| Ronald Wilson Reagan | |
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| In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
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| Vice President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Jimmy Carter |
| Succeeded by | George H. W. Bush |
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| In office January 3, 1967 – January 7, 1975 |
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| Lieutenant | Robert Finch (1967–1969) Ed Reinecke (1969–1974) John L. Harmer (1974–1975) |
| Preceded by | Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, Sr. |
| Succeeded by | Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown, Jr. |
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| Born | February 6, 1911 Tampico, Illinois |
| Died | June 5, 2004 (aged 93) Bel Air, Los Angeles, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | (1) Jane Wyman (married 1940, divorced 1948) (2) Nancy Davis (married 1952) |
| Alma mater | Eureka College |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Religion | Baptized Disciples of Christ, later attended Presbyterian churches |
| Signature |  |
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Robert Hutchison Finch ( October 9 1925 - October 10 1995) was a Republican Politician from La Canada Flintridge California Edwin Reinecke (born January 7, 1924) is a retired California Politician. John L Harmer (born ca 1934 is a former California Politician who served in the California State Senate as a Republican from 1966-1974 Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr ( April 21, 1905 February 16, 1996) was the 32nd Governor of California, serving Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr (born April 7, 1938) is the current Attorney General and former governor of the State of Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Tampico is a village located in Whiteside County Illinois, United States. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Bel Air is a wealthy and prominent faux-gated residential community in the Westside of the city of Los Angeles California, United States. Jane Wyman ( January 5, 1917 &ndash September 10, 2007) was an American actress. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Eureka College is a Liberal arts college in Eureka Illinois related by covenant to the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ and founded in 1855 An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ is a Mainline Protestant denomination in North America Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Born in Illinois, Reagan moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1930s, where he was an actor, president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), and a spokesman for General Electric (GE). The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works The Screen Actors Guild ( SAG) is an American labor union representing over 120000 Film and television principal performers and background His start in politics occurred during his work for GE; originally a member of the Democratic Party, he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. A Time for Choosing, also known as " The Speech " was presented on a number of speaking occasions during the 1964 U Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1964 was one of the most lopsided presidential elections in the history of the United States The California gubernatorial election 1966 was held on November 8 1966. The California gubernatorial election 1970 was held on November 3 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and election in 1980. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan
As president, Reagan implemented new political initiatives as well as economic policies, advocating a limited government and economic laissez-faire philosophy, but the extent to which the implementation of these ideas was successful is debated. Limited Government is a government structure where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not usually allowed by Law, usually Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” The supply side economic policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", included substantial tax cuts implemented in 1981. Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for Reaganomics (a portmanteau of "Reagan" and "economics" refers to the Economic policies promoted by United States President Ronald The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (also known as ERTA or the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut) was "A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to encourage economic After surviving an assassination attempt and ordering controversial military actions in Grenada, he was re-elected in a landslide victory in 1984. The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30 1981 just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an Invasion of the nation of Grenada, an island in the Caribbean Sea 100 miles north Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President
Reagan's second term was marked by the ending of the Cold War, as well as a number of administration scandals, notably the Iran-Contra Affair. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the During the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States, multiple scandals developed which resulted in a number of administration staffers being convicted The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration. The president ordered a massive military buildup in an arms race with the Soviet Union, forgoing the previous strategy of détente. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s He publicly portrayed the USSR as an "evil empire" and supported anti-Communist movements worldwide. The phrase evil empire was applied to the Soviet Union by US President Ronald Reagan and American conservatives, who took an aggressive The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the Despite his rejection of détente, he negotiated with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev to shrink both countries' nuclear arsenals. The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( First Secretary in 1953-1966 was the title synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union after Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Reagan left office in 1989; in 1994 the former president disclosed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Ronald Reagan 's Alzheimer's letter was a hand-written letter authored by former United States President Ronald Reagan in November 1994 disclosing the fact he had Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. He died ten years later at the age of ninety-three, and ranks highly among former U. The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served S. presidents in terms of approval rating.
Early life
Ronald Reagan was born in an apartment above the local bank building in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 to John "Jack" Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan. Dixon is a city in Lee County, Illinois, United States. The population was 15941 at the 2000 census The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Birthplace of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Graham Building, is located in an apartment on the second floor of a late 19th century commercial building in Tampico Tampico is a village located in Whiteside County Illinois, United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Nelle Clyde Wilson Reagan ( July 24 1883 &ndash July 25 1962) was the mother of United States President Ronald Reagan [1] As a boy, Reagan's father nicknamed him "Dutch", due to his "fat little Dutchman"-like appearance, and his "Dutchboy" haircut;[2] the nickname stuck with Ronald throughout his youth. [2] Reagan's family briefly lived in several Illinois towns, including Monmouth, Galesburg and Chicago, until 1919, when they returned to Tampico and lived above the H.C. Pitney Variety Store. Monmouth is the county seat of Warren County in the US state of Illinois. Galesburg is a city in Knox County, Illinois, in the United States. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The HC Pitney Variety Store Building is a commercial building in downtown Tampico Illinois, United States [1] After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, Reagan would quip that he was "living above the store again". [3]
According to Paul Kengor, author of God and Ronald Reagan, Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people, which stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother, Nelle,[4] and the Disciples of Christ faith,[4] which he was baptized into in 1922. Paul Kengor is a professor at Grove City College and the executive director of the College's Center for Vision and Values. The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ is a Mainline Protestant denomination in North America [5] For the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Dixon is a city in Lee County, Illinois, United States. The population was 15941 at the 2000 census Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning. [6]
Following the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920, the Reagans moved to Dixon;[7] the midwestern "small universe" had a lasting impression on Ronald. [8] He attended Dixon High School,[9] where he developed interests in acting, sports, and storytelling. Dixon High School (DHS is a High school located on Lincoln Statue Drive on the northern side of Dixon Illinois. [10] His first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park, near Dixon, in 1926. "I saved 77 lives," Reagan said in an interview, and mentioned that he notched a mark on a wooden log for every life he saved. [10] After high school, Reagan attended Eureka College, where he was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, majored in economics and sociology, and was very active in sports. Eureka College is a Liberal arts college in Eureka Illinois related by covenant to the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ and founded in 1855 Tau Kappa Epsilon ( ΤΚΕ or Teke, pronounced T-K-E or ˈtiːk as in Teak wood is a College fraternity founded on January 10th [11]
Entertainment career
- See also: Ronald Reagan filmography
Radio and film
After graduating from Eureka in 1932, Reagan worked at radio stations WOC in Davenport, Iowa, and WHO in Des Moines as an announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games. Davenport is a City along the Mississippi River in the American state of Iowa. WHO is a Clear channel Radio station broadcasting 50000 watts on 1040 AM with a news/talk format The Chicago Cubs are a Professional Baseball franchise based in Chicago, Illinois. [12] While traveling with the Cubs in California, Reagan took a screen test in 1937 that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers studios. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and [13] His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie Love Is on the Air, and by the end of 1939 he had already appeared in 19 films. Love is on the Air is a 1937 film directed by Nick Grinde. The film stars Eddie Acuff, Robert H [14] Before the film Santa Fe Trail in 1940, he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American; from it, he acquired the lifelong nickname "the Gipper". Santa Fe Trail is a 1940 western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. George "The Gipper" Gipp ( February 18, 1895 &ndash December 14, 1920) was a famous College football player who played Knute Rockne All American is a 1940 biographical film which tells the story of Knute Rockne, perhaps the most famous of all of the football [15] Reagan's favorite acting role was in 1942's Kings Row,[16] but his performance did not meet with universal approval: one reviewer felt that Reagan had made "only casual acquaintance with the [character]". Kings Row is a 1942 film which tells the story of a group of youths who grow up leading supposedly idyllic lives in a small town with disturbing secrets [17] Reagan also acted in Tennessee's Partner, Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, Dark Victory, Bedtime for Bonzo, Cattle Queen of Montana, and The Killers (his final film) in a 1964 remake. Tennessee's Partner is a 1955 Western film starring Ronald Reagan in what Peter Bogdanovich calls his "most likeable performance Hellcats of the Navy is a 1957 movie starring Ronald Reagan and wife Nancy Davis (her then professional name — a moral World War II This Is the Army is a 1943 American Motion picture produced by Hal B Dark Victory is a 1939 American Drama film directed by Edmund Goulding. Bedtime for Bonzo is a 1951 comedy film directed by Fred de Cordova. Cattle Queen of Montana is a 1954 American Western film starring Barbara Stanwyck and Ronald Reagan. The Killers, sometimes marketed as Ernest Hemingway's The Killers, is a 1964 Crime film released by Universal Studios. [18]
Military service
After completing fourteen home-study Army Extension Courses, Reagan enlisted in the Army Enlisted Reserve[19] on April 29, 1937, as a private assigned to Troop B, 322nd Cavalry at Des Moines, Iowa. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [20] He was appointed Second Lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry on May 25, 1937, and on June 18 was assigned to the 323rd Cavalry. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries [21]
Reagan was ordered to active duty for the first time on April 18, 1942. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Due to his nearsightedness, he was classified for limited service only, which excluded him from serving overseas. [22] His first assignment was at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation at Fort Mason, California, as a liaison officer of the Port and Transportation Office. Fort Mason, also known as San Francisco Port of Embarkation US Army, in San Francisco California is a former United States Army post located in the northern [23] Upon the approval of the Army Air Force (AAF), he applied for a transfer from the Cavalry to the AAF on May 15, 1942, and was assigned to AAF Public Relations and subsequently to the 1st Motion Picture Unit in Culver City, California. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County California. [23] On January 14, 1943 he was promoted to First Lieutenant and was sent to the Provisional Task Force Show Unit of This Is The Army at Burbank, California. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County California, United States. [23] He returned to the 1st Motion Picture Unit after completing this duty and was promoted to Captain on July 22, 1943. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [20]
In January 1944, Captain Reagan was ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the opening of the sixth War Loan Drive. The City of New York He was assigned to the 18th AAF Base Unit, Culver City on November 14, 1944, where he remained until the end of World War II. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [20] He was recommended for promotion to Major on February 2, 1945, but this recommendation was disapproved on July 17 of that year. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians [24] He returned to Fort MacArthur, California, where he was separated from active duty on December 9, 1945. Fort MacArthur is a former US Army installation in San Pedro California (now the port community of Los Angeles) named for General Arthur MacArthur Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar [24] By the end of the war, his units had produced some 400 training films for the AAF. [20]
