that do not, extra insulation is often installed under the outer layer. In developed countries, the majority of dwellings have a ceiling installed under the structural member of the roof. The purpose is to insulate against heat and cold, noise, dirt and often from the droppings and lice of birds who frequently choose roofs as nesting places.
Other forms of insulation are felt or plastic sheeting, sometimes with a reflective surface, installed directly below the tiles or other material; synthetic foam batting laid above the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into roof cavities.
So called Cool roofs are becoming increasingly popular, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. In the world of industrial and Commercial buildings, a roofing system that can deliver high Solar reflectance (the ability to reflect the visible Infrared and Cool roofs are defined as roofs with both high reflectivity and high emissivity. In photometry and Heat transfer, reflectivity is the fraction of incident radiation reflected by a surface The emissivity of a material (usually written \epsilon is the ratio of energy radiated by a particular material to energy radiated by a Black body at
Drainage
The primary job of most roofs is to keep out water. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience.
Flat roof of adobe dwellings generally have a very slight slope. In a Middle Eastern country, where the roof may be used for recreation, it is often walled, and drainage holes must be provided to stop water from pooling and seeping through the porous roofing material.
Similar problems, although on a very much larger scale, confront the builders of modern commercial properties which often have flat roofs. Because of the very large nature of such roofs, it is essential that the outer skin is of a highly impermiable material. Most industrial and commercial structures have conventional roofs of low pitch.
In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of precipitation. Houses in areas of low rainfall frequently have roofs of low pitch while those in areas of high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs. The longhouses of Papua New Guinea, for example, being roof-dominated architecture, the high roofs sweeping almost to the ground. In Archaeology and Anthropology, a long house or longhouse is a type of long narrow single-room building built by peoples in various parts of the world Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The high steeply-pitched roofs of Germany and Holland are typical in regions of snowfall. In parts of the North America such as Buffalo USA or Montreal Canada, there is a required minimum slope of 6 inches in 12 inches, a pitch of 30 degrees. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec
There are regional building styles which contradict this trend, the stone roofs of the Alpine chalets being usually of gentler incline. These buildings tend to accumulate a large amount of snow on them, which is seen as a factor in their insulation. The pitch of the roof is in part determined by the roofing material available, a pitch of 3/12 or greater slope generally being covered with asphalt shingles, wood shake, corrugated steel, slate or tile.
The water repelled by the roof during a rainstorm is potentially damaging to the building that the roof protects. If it runs down the walls, it may seep into the mortar or through panels. If it lies around the foundations it may cause seepage to the interior, rising damp or dry rot. Rising damp is a condition caused by ground moisture rising up a masonry wall by Capillary action. In the field of construction dry rot refers to the decay of timber in buildings and other wooden structures by certain Fungi. For this reason most buildings have a system in place to protect the walls of a building from most of the roof water. Overhanging eaves are commonly employed for this purpose. An eave is the edge of a Roof. Eaves usually project beyond the side of the building generally to provide weather protection Most modern roofs and many old ones have systems of valleys, gutters, waterspouts, waterheads and drainpipes to remove the water from the vicinity of the building. In many parts of the world, roofwater is collected and stored for domestic use.
Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from a steel roof because their smooth surfaces shed the weight of snow more easily and resist the force of wind better than a wood shingle or a concrete tile roof.
Solar roofs
Newer systems include solar shingles which generate electricity as well as cover the roof. Solar shingles (or photovoltaic shingles are Photovoltaic cells designed to look like conventional Asphalt shingles There are several varieties of solar shingles There are also solar systems available that generate hot water or hot air and which can also act as a roof covering. More complex systems may carry out all of these functions: generate electricity, recover thermal energy, and also act as a roof covering.
There are different ways that solar systems can be integrated with roofs:
- integrated in the covering of pitched roofs, e. g. solar shingles. Solar shingles (or photovoltaic shingles are Photovoltaic cells designed to look like conventional Asphalt shingles There are several varieties of solar shingles
- mounted on an existing roof, e. g. solar panel on a tile roof. In the field of Photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells also known as Solar cells An installation of A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass.
- integrated in a flat roof membrane using heat welding, e. g. PVC.
- mounted on a flat roof with a construction and additional weight to prevent uplift from wind.