Television and SAG president
Reagan landed fewer film roles in the late 1950s and moved to television as the host of General Electric Theater, earning approximately $125,000 per year (About $1,000,000 in 2008 dollars), until he was fired by General Electric in 1962. General Electric Theater is an American Anthology series that was broadcast on CBS radio and television. [25] His final work as a professional actor was as host and performer from 1964 to 1965 on the television series Death Valley Days. Death Valley Days is a long-running American radio and Television anthology about true stories of the old American West [18]
Reagan was first elected to the Board of Directors of the Screen Actors Guild in 1941, serving as an alternate. The Screen Actors Guild ( SAG) is an American labor union representing over 120000 Film and television principal performers and background Following World War II, he resumed service and became 3rd Vice president in 1946. [26] The adoption of conflict-of-interest bylaws in 1947 led the SAG president and six board members to resign; Reagan was nominated in a special election for the position of president and subsequently elected. [26] He would subsequently be chosen by the membership to seven additional one-year terms, from 1947 to 1952 and in 1959. [26] Reagan led SAG through eventful years that were marked by labor-management disputes, the Taft-Hartley Act, House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) hearings and the Hollywood blacklist era. The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. "Hollywood Ten" redirects here For the 1950 short documentary film see The Hollywood Ten. [26]
In 1947, as SAG president, Reagan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee regarding the influence of communists in the motion picture industry. [27] Strongly opposed to communism, he reaffirmed his commitment to democratic principles, stating, "As a citizen, I would hesitate to see any political party outlawed on the basis of its political ideology. However, if it is proven that an organization is an agent of foreign power, or in any way not a legitimate political party—and I think the government is capable of proving that—then that is another matter. . . But at the same time I never as a citizen want to see our country become urged, by either fear or resentment of this group, that we ever compromise with any of our democratic principles through that fear or resentment. "[27]
Marriages and children
Jane Wyman
In 1938, Reagan co-starred in the film Brother Rat with actress Jane Wyman (1917–2007). Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Jane Wyman ( January 5, 1917 &ndash September 10, 2007) was an American actress. They were engaged at the Chicago Theatre,[28] and married on January 26, 1940, at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Glendale, California. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Forest Lawn Memorial Park is a privately-owned Cemetery in Glendale, Los Angeles, in the United States. Glendale ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. [29] Together they had two children, Maureen (1941–2001) and Christine (born and died June 26, 1947), and adopted a third, Michael (born 1945). Maureen Elizabeth Reagan Revell ( January 4, 1941 – August 8, 2001) was the only biological child of the former President Ronald Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Michael Edward Reagan (born March 18, 1945) is an American radio host and Republican Strategist. [30] Reagan and Wyman divorced on June 28, 1948 (finalized in 1949)[31] following arguments about Reagan's political ambitions,[15] making him the only U. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. S. president to have been divorced. [32]
Nancy Davis
Reagan met actress Nancy Davis (born 1921)[33] in 1949 after she contacted him in his capacity as president of the Screen Actors Guild to help her with issues regarding her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood (she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis). Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential She described their meeting by saying, "I don't know if it was exactly love at first sight, but it was pretty close. "[34] They were engaged at Chasen's restaurant in Los Angeles and were married on March 4, 1952 at the Little Brown Church in the San Fernando Valley. Chasen's was a famous Restaurant in Beverly Hills, California that was a favorite hangout for everyone from entertainment luminaries to world leaders Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The San Fernando Valley or The Valley is an urbanized Valley located in the north-western section of the city of Los Angeles California, United States [35] They had two children: Patti (born 1952) and Ron (born 1958). Patti Davis (born Patricia Ann Reagan on October 21, 1952 in Los Angeles California) is the daughter of former President of the United Ronald Prescott Reagan (born May 20, 1958 in Los Angeles California) usually known as Ron Reagan, is the son of former President of the
Observers described the Reagans' relationship as close, real, and intimate. [36] During his presidency they were reported as frequently displaying their affection for one another; one press secretary said, "They never took each other for granted. They never stopped courting. "[34][37] He often called her "Mommy"; she called him "Ronnie". [37] He once wrote to her, "whatever I treasure and enjoy. . . all would be without meaning if I didn’t have you. "[38] When he was in the hospital after the assassination attempt in 1981, she slept with one of his shirts to be comforted by his scent. [39] In a letter to U.S. citizens written in 1994, Reagan wrote "I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. Ronald Reagan 's Alzheimer's letter was a hand-written letter authored by former United States President Ronald Reagan in November 1994 disclosing the fact he had Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. . . I only wish there was some way I could spare Nancy from this painful experience,"[34] and in 1998, while he was severely affected by Alzheimer's, Nancy told Vanity Fair, "Our relationship is very special. Vanity Fair is an American magazine of Culture, Fashion, and Politics published by Condé Nast Publications. We were very much in love and still are. When I say my life began with Ronnie, well, it's true. It did. I can't imagine life without him. "[34]
Early political career
A registered Democrat and admirer of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Reagan supported the New Deal before shifting rightwards out of a desire for a more limited federal government, endorsing the presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 as well as Richard Nixon in 1960. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general [40] Following the election of John F. Kennedy, Reagan formally switched to the Republican Party in 1962, saying "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The party left me. "[41] During his work for General Electric, Reagan wrote his own speeches, laboring diligently and daily upon his prose. Although he had speechwriters later in the White House, he continued editing, and even occasionally writing, many of his speeches. [42]
Two years after switching parties, Reagan joined the campaign of conservative presidential contender Barry Goldwater. Speaking on Goldwater's behalf, Reagan revealed his ideological motivation in a famed speech given on October 27, 1964: "The Founding Fathers knew a government can't control the economy without controlling people. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. So we have come to a time for choosing. "[43] The address soon became known as the "Time for Choosing" speech, and is considered the event that launched Reagan's political career. A Time for Choosing, also known as " The Speech " was presented on a number of speaking occasions during the 1964 U [44]
Governor of California, 1967–1975
California Republicans were impressed with Reagan's political views and charisma after his "Time for Choosing" speech,[45] and nominated him for Governor of California in 1966. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses In Reagan's campaign, he emphasized two main themes: "to send the welfare bums back to work", and in reference to burgeoning anti-war and anti-establishment student protests at the University of California at Berkeley, "to clean up the mess at Berkeley". The Free Speech Movement (FSM was a Student protest which took place during the 1964-1965 school year on the campus of the University of California Berkeley under The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley [46] He was elected, defeating two-term governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown, and was sworn in on January 3, 1967. Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr ( April 21, 1905 February 16, 1996) was the 32nd Governor of California, serving Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. In his first term, he froze government hiring and approved tax hikes to balance the budget. [47]
Shortly after the beginning of his term, Reagan tested the presidential waters in 1968 as part of a "Stop Nixon" movement, hoping to cut into Nixon's Southern support[48] and be a compromise candidate[49] if neither Nixon nor second-place Nelson Rockefeller received enough delegates to win on the first ballot at the Republican convention. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth The 1968 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, However, by the time of the convention Nixon had 692 delegate votes, 25 more than he needed to secure the nomination, followed by Rockefeller with Reagan in third place. [48]
Reagan was involved in high-profile conflicts with the protest movements of the era. Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at UC Berkeley, Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to quell the protests, in an incident that became known as "Bloody Thursday. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. People's Park in Berkeley California, USA is a park off Telegraph Avenue, bounded by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way near the University The California Highway Patrol (CHP is a state agency that acts as the State police force of California. "[50][51] Reagan then called out 2,200 state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for two weeks in order to crack down on the protesters. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. [50] When the Symbionese Liberation Army kidnapped Patty Hearst in Berkeley and demanded the distribution of food to the poor, Reagan joked, "It's just too bad we can't have an epidemic of botulism. The Symbionese Liberation Army ( SLA) was an American self-styled urban Guerrilla warfare group active between 1973 and 1975 that considered itself a Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954) now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper Heiress, Botulism ( Latin, botulus, "sausage" is a rare but serious Paralytic illness caused by Botulin Toxin. "[52]
Early in 1967, the national debate on abortion was beginning. Democratic California state senator Anthony Beilenson introduced the "Therapeutic Abortion Act", in an effort to reduce the number of "back-room abortions" performed in California. Anthony Charles Beilenson (born October 26, 1932) is a former Democratic Congressman from Southern California who served in the [50] The State Legislature sent the bill to Reagan's desk where, after many days of indecision, he signed it. [53] About two million abortions would be performed as a result, most because of a provision in the bill allowing abortions for the well-being of the mother. [53] Reagan had been in office for only four months when he signed the bill, and stated that had he been more experienced as governor, it would not have been signed. After he recognized what he called the "consequences" of the bill, he announced that he was pro-life. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-life individuals generally believe that human life should be valued either from conception or Implantation [53] He maintained that position later in his political career, writing extensively about abortion. [54]
Reagan was re-elected in 1970, defeating "Big Daddy" Jesse Unruh, but chose not to seek a third term. Jesse Marvin Unruh ( September 30, 1922 – August 4, 1987) also known as Big Daddy Unruh, was a prominent U One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned capital punishment, which he strongly supported. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. [16] His efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme Court of California issued its People v. Anderson decision, which invalidated all death sentences issued in California prior to 1972, though the decision was later overturned by a constitutional amendment. The Supreme Court of California is the State supreme court in California. The People of the State of California v Robert Page Anderson, 493 P The only execution during Reagan's governorship was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's sentence was carried out by the state in San Quentin's gas chamber. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. San Quentin State Prison is located on 432 acres (17 km² on Point San Quentin in Marin County, California, United States, north of San Francisco [55]
Reagan's terms as governor helped to shape the policies he would pursue in his later political career as president. By campaigning on a platform of sending "the welfare bums back to work", he spoke out against the idea of the welfare state. He also strongly advocated the Republican ideal of less government regulation of the economy, including that of undue federal taxation. [56]
1976 presidential campaign
In 1976, Reagan challenged incumbent President Gerald Ford in a bid to become the Republican Party's candidate for president. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Reagan soon established himself as the conservative candidate with the support of like-minded organizations such as the American Conservative Union which became key components of his political base, while President Ford was considered a more moderate Republican. The American Conservative Union ( ACU) is an American political organization advocating conservative policies. [57]
Reagan's campaign relied on a strategy crafted by campaign manager John Sears of winning a few primaries early to seriously damage the lift-off of Ford's campaign, such as his victories in North Carolina, Texas, and California, but the strategy disintegrated. John Patrick Sears is an attorney and a Republican political strategist [58] Reagan ended up losing New Hampshire and later Florida. [59]
As the party's 1976 convention in Kansas City, Missouri neared, Ford appeared close to victory. The 1976 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States met at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, from Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages Acknowledging his party's moderate wing, Reagan chose moderate Republican Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania as his running mate. Richard Schultz Schweiker (born June 1 1926) is a former US Congressman and Senator representing the state of Pennsylvania The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern A running mate is a Person running for a Subordinate position on a joint ticket during an Election. Nonetheless, Ford narrowly won, with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070. [59]
Reagan's concession speech emphasized the dangers of nuclear war and the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Although he lost the nomination, Reagan received 307 write-in votes in New Hampshire, 388 votes as an Independent on Wyoming's ballot, and a single electoral vote from a Washington State "faithless elector" in the November election,[60] in which Ford lost to the Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter. Faithless electors are members of the Electoral College who do not cast their electoral votes for the people they have pledged to vote for James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002
1980 presidential campaign
The 1980 presidential campaign between Reagan and incumbent President Jimmy Carter was conducted during domestic concerns as well as the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives James Strom Thurmond ( December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy,[61] less government interference in peoples' lives,[62] states' rights,[63] and a strong national defense. States' rights refers to the idea in US politics and constitutional law, that U [62]
After receiving the Republican nomination, he selected one of his primary opponents, George H.W. Bush, to be his running mate. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 His showing in the October televised debates boosted his campaign. During presidential elections in the United States, it has become customary for the main candidates Reagan won the election, carrying 44 states with 489 electoral votes to 49 electoral votes for Carter (representing six states and Washington, D. C. ). Reagan won 50. 7% of the popular vote while Carter took 41%, and Independent John B. Anderson (a liberal Republican) received 6. John Bayard Anderson (born February 15 1922 is an attorney and former United States Congressman and Presidential candidate 7%. [64] Republicans captured the Senate for the first time since 1952, and gained 34 House seats, but the Democrats retained a majority. The 1980 US Senate elections coincided with Ronald Reagan 's election to the Presidency. The US House election 1980 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1980 which coincided with the election of Ronald Reagan
Presidency, 1981–1989
During his Presidency, Ronald Reagan pursued policies that reflected his personal belief in individual freedom, brought changes domestically, both to the U.S. economy and expanded military, and contributed to the end of the Cold War. The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by The Domestic policy of the Reagan administration was the domestic policy in the United States from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. The Foreign policy of the Reagan Administration was the Foreign policy of the United States from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan during his Administration Electoral history of Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States and 33rd Governor of California: Republican primary for The Economy of the United States is the largest national economy in the world Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the [65] The "Reagan Revolution", proponents claimed, would reinvigorate American morale, and reduce the people's reliance upon government. [65] As president, Reagan kept a series of diaries in which he commented about daily occurrences of his presidency and his views on current issues, frequently mentioning his wife, Nancy. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential The diaries were published in May 2007 into the bestselling book, The Reagan Diaries. The Reagan Diaries is an edited version of diaries written by President Ronald Reagan while in the White House. [66]
First term, 1981–1985
In his first inaugural address on January 20, 1981, which Reagan himself wrote,[67] he addressed the country's economic malaise arguing: "Government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem. Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington DC joining the White House and the United States Capitol. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The first inaugural address of Ronald Reagan was the 1981 inaugural address delivered by U Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 " To date, Reagan is the oldest man elected to the office of the presidency. [68]
The Reagan Presidency began in a dramatic manner: as Reagan was giving his inaugural address, 52 U.S. hostages, held by Iran for 444 days were set free. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 [69]
Assassination attempt
On March 30, 1981, Reagan, along with his press secretary James Brady and two others, were shot by a would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr. Missing Reagan’s heart by less than one inch[70] the bullet instead pierced his left lung. The Reagan assassination attempt occurred on March 30 1981 just 69 days into the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 James Scott “Jim” Brady (born August 29, 1940, Centralia Illinois) is a former Assistant to the President and White House Press John Warnock Hinckley Jr (born May 29 1955) is a United States citizen who attempted to assassinate U [70] He began coughing up blood in the limousine and was rushed to George Washington University Hospital, where it was determined that his lung had collapsed;[70] he endured emergency surgery to remove the bullet. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D [71] In the operating room, Reagan joked to the surgeons, "I hope you're all Republicans!"[72] Though they were not, Dr. Joseph Giordano replied, "Today, Mr. President, we're all Republicans. "
The bullet was removed and the surgery was deemed a success. [71] It was later determined, however, that the president's life had been in serious danger due to rapid blood loss and severe breathing difficulties. [73] He was able to turn the grave situation into a more light-hearted one though, for when Nancy Reagan came to see him he told her, "Honey, I forgot to duck" (using Jack Dempsey's quip). Jack "Manassa Mauler" Dempsey ( June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world [72]
The president was released from the hospital on April 11, and recovered relatively quickly. [74] The assassination attempt had great influence on Reagan's popularity; polls indicated his approval rating to be around 73%. [75] Reagan believed that God had spared his life so that he may go on to fulfill a greater purpose. [76]
Air traffic controllers' strike
Only a short time into his administration Federal air traffic controllers went on strike, violating a regulation prohibiting government unions from striking. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was [77] Declaring the situation an emergency as described in the 1947 Taft Hartley Act, Reagan held a press conference in the White House Rose Garden, where he stated that if the air traffic controllers "do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated". The White House Rose Garden is a Garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House. [78] Despite fear from some members of his cabinet over a potential political backlash,[79] on August 5, Reagan fired 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order to return to work,[80] busting the union. Union busting is a practice that is undertaken by an employer or their agents to prevent employees from joining a labor union, or to disempower subvert or destroy unions [81] According to Charles Craver, a labor law professor at George Washington University Law School, the move gave Americans a new view of Reagan, who "sent a message to the private employer community that it would be all right to go up against the unions. "[81]
"Reaganomics" and the economy
When Reagan entered office the United States inflation rate stood at 11. Reaganomics (a portmanteau of "Reagan" and "economics" refers to the Economic policies promoted by United States President Ronald In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time 83%[82] and unemployment at 7. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 5%. [83] Reagan implemented policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy. Supply-side economics is an arguably heterodox school of Macroeconomic thought that argues that economic growth can be most effectively created using incentives for Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” [84] seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts. A tax cut is a reduction in taxes. Economic stimulus via tax cuts along with interest rate intervention and deficit spending are one of the central tenets of Keynesian economics [85][86] Reaganomics was the subject of debate with supporters pointing to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success, and critics pointing to large increases in federal budget deficits and the national debt. His policy of "peace through strength" (also described as "firm but fair") resulted in a record peacetime defense buildup including a 40% real increase in defense spending between 1981 and 1985. "Peace through Strength" is the doctrine that Military strength is a primary or necessary component of peace [87]
During Reagan's presidency federal income tax rates were lowered significantly,[88] although FICA payroll tax rates increased to maintain Social Security funding. The The Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA tax ( is a United States payroll (or employment Tax imposed by the federal government on both employees Social security primarily refers to a Social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions including poverty old [89] Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth recovered strongly after the 1982 recession and grew during his eight years in office at an annual rate of 3. 4% per year. [90] Unemployment peaked at 10. 8% percent in December 1982—higher than any time since the Great Depression then dropped during the rest of Reagan's presidency. [86] Sixteen million new jobs were created, while inflation significantly decreased. [91] The net effect of all Reagan-era tax bills was a 1% decrease in government revenues. [92]
The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment,[93] which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages. Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics"—the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will create a "trickle-down" effect to the poor. " Trickle-down economics " and " trickle-down theory," is the economic-political argument that the increases in the earnings of the rich are good for the poor [94] Questions arose of whether Reagan's policies benefitted the wealthy more than those living in poverty,[95] and Reagan was seen as indifferent to many poor and minority citizens. [95]
The administration's stance toward the Savings and Loan industry contributed to the Savings and Loan crisis. The savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and 1990s (commonly referred to as the S&L crisis) was the failure of 747 Savings and loan associations (S&Ls in the [96] It is also suggested, by a minority of Reaganomics critics, that the policies partially influenced the stock market crash of 1987,[97] but there is no consensus regarding a single source for the crash. In financial markets Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19, 1987, when Stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a [98] In accordance with Reagan's less-government intervention views, his administration purged many people from the Social Security disability roles. [99] In order to cover newly-spawned federal budget deficits, the United States borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $700 billion to $3 trillion. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Government debt (also known as public debt or national debt) is Money (or credit) owed by any level of government either Central government [100] Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency. [100]
He reappointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve, and in 1987 appointed monetarist Alan Greenspan to succeed him. Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927 in Cape May New Jersey) is an American Economist The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the central banking system of the United States and one of the most Alan Greenspan (born March 6 1926 in New York City) is an American Economist and was from 1987 to 2006 the Chairman of the Federal Reserve of Some economists, such as Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman and Robert A. Mundell, argue that Reagan's tax policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. Robert Alexander Mundell CC (born October 24, 1932) is a professor of economics at Columbia University. [101] Other economists, such as Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow, argue that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, George H.W. Bush, reneged on a campaign promise and raised taxes. Robert Merton Solow (born August 23 1924 is an American Economist particularly known for his work on the theory of Economic growth. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 " Read my lips no new taxes " is a now-famous phrase spoken by former American president and candidate George H [101]
Judiciary
During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. [102] That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is an American Jurist. Potter Stewart ( January 23 1915 &ndash December 7 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice, and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1 1924 – September 3 2005 was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice Warren Earl Burger ( September 17 1907 – June 25 1995) was Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986 The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U (born March 11, 1936) is an American Jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
In 1987 when Associate Justice Louis Powell retired, Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court. Lewis Franklin Powell Jr ( September 19, 1907 &ndash August 25, 1998) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of Originalism. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination, Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, declaring, "Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions" and "blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters". Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. [103]
The comments stunned the Reagan White House; though conservatives considered Kennedy's accusations slanderous smears,[104] the attacks went unanswered for two and a half months. [105] Bork's nomination was rejected 58-42;[106] Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place. Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) has been an Associate Justice of the U [107]