Roof shapes
These include:
- flat
- lean-to
- Skillion roof single-sloped, lean to, or shed roof
- ridged
- pitched or gabled
- shaped gable
- Dutch gable - a hybrid of hipped and gable
- crow-stepped gable (also called corbie step) gable
- salt-box
- saddleback (a gabled roof atop a tower)[3]
- hip roof includes a sketch of a Dutch gable (Australian terminology)
- half-hipped
- mansard
- gambrel
- pavilion
- pitched or gabled
- conical
- domical
- catenary
- pyramidal
- saw-tooth
Commercially available roofing materials
The weather proofing material is the topmost or outermost layer, exposed to the weather. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Many different kinds of materials have been used as weather proofing material:
- Thatch is roofing made of plant material, in overlapping layers. [4]
- Wheat Straw, widely used in England, France and other parts of Europe. Straw is an agricultural By-product, the dry stalk of a Cereal plant after the Grain or Seed has been removed
- Seagrass, used in coastal areas where there are esturies such as Scotland. Seagrasses (or sea-grasses in British English) are Flowering plants from one of four plant families ( Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Has a longer life than straw. Claimed to have a life in exccess of 60 years. [5]
- Shingles, called shakes in North America. Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements Shingles is the generic term for a roofing material that is in many overlapping sections, regardless of the nature of the material. The word is also used specifically to denote shingles made of wood.
- Redcedar. Life expectancy, up to 30 years. [6] However, young growth redcedar has a short life expectancy. High cost. Should be allowed to breathe. [7]
- Hardwood. The term hardwood is used to describe Wood from broad-leaved angiosperm Trees mostly Deciduous, but not necessarily in the case of tropical Very durable roofing found in Colonial Australian architecture, its use now limited to restorations. Architecture in Australia, at least in the early stages of the country's history shows the substantial influence of that of English architecture, and to an extent United
- Slate. Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay High cost with a life expectancy of up to 200 years. [8] Being a heavy material, the supporting structure must be very robust.
- Ceramic tile. A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. High cost, life of up to 100 years. [9]
- Imbrex and tegula, style dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. The imbrex and tegula (plurals imbrices and tegulae) were overlapping Roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture
- Metal shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of 3/12 pitch or greater. Because of the flexibility of metal, they can be manufactured to lock together, giving durability and reducing assembly time. [10]
- Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0. 5/12 to 3/12 pitch.
- Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag
- Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen embedded in an organic or fiberglass mat, usually covered with colored, man-made ceramic grit. An asphalt shingle is a type of Roof shingle. They are one of the most widely used roofing covers because they are relatively inexpensive and fairly simple to install Cheaper than slate or tiles. Various life span expectancies.
- Asbestos shingles. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective Very long lifespan, fireproof and low cost but now rarely used because of health concerns. [11][12]
- Membrane. membrane roofing is in large sheets, generally fused in some way at the joints to form a continuous surface.
- Thermosetting plastic (e. Thermosetting plastics thermosets are Polymer materials that irreversibly cure form g. EPDM rubber). EPDM Rubber ( ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber) is an Elastomer which is characterized by wide range of applications Synthetic rubber sheets adhered together with contact adhesive or tape. Primary application is big box store with large open areas and little vertical protrusions.
- Thermoplastic (e. A thermoplastic is a Plastic that Melts to a liquid when heated and freezes to a Brittle, very Glassy state when cooled sufficiently g. PVC, TPO, CSPE). ThermoPlastic Olefin (TPO is a trade name that refers to Polymer /filler blends usually consisting of some fraction of PP ( Polypropylene) PE ( Polyethylene Hypalon is a Trademark for chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSPE Synthetic rubber (CSM noted for its resistance to chemicals temperature extremes and Plastic sheets welded together with hot air creating one continuous sheet membrane. Can be rewelded with the exception of CSPE. Lends itself well to both big box and small roof application because of its hot air weldability.
- Modified bitumen - heat welded, asphalt adhered or installed with adhesive. Bitumen is a mixture of organic Liquids that are highly Viscous, black sticky entirely soluble in Carbon disulfide, and composed primarily Asphalt is mixed with polymers such as APP or SBS, then applied to fiberglass and/or polyester mat, seams sealed by locally melting the asphalt with heat, hot mopping of asphalt, or adhesive. Lends itself well to all applications.