Reagan appointed many leading conservative academics to the intermediate United States Courts of Appeals, including Bork, Ralph K. Winter, Jr., Richard Posner, and Frank Easterbrook. Judge Ralph K Winter Jr (born 1935 in Waterbury Connecticut) is a Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Richard Allen Posner (born January 11 1939 in New York City) is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago Frank Hoover Easterbrook (born 1948 is Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
Lebanon and Grenada, 1983
American peacekeeping forces in Beirut, a part of a multinational force (MNF) during the Lebanese Civil War who had been earlier deployed by Reagan, were attacked on October 23, 1983. The Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil War. The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an Invasion of the nation of Grenada, an island in the Caribbean Sea 100 miles north Dame Eugenia Charles, DBE ( May 15 1919 &ndash September 6, 2005) was the Prime Minister of The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Beirut (بيروت Bayrūt) is the Capital and Largest city of Lebanon with a population of over 2 The Multinational Force in Lebanon (also MNF) was an international Peacekeeping force created in 1982 and sent to Lebanon to oversee the withdrawal of The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990 was a multifaceted Civil war whose antecedents can be traced back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The Beirut barracks bombing, in which 241 American servicemen were killed by suicide bombers, was the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States Marine Corps since the Battle of Iwo Jima, and the deadliest single-day death toll for the United States military since the first day of the Tet offensive. The Beirut barracks bombing was a major incident on October 23, 1983, during the Lebanese Civil War. The Battle of Iwo Jima ( February 19, 1945 &ndash March 26, 1945) was the United States capture of the island of Iwo Jima The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Vietcong, or National Front for Reagan called the attack "despicable", pledged to keep a military force in Lebanon, and planned to target the Sheik Abdullah barracks in Baalbek, Lebanon, which housed Iranian Revolutionary Guards believed to be training Hezbollah fighters,[108][109] but the mission was later aborted by Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger. Baalbek (بعلبك is a town in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, altitude 1170 m (3850 ft situated east of the Litani River. The Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution ( Sepáh e Pásdárán e Enqeláb e Eslámi) is an ideologically motivated branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary On February 7, 1984, President Reagan ordered the Marines to begin withdrawal from Lebanon. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar)
On October 25, 1983, only two days later, U. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) S. forces invaded Grenada, where a 1979 coup d'état had established a Marxist-Leninist government aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Marxism-Leninism is a Communist ideological stream that emerged as the mainstream tendency amongst the Communist parties in the 1920s as it was adopted On October 13, 1983, a faction led by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard seized power. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Winston Bernard Coard (born August 10, 1944) is a former Grenadian Deputy Prime Minister in the Revolutionary A formal appeal from the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) led to the intervention of U. The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS) created in 1981 is an inter-governmental organisation dedicated to economic harmonisation and integration protection of S. forces; President Reagan also cited the regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean and concern for the safety of several hundred American medical students at St. George's University as adequate reasons to invade. In the first major operation conducted by the U. S. military since the Vietnam War, troops invaded and several days of fighting commenced, leading to a U. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia S. victory,[110] with 19 American fatalities and 116 wounded American soldiers. [111] In mid-December, after a new government was appointed by the Governor-General, U. S. forces withdrew. [110]
1984 presidential campaign
Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas, Texas, on a wave of positive feeling bolstered by the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics that summer. The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, He became the first American president to open a summer Olympic Games held in the United States. [112]
Reagan's opponent in the 1984 presidential election was former Vice President Walter Mondale. The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party With questions about Reagan's age, and a weak performance in the first presidential debate, many wondered if he was up to the task of being president for another term. [113][114] Reagan rebounded in the second debate, and confronted questions about his age, stating, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience," which generated applause and laughter from members of the audience, and even from Mondale himself. [115]
In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan was re-elected, winning 49 of 50 states. The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President [116] The president's landslide victory saw Mondale carry only his home state of Minnesota (by 3800 votes) and the District of Columbia. Reagan won a record 525 electoral votes, the most so of any candidate in United States history,[117] and received 58. 8% of the popular vote to Mondale's 40. 6%. [116]
Second term, 1985–1989
Reagan was sworn in as president for the second time on January 20, 1985, in a private ceremony at the White House. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The public ceremony took place in the Capitol Rotunda the next day, because January 20 fell on a Sunday, thus no public celebration was held. The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. January 21 was one of the coldest days on record in Washington, D.C., and due to the low temperatures and large snowfall the night before, inaugural celebrations were held inside the Capitol. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
In 1985, Reagan visited a German military cemetery in Bitburg to lay a wreath with West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bitburg (ˈbɪtbʊʁk is a city in Germany, capital of the district Bitburg-Prüm, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (born 3 April 1930 is a German conservative politician and statesman It was determined that the cemetery held the graves of 49 members of the Waffen-SS. The Waffen-SS ( German for "Armed SS" literally "Weapons SS" was the Combat arm of the Schutzstaffel ("Protective Squadron" Reagan issued a statement that called the Nazi soldiers buried in that cemetery "victims", which ignited a stir over whether Reagan had equated the SS men to Holocaust victims; Pat Buchanan, Director of Communications under Reagan, argued that the notion was false. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist [118] Now strongly urged to cancel the visit,[119] the president responded that it would be wrong to back down on a promise he had made to Chancellor Kohl. He attended the ceremony where two military generals laid a wreath. [120]
The Reagan administration was criticized for its slow response to the growing HIV-AIDS epidemic. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [121] As thousands became infected with the virus, President Reagan did not increase funding to try and discover cures, rather he downplayed the situation and only acknowledged that it was an issue of concern at the May 31, 1987 Third International Conference on AIDS in Washington. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) [121]
Health and well-being
On July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery at Bethesda Naval Hospital to remove cancerous polyps from his colon. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda Maryland, United States, also known as the Bethesda Naval Hospital, is considered the flagship of the This caused the first-ever invocation of the acting president clause of the 25th Amendment. The Twenty-fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution partially replaced the ambiguous wording of Article II Section 1 Clause [122] The surgery lasted just under three hours and was successful. [123] Reagan resumed the powers of the presidency later that day. [124] In August of that year, he underwent an operation to remove skin cancer cells from his nose. [125] In October, further skin cancer cells that were located on his nose were removed. [126]
Two years later, on January 5, Reagan underwent surgery for an enlarged prostate which caused further worries about his health. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. The prostate (from Greek προστάτης - prostates, literally "one who stands before" "protector" "guardian" is a No cancerous growths were found, however, and he was not sedated during the operation. [127] In July of that year, aged 76, he underwent a third skin cancer operation on his nose. [128]
Earlier in his presidency, Reagan started wearing a custom, technologically-advanced hearing aid, first in his right ear[129] and later in his left as well. A hearing aid is an electroacoustic body-worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's Ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sounds [130] His decision to go public with his wearing the small, audio-amplifying device boosted their sales. [131]
War on Drugs
Midway into his second term, Reagan declared more militant policies in the War on Drugs. The War on Drugs is a prohibition campaign undertaken by the United States government with the assistance of participating countries intended to reduce the Illegal He said that "drugs were menacing our society" and promised to fight for drug-free schools and workplaces, expanded drug treatment, stronger law enforcement and drug interdiction efforts, and greater public awareness. [132][133]
On October 27, 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1. Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) 7 billion dollars to fund the War on Drugs and specified a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses. [134] The bill was criticized for promoting significant racial disparities in the prison population, because of the differences in sentencing for crack and powder cocaine. Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant [134] Critics also charged that the administration's policies did little to actually reduce the availability of drugs or crime on the street, while resulting in a great financial and human cost for American society. [135] Defenders of the effort point to success in reducing rates of adolescent drug use. [136][137]
First Lady Nancy Reagan made the War on Drugs one of her main priorities by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which aimed to discourage children and teenagers from engaging in recreational drug use by offering various ways of saying "no". First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential " Just Say No " was a Television Advertising campaign part of the US " War on Drugs " and prevalent during the 1980s and Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes Mrs. Reagan traveled to 65 cities in 33 states, raising awareness about the dangers of drugs and alcohol. [138]
Challenger disaster
The disintegration of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986 proved a pivotal moment in Reagan's presidency. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. Space Shuttle Challenger ( NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099 was NASA's second Space Shuttle orbiter to be put into service Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The shuttle had left Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 11:38 EST, and disintegrated 73 seconds after lift off. The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America [139] All seven astronauts aboard, including Christa McAuliffe, the first civilian in space, were killed. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe ( September 2, 1948 – January 28, 1986) was an American teacher from Concord New Hampshire [139]
On the night of the disaster, Reagan had been scheduled to deliver his annual State of the Union Address, but he postponed the address and gave a national address from the Oval Office on the Challenger disaster. The speech was largely written by Peggy Noonan; Reagan said the following that night:
| “ | The future doesn't belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave. Peggy Noonan (born Margaret Ellen Noonan on September 7, 1950, in Brooklyn New York) is an author of seven books on politics religion and culture The Challenger crew was pulling us into the future, and we'll continue to follow them. . . We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of Earth' to 'touch the face of God. '[140] | ” |
Historians and commentators largely lauded Reagan's speech;[141] John Robert Greene, Professor of History at Cazenovia College, said "The defining Reagan moment for me was the Challenger disaster. Cazenovia College, named one of “America’s Best Colleges” by US News & World Report is a small independent co-educational baccalaureate college located near Syracuse N Ronald Reagan exhibited that quality that I call the 'Chief Soother'. "[141] Three days later, the Reagans traveled to the Johnson Space Center to attend a memorial service honoring the astronauts. The Lyndon B Johnson Space Flight Center ( "JSFC") is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's center for [142]
Libya bombing
Relationships between Libya and the United States under President Reagan were continually contentious, beginning with the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981. The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab These tensions were later revived in early April 1986, when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discotheque, resulting in the injuries of 63 American military personnel and one death of a serviceman. [143] Citing that there was "irrefutable proof" that Libya had directed the terrorist bombing, Reagan authorized the use of force against the country. [143] In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the US launched a series of air strikes on ground targets in Libya. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position [143] The attack was designed to halt Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi’s ability to export terrorism, offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi 1 (معمر القذافي) (born 7 June 1942) also known as Colonel Gaddafi "[143]
The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks had commenced, stating, "When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office. | |-| |-| |- | |-| |-| |-| |-| |} The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. "[144] He justified the attack by accusing Libya of direct responsibility for terrorism aimed at the U. S. [144]
Immigration
In 1986, Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA). The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA also Simpson-Mazzoli Act (, signed by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986 The act made it illegal to knowingly hire or recruit illegal immigrants, required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status, and granted amnesty to approximately 3 million illegal immigrants who entered the United States prior to January 1, 1982 and had lived in the country continuously. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Amnesty (from the Greek amnestia, oblivion is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Critics of the act claim that its laws subjecting employers to sanctions were without teeth and that it failed to stem illegal immigration. [145] Upon signing the act at a ceremony held beside the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty, Reagan said, "The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society. Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde commonly known as the Statue of Liberty (Statue de la Liberté was presented Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans. "[146]
Iran-Contra Affair
In 1986, a scandal shook the administration stemming from the use of proceeds from covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra insurgents in Nicaragua, which had been specifically outlawed by an act of Congress. The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States, multiple scandals developed which resulted in a number of administration staffers being convicted For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Contras is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua 's FSLN (Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional Sandinista Junta of National An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America [147] The Iran-Contra affair became the largest political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. The Iran-Contra affair was a political scandal which was revealed in November 1986 as a result of earlier events during the Reagan administration. This article provides a list of major political scandals of the United States. [148] The International Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction to decide the case was disputed,[149] ruled that the U. S. had violated international law in Nicaragua due to its obligations not to intervene in the affairs of other states. [150]
President Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence. The Cabinet Room is the meeting room for the cabinet secretaries and advisors serving the President of the United States. He appointed two Republicans and one Democrat (John Tower, Brent Scowcroft and Edmund Muskie, known as the "Tower Commission") to investigate the scandal. John Goodwin Tower ( September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was the first Republican United States senator from Texas Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician The commission could not find direct evidence that Reagan had prior knowledge of the program, but criticized him heavily for his disengagement from managing his staff, making the diversion of funds possible. [151] A separate report by Congress concluded that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have. "[151] Reagan's popularity declined from 67 percent to 46 percent in less than a week, the greatest and quickest decline ever for a president. [152] The scandal resulted in fourteen indictments within Reagan's staff, and eleven convictions. [153]
Many Central Americans criticize Reagan for his support of the Contras, saying he was an anti-communist zealot, blinded to human rights abuses, while many others say he "saved Central America". [154] Daniel Ortega, Sandinistan president of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, said that he hoped God would forgive Reagan for his "dirty war against Nicaragua". José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (xoˈse ðanjεl ɔrteγa saˈβeðra(born 11 November 1945 is the current President of Nicaragua. The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America [154]
Cold War
- See also: Cold War and Cold War (1979-1985)
Reagan escalated the Cold War, accelerating a reversal from the policy of détente which began in 1979 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Cold War (1979-1985 discusses the period within the Cold War between the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving [155] Reagan ordered a massive buildup of the United States Military[87] and implemented new policies towards the Soviet Union: reviving the B-1 bomber program that had been canceled by the Carter administration, and producing the MX "Peacekeeper" missile. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [156] In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, Reagan oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing II missile in West Germany. The North Atlantic Treaty Pershing was a family of solid-fueled two-stage Medium-range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the Redstone missile as [157]
One of Reagan's more controversial proposals was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project[159] that would have used ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI was a proposal by US President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect [160] Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible,[159][161] but disbelief that the technology could ever work led opponents to dub SDI "Star Wars" and argue that the technological objective was unattainable. [159] The Soviets became concerned about the possible effects SDI would have,[162] and leader Yuri Andropov said it would put "the entire world in jeopardy". Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov) ( &ndash 9 February 1984 was a Soviet politician [163] For those reasons, David Gergen, former aide to President Reagan, believes that in retrospect, SDI hastened the end of the Cold War. David Richmond Gergen (born May 9, 1942) is best known as a political consultant and presidential advisor during the administrations of Nixon [141]
In a famous address on June 8, 1982 to the British Parliament, Reagan called the Soviet Union an "Evil Empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history". Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The phrase evil empire was applied to the Soviet Union by US President Ronald Reagan and American conservatives, who took an aggressive On March 3, 1983, he predicted that communism would collapse, stating, "communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose last pages even now are being written. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) "[41] After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on September 1, 1983, Reagan labeled the act a "massacre" and declared that the Soviets had turned "against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere. Korean Air Lines Flight 007, also known as KAL 007, was a Korean Air Lines civilian Airliner shot down by Soviet jet interceptors Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) "[164] The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, hurting them financially. [164]
Reagan's foreign policies were criticized variously as aggressive, imperialistic, and known to some as "warmongering. "[162] These events occurred before a reformer, Mikhail Gorbachev, rose to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician To confront the USSR's serious economic problems, Gorbachev implemented new policies for openness and reform: glasnost and perestroika. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
Reagan displayed humor throughout his presidency,[165] including one notable joke regarding the Cold War. As a sound check prior to his weekly radio address in August 1984, Reagan made the following gaffe as a way to test the microphone: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. We begin bombing in five minutes. "[166]
End of the Cold War
- See also: Cold War (1985-1991)
By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. The Cold War period of 1985 to 1991 began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor is a former City gate and one of the main symbols of Berlin and Germany. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician " Tear down this wall! " was the famous challenge from United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy Previously, the U. S. had relied on the qualitative superiority of its weapons to essentially frighten the Soviets, but the gap had been narrowed. [167] After President Reagan's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not further dramatically build up its military;[168] the enormous military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. Collectivization in the Soviet Union was a policy pursued under Stalin, between 1928 and 1940(much later for areas further away from capital to consolidate individual A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. The economy of the Soviet Union was based on a system of State ownership, administrative planning Socialist competition and free labour [169] At the same time, the Reagan Administration persuaded Saudi Arabia to increase oil production,[170] which resulted in a three times drop of oil prices in 1985; oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi [169] These factors gradually brought the Soviet economy to a stagnant state during Gorbachev's tenure. [169]
Ronald Reagan recognized the change in the direction of the Soviet leadership with Gorbachev, and shifted to diplomacy, with a view to encourage the Soviet Leader to pursue substantial arms agreements. Gorbachev agreed to meet Reagan in four summit conferences around the world: the first in Geneva, Switzerland, the second in Reykjavík, Iceland, the third held in Washington, D. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking For the Greater Reykjavík Area see the Greater Reykjavík Area. C. , along with the fourth summit in Moscow, Russia. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of [171] Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of Communism. [172]
Speaking at the Berlin Wall, on June 12, 1987, Reagan challenged Gorbachev to go further:
| “ | General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! | ” |
Prior to Gorbachev visiting Washington, D. " Tear down this wall! " was the famous challenge from United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF) was a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. C. for the third summit in 1987, the Soviet Leader announced his intention to pursue significant arms agreements. [173] The timing of the announcement led Western diplomats to state that Gorbachev was offering major concessions to the United States on the levels of conventional forces, nuclear weapons, and policy in Eastern Europe;[173] however, Gorbachev denied ever doing so. He and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House (they finalized it a year later), which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons. [174]
When Reagan visited Moscow for the fourth summit in 1988, he was viewed as a celebrity by Russians. A journalist asked the president if he still considered the Soviet Union the evil empire. "No," he replied, "I was talking about another time, another era. "[175] At Gorbachev’s request, Reagan gave a speech on free markets at the Moscow State University. [176]
In his autobiography An American Life, Reagan expressed his optimism about the new direction that they charted, his warm feelings for Gorbachev, and his concern for Gorbachev's safety because he pushed reforms so hard: "I was concerned for his safety," Reagan wrote. An American Life is the 1990 Autobiography authored by former American President Ronald Reagan. "I've still worried about him. How hard and fast can he push reforms without risking his life?"[177] The Berlin Wall was torn down starting in 1989 and two years later the Soviet Union collapsed. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including
Post-presidential years, 1989–2004
For the first five years after the end of Reagan's presidency in 1989, the Reagans traveled from their Bel Air home to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara every few months. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Bel Air is a wealthy and prominent faux-gated residential community in the Westside of the city of Los Angeles California, United States. Rancho del Cielo, or "Sky's or Heaven's Rancho" is a Ranch located in the hills northwest of Santa Barbara California. Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County California, United States. They regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church[178] and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party, including a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention. Bel Air Presbyterian Church (or simply Bel Air Pres) is an Evangelical Christian Megachurch located in the Bel Air neighborhood of The 1992 National Convention of the Republican Party (GOP of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston Texas, from August [179] Previously that same year, the former president established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation;[180] it is awarded annually to one who has "made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide" and who "embodies President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference. The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award is the highest civilian honor bestowed by the private Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. "[180] He continued to publicly speak in favor of a line-item veto, a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget, and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits a president from serving more than two terms. In Government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to nullify or "cancel" specific provisions of a bill usually budget appropriations without From a Keynesian point of view a balanced Budget in the Public sector is achieved when the government has enough fiscal discipline to be able to equate The Twenty-second Amendment ( Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution sets a Term limit for the President of the United States. [181] Reagan's final public speech was on February 3, 1994, during a tribute in Washington, D. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) C. , and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of fellow Republican President Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)
Presidential Library and Museum
On November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the Presidential library of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the Presidential library of Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the United States At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were all in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were in the same location together. [182] The library is the largest of the presidential libraries; notable exhibits include ones on the Reagan's ranch, a full-scale replica of the Oval Office, the limousine that President and Mrs. Reagan used while in the White House, and the actual Boeing 707, Air Force One, that served President Reagan during his eight years in office. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout On June 11, 2004, after a state funeral in Washington, D. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade C. , President Reagan was interred on the property.