- Built-Up Roof - Multiple plies of asphalt saturated organic felt or coated fiberglass felts. Plies of felt are adhered with hot asphalt, coal tar pitch or adhesive.
- Sprayed-in-Place Polyurethane Foam (SPUF) - Foam sprayed in-place on the roof, then coated with a wide variety of coatings, or in some instances, covered with gravel.
- Fabric
- polyester. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain
- PTFE, (synthetic fluoropolymer) embedded in fibreglass. In Chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene or poly(tetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) is a synthetic Fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre see Spelling differences) is material made from extremely fine Fibers of Glass.
- Metal roofing. A metal roof is a Roofing system made from Metal pieces or Tiles It is a component of the Building envelope. Generally a relatively inexpensive building material.
- Galvanised steel frequently manufactured with wavy corrugations to resist lateral flexing and fitted with exposed fasteners. Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of Galvanization. It is the process of coating Iron or Steel with a thin Zinc layer by passing the steel Widely used for low cost and durability. Sheds are normally roofed with this material. Known as Gal iron or Corro, it was the most extensively used roofing material of 20th century Australia, now replaced in popularity by steel roofing coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminium, claimed to have up to four times the life of galvanized steel. [13]
- Standing-seam metal with concealed fasteners.
- Mechanically seamed metal with concealed fasteners contains sealant in seams for use on very low sloped roofs.
- Flat-seam metal with soldered seams.
Gallery of significant roofs
 Imbrex and tegula tiles on the dome of Florence Cathedral. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy. |
 The marble dome of the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal (tɑdʒ |
 The hip roofs and dormers of Chateau Chenonceau. The Château de Chenonceau, near the small village of Chenonceaux, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley |
 The polychrome tiles of the Hospice of Beaune, France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. |
 The copper roof of Speyer Cathedral, Germany. The Speyer Cathedral is a very large and imposing Basilica of red Sandstone in Speyer, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. photo Wolfi. |
 The lead roof of King's College Chapel, England. King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late English Gothic England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland |
 The glass roof of the Grand Palais, Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city |
 The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House. The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney New South Wales, Australia |
See also
- Bituminous waterproofing
- Building construction
- Building envelope
- Green roof
- Metal roof
- Metal Roofing Alliance
- Roof garden
- Roofer
- Roofing felt
- Tensile architecture
- Tented roof
- Thin-shell structure
- Tile
References
- ^ Thatching specifications. Bituminous roofing and waterproofing membranes Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial buildings In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure A building envelope is the separation between the interior and the exterior environments of a Building. A green roof is a Roof of a Building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and soil or a growing medium planted over a waterproofing membrane A metal roof is a Roofing system made from Metal pieces or Tiles It is a component of the Building envelope. The Metal Roofing Alliance was formed in 1998 by a group of metal roofing manufacturers with the main goal of educating consumers about the benefits of metal roofing. A roof garden is any Garden on the Roof of a Building. Humans have grown Plants atop structures since antiquity. A roofer specializes in Roof construction concentrating on the application of materials that water proof and / or weather proof Buildings, homes ( Residential Tar paper is a heavy-duty Paper used in Construction. Tar paper is made by impregnating paper with Tar, producing a Waterproof material useful A tensile structure is a Construction of elements carrying only Tension and no Compression or Bending. A hipped roof or tented roof is a special type of Roof, widely used in 16th and 17th century Russian architecture for churches and Thin-shell structures are light weight constructions using shell elements. A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. [1]
- ^ Illustrated Architecture Dictionary on Buffalo Architecture and History
- ^ A Dictionary of Architecture, Fleming, Honour, & Pevsner
- ^ Thatching Information. [2]
- ^ as claimed by McGhee & Co. Roof Thatchers. [3]
- ^ Wood shakes and shingles. [4]
- ^ Hometips - Wooden shingle roofing, with good diagrams. [5]
- ^ Slate Roof Central. [6]
- ^ Renaissance Roofing. [7]
- ^ HomeTips: Metal shingle roofing. [8]
- ^ Asbestos and Your Health, Victorian Government. [9]
- ^ Asbestos Diseases Advisory Service. [10]
- ^ Bluescope. [11]
Further reading
- Francis Ching; Building Construction Illustrated, Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. "
External links
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