Alzheimer's disease
At the age of 83, Ronald Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease,[183] an incurable neurological disorder which ultimately causes brain cells to die, in August 1994. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. [184][183] In November he informed the nation via a hand-written letter,[183] writing in part,
| “ | I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimer's Disease. Ronald Reagan 's Alzheimer's letter was a hand-written letter authored by former United States President Ronald Reagan in November 1994 disclosing the fact he had . . At the moment I feel just fine. I intend to live the remainder of the years God gives me on this earth doing the things I have always done. . . I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you. [185] | ” |
After his diagnosis, there was speculation over whether Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration while president. [186] Former CBS White House Press Corps Lesley Stahl recalls in her book Reporting Live, an "unsettling" interview with the president where "a vacant Reagan barely seemed to realize anyone else was in the room", and that before he "reemerged into alertness" she recalls that "I had come that close to reporting that Reagan was senile. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. The White House press corps (or the White House press pool) is the group of Journalists or Correspondents usually stationed at the White House Lesley Rene Stahl In 1977 Stahl married author Aaron Latham. The couple currently lives in New York. "[187] Reagan would also encounter occasional difficulty recalling names and titles, notably while meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone wherein he repeatedly referred to his Vice President as "Prime Minister Bush. The is the usual English-language term used for the Head of government of Japan, although the literal translation of the Japanese name for the office is Prime Yasuhiro Nakasone (中曽根 康弘 Nakasone Yasuhiro, born May 27 1918 is a Japanese Politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan "[188] Reagan's doctors, however, note that he only began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992, several years after he had left office. [189] His former staff also defended him; Chief of Staff James Baker considered "ludicrous" the idea of Reagan sleeping during cabinet meetings. See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political [190]
Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. Building christening and commissioning The Ronald Reagan was the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year. A subdural Hematoma (Subdural haematoma (SDH is a form of Traumatic brain injury in which Blood gathers between the dura (the outer protective [183][184] Nancy Reagan asserts that her husband's 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimer's disease,[184] citing what doctors told her,[184] although head trauma has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimer's. [191][192] Reagan's one-time physician, Dr. Daniel Ruge, has said, however, it is possible, but not certain, that the horse accident affected the course of Reagan's memory. [193]
As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed Reagan's mental capacity and his family decided that he would live in quiet isolation. On February 6, 2001, Reagan reached the age of 90, becoming the third former president to do so (the other two being John Adams and Herbert Hoover, and later Gerald Ford). Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President [194] Reagan's public appearances became much less frequent with the progression of the disease. Nancy Reagan told CNN's Larry King that very few visitors were allowed to see her husband because she felt that "Ronnie would want people to remember him as he was. Larry King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television/radio host "[195] Since his diagnosis and death, Mrs. Reagan has become a stem-cell research advocate, urging Congress and President George W. Bush to support federal funding for embryonic stem-cell research, something President Bush opposes. Stem cells are cells found in most if not all multi-cellular Organisms. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Mrs. Reagan has said that she believes that it could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's. [196]
Death
Reagan died at his home in Bel-Air, California on June 5, 2004. In Washington DC, Constitution Avenue is a major east-west street running just north of the United States Capitol in the city's Northwest and Northeast The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [197] A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying: "My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has passed away after 10 years of Alzheimer's Disease at 93 years of age. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. We appreciate everyone's prayers. "[197] President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning,[198] and international tributes came in from around the world. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. A national day of mourning is a Day marked by Mourning and Memorial activities across the majority of a Country 's populace such days [199] Reagan's body was taken to the Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California later in the day, where well-wishers paid tribute by laying flowers and American flags in the grass. [200] On June 7, his body was removed and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where a brief family funeral service was held. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins His body lay in repose in the Library lobby until June 9; over 100,000 people viewed the coffin. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits [201]
On June 9, Reagan's body was flown to Washington D. C. where he became the tenth United States president to lie in state. Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased In the thirty-four hours that it lay there, 104,684 people filed past the coffin. [202]
On June 11, a state funeral was conducted in the Washington National Cathedral, and presided over by President George W. The 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, died on June 5 2004 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade Washington National Cathedral, whose official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is a Cathedral of The Episcopal Church. Bush. Eulogies were given by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth Also in attendance were Mikhail Gorbachev, and many world leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and interim presidents Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and Ghazi al-Yawer of Iraq. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to ˌɡeɐ̯haɐ̯t fʁɪʦ kʊɐ̯t ˈʃʁøːdɐ (born 7 April 1944 German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005 (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (غازي مشعل عجيل الياور a member of the Shammar tribe (born March 11 1958 in Mosul, Iraq) was a
After the funeral service, the Reagan entourage was flown back to California — to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library — where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred. [203] He is the second longest-lived president in U. S. history and was the first United States president to die in the 21st century. His was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973.
His burial site is inscribed with the words he delivered at the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library:
| “ | I know in my heart that man is good, that what is right will always eventually triumph and that there is purpose and worth to each and every life. [204] | ” |
Legacy
Reagan's legacy is mixed, with supporters pointing to a more efficient and prosperous economy[205] and a peaceful end to the Cold War. David Ferdinand Durenberger (born August 19, 1934) is an American politician and a former Republican member of the U [206] Critics argue that his economic policies caused huge budget deficits, quadrupling the United States national debt,[100] and that the Iran-Contra affair lowered American credibility. [207]
Edwin Feulner, Ph. Edwin John Feulner Jr (born August 12 1941 in Chicago Illinois) is President of the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, a position he has D. , President of the Heritage Foundation, said that Reagan "helped create a safer, freer world" and said of his economic policies: "He took an America suffering from 'malaise'. The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. . . and made its citizens believe again in their destiny. "[208] However, Mark Weisbrot, co-Director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said that Reagan's "economic policies were mostly a failure",[209] and Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post stated that Reagan was "a far more controversial figure in his time than the largely gushing obits on television would suggest". Mark Weisbrot is an American Economist and co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington D The Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR is a progressive Economic policy Think-tank based in Washington D The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [210]
Cold War
The Cold War was a major political and economic endeavor for over four decades, but the confrontation and depleted relations between the two superpowers decreased dramatically by the end of Reagan's presidency. [211] The significance of Reagan's role in ending the Cold War has spurred contentious and opinionated debate. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the [212][213] That Reagan had some role in contributing to the downfall of the Soviet Union is collectively agreed, but the extent of this role is continuously debated,[214] with many believing that Reagan's defense policies, hard line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and Communism, as well as summits with General Secretary Gorbachev played a significant part in ending the War. [214][215]
He was notable amongst post-World War II presidents as being convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with,[214] but his strong rhetoric toward the nation had mixed effects; Jeffery W. Knopf, Ph. D. observes that being labeled "evil" probably made no difference to the Soviets but gave encouragement to the East-European citizens opposed to communism. [214] That Reagan had little or no effect in ending the Cold War is argued with equal weight; that Communism's internal weakness had become apparent, and the Soviet Union would have collapsed in the end regardless of who was in power. [214] President Harry Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of Communism, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving [213]
General Secretary Gorbachev said of his former rival's Cold War role: "[He was] a man who was instrumental in bringing about the end of the Cold War,"[216] but labeled him as "a hawk" in the 1980s. War Hawk is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated [216] Gorbachev does not acknowledge a win or loss in the war, but rather a peaceful end; he said he was not intimidated by Reagan's harsh rhetoric. [217] Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said of Reagan, "he warned that the Soviet Union had an insatiable drive for military power. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom . . but he also sensed it was being eaten away by systemic failures impossible to reform. "[218] She later stated, "Ronald Reagan had a higher claim than any other leader to have won the Cold War for liberty and he did it without a shot being fired. "[219] Said Brian Mulroney, former Prime Minister of Canada: "He enters history as a strong and dramatic player [in the Cold War]. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus "[220] Former President Lech Wałęsa of Poland acknowledged, "Reagan was one of the world leaders who made a major contribution to communism's collapse. The President of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, shorter form Prezydent RP) is the Polish Head of Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland "[221]
Republican party
Since leaving office, Reagan has become an iconic influence within the Republican party. [222] His policies and beliefs have been frequently invoked by Republican presidential candidates following his presidency. [223] The 2008 Republican presidential candidates were no exception, for they frequently aimed to liken themselves to him during the primary debates, even imitating his campaign stategies;[224] His daughter Patti Davis quipped, "Where is Lloyd Bentsen when you need him? 'I knew Ronald Reagan. Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr ( February 11 1921 – May 23 2006) was a four-term United States senator (1971 until 1993 from Texas . . senator (or governor), you're no Ronald Reagan. '"[224] The Economist publication argued at the time that enough of the candidates believed in Reagan's "conservative realignment", however, to potentially have continued it. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London [225]
| Ronald Reagan's Approval Ratings | |||
| Date | Event | Approval (%) | Disapproval (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| March 30, 1981 | Shot by Hinckley | 73 | 19 |
| January 22, 1983 | High unemployment | 42 | 54 |
| April 26, 1986 | Libya bombing | 70 | 26 |
| February 26, 1987 | Iran-Contra affair | 44 | 51 |
| January 20, 1989 | End of presidency | 64 | |
| n/a | Career Average | 57 | 39 |
| July 30, 2001 | (Retrospective)[226] | 64 | 27 |
Popularity
Reagan did not have the highest approval ratings as president,[227] but his popularity has increased since 1989. In the United States, presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s (probably 1937 to gauge public support for the president In the United States, presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s (probably 1937 to gauge public support for the president Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 John Warnock Hinckley Jr (born May 29 1955) is a United States citizen who attempted to assassinate U Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The United States bombing of Libya (code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon) comprised the joint United States Air Force, Navy and Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A Gallup Organization February 2001 poll asked respondents to name the greatest president in U. The Gallup Organization provides a variety of Management consulting, human resources and statistical research services S. history; Reagan came in first, capturing 18% of the vote. [228] In February 2007, another Gallup poll ranked him as number two with 16% of the vote after Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal [229] He ranked third with a 72% approval rating in a Rasmussen Reports July 2007 poll on presidents who served after World War II,[230] fifth in an ABC 2000 poll of the public, and ninth in another Rasmussen 2007 poll of Americans. Rasmussen Reports is an American public opinion polling firm Founded by pollster Scott Rasmussen, co-founder of ESPN and Evangelical Christian World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In a Siena College survey of over 200 historians, however, Reagan ranked sixteenth out of 42. Siena College is an independent Catholic Liberal Arts College situated on US 9 in the suburban community of Loudonville New York [231]
Reagan's ability to connect with the American people[232] earned him the laudatory moniker "The Great Communicator. "[233] Of it, Reagan said "I won the nickname the great communicator. But I never thought it was my style that made a difference — it was the content. I wasn't a great communicator, but I communicated great things. "[234] Reagan earned the nickname "the Teflon President" as well, which meant that public perceptions of him were not tarnished by the negative aspects of his administration. [235] According to Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder and reporter Howard Kurtz, the epithet referred to Reagan's ability to "do almost anything [wrong][235] and not get blamed for it. Patricia Nell Scott Schroeder popularly known as Pat Schroeder (born July 30, 1940) American politician, was a Democratic Howard Alan Kurtz (born 1 August 1953 in Brooklyn New York) is an American Journalist, blogger, Author and "[236][232]
Honors
- Further information: List of honors named for Ronald Reagan
Reagan received a number of awards in his pre- and post-presidential years. This is a list of honors named for former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. Following his election as president, Reagan received a lifetime gold membership in the Screen Actors Guild, as well as the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, The Sylvanus Thayer Award is an award that is given each year by the United States Military Academy at West Point [237]
Reagan received an honorary British knighthood, The Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1989. This is an incomplete list of people who have been created honorary Knights (or Dames by the British crown as well as those who have been raised to the two comparable Orders of Chivalry ( Order The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George This entitled him to the use of the post-nominal letters GCB, but did not entitle him to be known as "Sir Ronald Reagan. " Only two American presidents have received the honor—Reagan and George H. W. Bush. [238] Reagan was also named an honorary Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. Keble College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Japan awarded him the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum in 1989; he was the second American president to receive the award, but the first to have it given to him for personal reasons (Dwight D. Eisenhower received it as a commemoration of US-Japanese relations). The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (大勲位菊花章 daikun'i kikkashō, literally Grand Order of the Badge of the Chrysanthemums) is Japan 's Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general [239]
On January 18, 1993, Reagan's former Vice-President and sitting President George H. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that the United States can bestow. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed [240] Reagan was also awarded the Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, the highest honor bestowed by Republican members of the Senate. The United States Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom, is the highest and most prestigious award that Republican U [241]
On Reagan's 87th birthday, in 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport by a bill signed into law by President Clinton. Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is a public Airport located three miles (5 km) south of the Central business district of Washington That same year, the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center was dedicated in Washington, D. The Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, named after former United States President Ronald Reagan, is the first federal building in Washington C. [242] He was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people in 1999; two years later, the USS Ronald Reagan was christened by Nancy Reagan and the United States Navy. Gallup's List of Widely Admired People, a poll of United States citizens to volunteer the names of the individuals whom they most admire is a list compiled annually by The Gallup Building christening and commissioning The Ronald Reagan was the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president It is one of few Navy ships christened in honor of a living person, and the first aircraft carrier to be named in honor of a living former president. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with [243]
Congress authorized the creation of the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home National Historic Site in Dixon, Illinois in 2002, pending federal purchase of the property. The Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home is the house located at 816 South [244] On May 16 of that year, Nancy Reagan accepted the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, on behalf of the president and herself. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Not to be confused with the Medal of Honor, sometimes called the "Congressional Medal of Honor" which is the highest military decoration of the United States [245]
Following Reagan's death, the United States Postal Service issued a President Ronald Reagan commemorative postage stamp in 2005. [246] Later in the year, CNN, along with the editors of Time magazine, named him the "most fascinating person" of the network's first 25 years;[247] Time listed Reagan one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century as well. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [248] The Discovery Channel asked its viewers to vote for The Greatest American in an unscientific poll on June 26, 2005; Reagan received the honorary title. Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and The Greatest American was a four-part television series hosted by Matt Lauer in which millions of Americans nominated and elected who they thought was the greatest person Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [249]
In 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Reagan into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( German ˌaɐnɔlt aloʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənɛɡɐ born July 30 1947 is an Austrian American Bodybuilder, Actor Maria Owings Shriver ( born November 6 1955 is an award-winning American journalist a prolific author and First Lady of California. Conceived by First Lady Maria Shriver, the California Hall of Fame was established with The California Museum for History Women and the Arts to honor legendary individuals The California Museum for History Women and the Arts – home of the California Hall of Fame – is housed in the State Archives Building in Sacramento, one block [250] The following year, Polish President Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Reagan the highest Polish distinction, the Order of the White Eagle, saying that Reagan inspired the Polish people to work for change and helped to unseat the repressive communist regime; Kaczyński said it “would not have been possible if it was not for the tough-mindedness, determination, and feeling of mission of President Ronald Reagan. ˈlɛx alɛˈksandɛr kaˈtʂɨɲskʲi (born 18 June 1949 is the President of the Republic of Poland a politician of the conservative party Prawo i Sprawiedliwość The Order of the White Eagle (Order Orła Białego is Poland 's highest decoration awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits "[251] Reagan backed the nation of Poland throughout his presidency, supporting the anti-communist Solidarity movement, along with Pope John Paul II. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Pope [252]
Footnotes
- ^ a b Ward, Michael. "Main Street Historic District," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, April 1, 1982, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ^ a b Ronald Reagan Facts. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-06-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Schribman, David. "Reagan, all-American, dies at 93", The Boston Globe, June 6, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-01-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca
- ^ a b Kengor, Paul (2004), p. 16
- ^ Flowers, Richard B. Restoring the First-century Church in the Twenty-first Century, edited by Warren Lewis and Hans Rollmann. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2005. ISBN 1597524166, pp. 181-192
- ^ Kengor, Paul (2004), p. 15
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 2
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 27
- ^ School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ a b "Ronald Reagan (1911-2004): Small town to tinseltown." CNN, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 9
- ^ Wills, Gary (1987), pp. 109–110
- ^ Biography > A Hero from the Heartland. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Ronald Reagan > Hollywood Years. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ a b Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 15
- ^ a b Reagan, Ronald (1965). Where's the Rest of Me?. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley. "The Screen; 'Kings Row,' With Ann Sheridan and Claude Rains, a Heavy, Rambling Film, Has Its First Showing Here at the Astor", The New York Times, 1942-02-03. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
- ^ a b Ronald Reagan. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ U.S. Army Reserve-History. Global Security. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ a b c d Military service of Ronald Reagan. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Retrieved on 2007-06-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
- ^ History of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ USS Ronald Reagan: Significance of Horse and Rider. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ a b c President Ronald Reagan. National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ a b Ronald Reagan 1911-2004. Tampico, Illinois Historical Society. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ Reagan, Ronald. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler ;
Ronald Reagan 1911–2004. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli - ^ a b c d Screen Actors Guild Presidents: Ronald Reagan. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ a b House Un-American Activities Committee Testimony: Ronald Reagan. Tennessee Wesleyan College (October 23, 1947). Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ "Dispute Over Theatre Splits Chicago City Council", The New York Times, May 8, 1984. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
- ^ Oliver, Marilyn. . "Locations Range From the Exotic to the Pristine", The Los Angeles Times, March 31, 1988. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Jane Wyman: Biography. JaneWyman. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Severo, Richard. "Jane Wyman, 90, Star of Film and TV, Is Dead", The New York Times, September 11, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Slovick, Matt. "The American President", The Washington Post, 1997. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Nancy Reagan > Her Life & Times. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II
- ^ a b c d "End of a Love Story", BBC, June 5, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Nancy Davis Reagan. The White House. Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 296
- ^ a b Berry, Deborah Barfield. "By Reagan's Side, but her own person", Newsday, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ "Reagan Love Story", MSNBC, June 9, 2004. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 284
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 132
- ^ a b "Former President Reagan Dies at 93", The Los Angeles Times, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ Rollyson, Carl E. (2006) American Biography. iUniverse. p. 197
- ^ A Time for Choosing. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 36
- ^ Governor Ronald Reagan. California State Library. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
- ^ Kahn, Jeffery. . "Ronald Reagan launched political career using the Berkeley campus as a target", UC Berkeley News, June 8, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 47
- ^ a b Fischer, Klaus (2006), pp. 241-243
- ^ "The New Rules of Play", Time, March 8, 1968. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ a b c Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 50
- ^ "Postscript to People's Park", Time, February 16, 1970. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-12-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
- ^ "REAGAN RAPS PRESS ON BOTULISM QUOTE", Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b c Cannon, Lou (2001), p. 51
- ^ Reagan, Ronald. (1984) Abortion and the conscience of the nation. Nashville: T. Nelson. ISBN 0840741162
- ^ Seneker, Carl J. (May 1967). "Governor Reagan and Executive Clemency". California Law Review 55 (2): 412–418. JSTOR. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Kubarych, Roger M. (June 9, 2004). The Reagan Economic Legacy. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
- ^ Biography of Gerald R. Ford. The White House. Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Ford considered himself a "a moderate in domestic affairs, a conservative in fiscal affairs, and a dyed-in-the-wool internationalist in foreign affairs".
- ^ "Candidate Reagan is Born Again", Time, September 24, 1979. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ a b 1976 New Hampshire presidential Primary, February 24, 1976 Republican Results. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Hampshire Political Library. Retrieved on 2007-03-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
- ^ Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. U. S. National Archives and Records Admin. . Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
- ^ Uchitelle, Louis. "Bush, Like Reagan in 1980, Seeks Tax Cuts to Stimulate the Economy", The New York Times, September 22, 1988. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ a b Hakim, Danny. "Challengers to Clinton Discuss Plans and Answer Questions", The New York Times, March 14, 2006. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Kneeland, Douglas E. (August 4, 1980) "Reagan Campaigns at Mississippi Fair; Nominee Tells Crowd of 10,000 He Is Backing States' Rights. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) " The New York Times. p. A11. Retrieved on 2008-01-01
- ^ 1980 Presidential Election Results. Atlas of U. S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved on 2007-03-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ a b Freidel, Frank (1995), p. 84
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (2007). The Reagan Diaries. Harper Collins. ISBN 006087600X. Retrieved on 2007-06-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Murray, Robert K. and Tim H. Blessing (1993); p. 80
- ^ "Ronald Reagan dies at 93", CNN, June 5, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the
- ^ Iran Hostage Crisis: November 4, 1979 to January 20, 1981. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Online Highways (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ a b c "Ronald Reagan's Life, 1979-1982", PBS. Retrieved on 2008-01-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
- ^ a b Template error: argument title is required.
- ^ a b Noonan, Peggy. . Character Above All: Ronald Reagan essay. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. "Doctors Say President's Life was in Danger at First", The New York Times, April 1, 1981. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Retrieved on 2008-06-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- ^ Stone, Andrea. "New president recovered quickly after shooting", USA Today. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Langer, Gary. "Reagan's Ratings: ‘Great Communicator’s’ Appeal Is Greater in Retrospect", ABC, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Kengor, Paul (2004). Reagan’s Catholic Connections. Catholic Exchange. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Pels, Rebecca (1995). The Pressures of PATCO: Strikes and Stress in the 1980s. University of Virginia. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule
- ^ Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session With Reporters on the Air Traffic Controllers Strike. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation (1981). Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ "The air-traffic controllers strike", CNN, 2001. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ "Unhappy Again", Time, October 6, 1986. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ a b Hirsch, Stacy. "Reagan presidency pivotal for unions", The Baltimore Sun, June 8, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Inflation: Historical. Inflationdata. com, statistics provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Civilian Unemployment Rate. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) ; see line 1981-01-01
- ^ Karaagac, John (2000), pp. 113
- ^ Cannon, Lou (2001) p. 99
- ^ a b Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–924
- ^ a b Bartels, Larry M. (1991). "Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Build Up". The American Political Science Review 85 (2): 457–474. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Mitchell, Daniel J. Ph. D. (July 19, 1996). Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Social Security & Medicare Tax Rates. Social Security Administration (December 23, 2002). Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Gross Domestic Product (Excel). Bureau of Economic Analysis (July 27, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Ronald Reagan. Microsoft Corporation (2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
- ^ "Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills" (2003, rev. Sept 2006). United States Department of the Treasury, Office of Tax Analysis. Working Paper 81, Table 2.
- ^ Gwartney, James D. . Supply-Side Economics. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ "Reaganomics", PBS, June 10, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
- ^ a b Meacham, Jon. ; Andrew Murr, Eleanor Clift, Tamara Lipper, Karen Breslau and Jennifer Ordonez. "American Dreamer", Newsweek, Simon & Schuster, located in Ronald Reagan Remembered by CBS News, June 14, 2004. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Ely, Bert. . Savings and Loan Crisis. Liberty Fund, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ Bergsten, C. Fred. . Strong Dollar, Weak Policy (Reprint). The International Economy. Retrieved on 2007-08-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli
- ^ Sornette, Didier; Johansen, Anders; & Bouchaud, Jean-Philippe (1996). "Stock Market Crashes, Precursors and Replicas". Journal de Physique I 6 (1): 167–175. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Pear, Robert. "U.S. to Reconsider Denial of Benefits to Many Disabled", The New York Times, April 19, 1992. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ a b c Cannon, Lou (2001) p. 128
- ^ a b "Reagan's Economic Legacy", Business Week, June 21, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-07-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song.
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 280
- ^ Reston, James. "Washington; Kennedy And Bork", The New York Times, July 5, 1987. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Miranda, Manuel. "The Original Borking", The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2005. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Gail Russell Chaddock (2005-07-07). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Court nominees will trigger rapid response. Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Greenhouse, Linda. . "Bork's Nomination Is Rejected, 58-42; Reagan 'Saddened'", The New York Times, October 24, 1987. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-11-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
- ^ Anthony M. Kennedy. Supreme Court Historical Society (1999). Retrieved on 2007-11-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days
- ^ Bates, John D. (Presiding) (September 2003). "Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). . The United States District Court for the District of Columbia Retrieved on 2006-09-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
- ^ Report on the DoD Commission on Beirut International Airport Terrorist Act, October 23, 1983. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) HyperWar Foundation (December 20, 1983). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ a b Operation Agent Fury (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ Cooper, Tom. (September 1, 2003). Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Grenada, 1983: Operation 'Urgent Fury'. Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ Los Angeles 1984. Swedish Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ "The Debate: Mondale vs. Reagan", National Review, October 4, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ "Reaction to first Mondale/Reagan debate", PBS, October 8, 1984. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ 1984 Presidential Debates. CNN. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ a b 1984 Presidential Election Results. David Leip. Retrieved on 2007-05-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ The Reagan Presidency. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Buchanan, Pat. (1999). Pat Buchanan's Response to Norman Podhoretz's OP-ED. The Internet Brigade. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius
- ^ Reeves, Richard (2005), p. 249
- ^ Reeves, Richard (2005) p. 255
- ^ a b White, Allen. "Reagan's AIDS Legacy: Silence equals death", The San Francisco Chronicle, June 8, 2004. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
- ^ What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked?. History News Network. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ Bumgardener, John R. (1994) p. 285
- ^ Bumgardener, John R. (1994) p. 204
- ^ Boyd, Gerald M. "'Irritated Skin' is Removed from Side of Reagan's Nose", The New York Times, August 2, 1985. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ Herron, Caroline Rand and Michael Wright. "Balancing the Budget and Politics; More Cancer on Reagan's Nose", The New York Times, October 13, 1987. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. . "President is Well after Operation to Ease Prostate", The New York Times, January 6, 1987. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ Herron, Caroline Rand and Martha A. Miles. "The Nation; Cancer Found on Reagan's Nose", The New York Times, August 2, 1987. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ Weisman, Steven R. "Reagan Begins to Wear a Hearing Aid in Public", The New York Times, September 8, 1983. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ "Reagan Begins Using A Second Hearing Aid", UPI, The New York Times, March 21, 1985. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-06-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
- ^ {{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-08-09-austin-hearing-aid_x.htm|title=He amplifies hearing aids|accessdate=2008-06-13|work=USA Today|author=Friess, Steve|date=August 9, 2006
- ^ Lamar, Jacob V. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. , Jr. . "Rolling Out the Big Guns", Time, September 22, 1986. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
- ^ Randall, Vernellia R. (April 18, 2006). The Drug War as Race War. The University of Dayton School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b "Thirty Years of America's Drug War". Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ The Reagan-Era Drug War Legacy. Drug Reform Coordination Network (June 11, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ NIDA InfoFacts: High School and Youth Trends. National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ "Interview: Dr. Herbert Kleber", PBS. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. "The politics of the Reagan years and the Bush years probably made it somewhat harder to get treatment expanded, but at the same time, it probably had a good effect in terms of decreasing initiation and use. For example, marijuana went from thirty-three percent of high-school seniors in 1980 to twelve percent in 1991. "
- ^ The 'just say no' first lady. MSNBC (February 18, 2004). Retrieved on 2007-06-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place
- ^ a b Berkes, Howard. "Challenger: Reporting a Disaster's Cold, Hard Facts", NPR, January 28, 2006. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (January 28, 1986). Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ a b c Thomas, Rhys (Writer/Producer). (2005). The Presidents [Documentary]. A&E Television.
- ^ "1986: Seven dead in space shuttle disaster", BBC, January 28, 1986. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b c d Operation El Dorado Canyon. GlobalSecurity. org (April 25, 2005). Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b "1986:US Launches air-strike on Libya", BBC, April 15, 2008. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-04-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Graham, Otis. . "Ronald Reagan's Big Mistake", The American Conservative, January 27, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ Reagan, Ronald. (November 6, 1986) Statement on Signing the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Collected Speeches, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ The Iran Contra scandal. CNN (2001). Retrieved on 2007-08-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ Parry, Robert. . "NYT's apologies miss the point", The Consortium for Independent Journalism, Inc. , June 2, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-04-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law 81: 160–166. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ "Managua wants $1B from US; demand would follow word court ruling", Associated Press, The Boston Globe, June 29, 1986. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
- ^ a b Reagan's mixed White House legacy. BBC (2004). Retrieved on 2007-08-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
- ^ Jane Mayer and Doyle McManus. (1988) Landslide: The Unmaking of The President, 1984-1988. Houghton Mifflin, p. 292 and 437
- ^ "Pointing a Finger at Reagan", Business Week, 1997. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ a b Sullivan, Kevin and Mary Jordan. . "In Central America, Reagan Remains A Polarizing Figure", The Washington Post, June 10, 2004. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries
- ^ Towards an International History of the War in Afghanistan, 1979-89. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2002). Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
- ^ LGM-118A Peacekeeper. Federation of American Scientists (August 15, 2000). Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Nünlist, Christian. (2000–2007). Cold War Generals: The Warsaw Pact Committee of Defense Ministers, 1969–90. Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Reagan, Ronald. (June 8, 1982). Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Ronald Reagan Address to British Parliament. The History Place. Retrieved on 2006-04-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ a b c Deploy or Perish: SDI and Domestic Politics. Scholarship Editions. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Adelman, Ken. (July 8, 2003). Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. SDI:The Next Generation. Fox News. Retrieved on 2007-03-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 293
- ^ a b "Foreign Affairs: Ronald Reagan", PBS. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 294
- ^ a b 1983:Korean Airlines flight shot down by Soviet Union. A&E Television. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Doug Gamble on Ronald Reagan & Humor on National Review Online
- ^ Remembering President Reagan For His Humor-A Classic Radio Gaffe. About, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.
- ^ Hamm, Manfred R. (June 23, 1983). Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) New Evidence of Moscow's Military Threat. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.
- ^ Barnathan, Joyce. "The Cowboy who Roped in Russia", Business Week, June 21, 2004. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger ]
- ^ a b c Gaidar, Yegor (2007), pp. 190-205
- ^ Gaidar, Yegor. Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government: Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents. Retrieved on 2008-03-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus,
- ^ "Previous Reagan-Gorbachev Summits", The New York Times, May 29, 1988. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ Modern History Sourcebook: Ronald Reagan: Evil Empire Speech, June 8, 1982. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Fordham University (May 1998). Retrieved on 2007-11-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria.
- ^ a b Keller, Bill. "Gorbachev Offer 2: Other Arms Hints", The New York Times, March 2, 1987. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger
- ^ INF Treaty. US State Department. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Talbott, Strobe. (August 5, 1991). Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Summit Goodfellas. Time. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 713
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 720
- ^ Netburn, Deborah. . "Agenting for God", The Los Angeles Times, December 24, 2006. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ 1992 Republican National Convention, Houston. The Heritage Foundation (August 17, 1992). Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-03-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
- ^ a b The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Reagan, Ronald (1990), p. 726
- ^ Reinhold, Robert. . "Four Presidents Join Reagan in Dedicating His Library", The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d Gordon, Michael R. . "In Poignant Public Letter, Reagan Reveals That He Has Alzheimer's", The New York Times, November 6, 1994. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-12-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St
- ^ a b c d Reagan, Nancy (2002), p. 179-180
- ^ "The Alzheimer's Letter", PBS. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ "President Ronald Reagan's Alzheimer's Disease", Radio National, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Rouse, Robert. (March 15, 2006). Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference. The American Chronicle. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Thomas, Evan. "Questions of Age and Competence", Time, October 22, 1984, p. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) 3. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. , M. D. . "The Doctors World; A Recollection of Early Questions About Reagan's Health", The New York Times, June 15, 2004. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Thomas, Rhys (Writer/Producer); Baker, James (interviewee). (2005). The Presidents [Documentary]. A&E Television.
- ^ Van Den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Vink R (2007). Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: A Review. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Szczygielski J, Mautes A, Steudel WI, Falkai P, Bayer TA, Wirths O (June 15, 2005). Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Traumatic brain injury: cause or risk of Alzheimer's disease?. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. , M. D. . "The Doctors World; A Recollection of Early Questions About Reagan's Health", The New York Times, June 15, 2004. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.
- ^ "Reagan Resting Comfortably After Hip Surgery", CNN, 2001-01-13. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ "Nancy Reagan Reflects on Ronald", CNN, March 4, 2001. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-04-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ "Nancy Reagan plea on stem cells", BBC, May 10, 2004. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-06-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ a b Von Drehle, David. . "Ronald Reagan Dies: 40th President Reshaped American Politics", The Washington Post, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
- ^ The White House, Office of the Press Secretary (June 6, 2004). Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Announcing the Death of Ronald Reagan". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ "Ronald Reagan: Tributes", BBC, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Leigh, Andrew. "Saying Goodbye in Santa Monica", National Review, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-03-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ "100,000 file past Reagan's casket", CNN, June 9, 2004. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ United States Capitol Police (June 11, 2004). Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Lying In State for former President Reagan". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed
- ^ "A Nation Bids Reagan Farewell: Prayer And Recollections At National Funeral For 40th President", Associated Press, CBS, June 11, 2004. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
- ^ Ronald Reagan Library Opening. Plan B Productions (November 4, 1991). Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Appleby, Joyce (2003), p. 924
- ^ Beschloss, Michael (2007), p. 324
- ^ Gilman, Larry. . Iran-Contra Affair. Advameg, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ Feulner, Edwin J. , Ph. D. (June 9, 2004). Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Legacy of Ronald Reagan. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ Weisbrot, Mark. (June 7, 2004). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Ronald Reagan's Legacy. Common Dreams News Center. Retrieved on 2007-08-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire
- ^ Kurtz, Howard. "Reagan: The Retake", The Washington Post, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2005-08-25. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the
- ^ "Reagan's legacy", The San Diego Union Tribune, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols
- ^ D'Souza, Dinesh (June 6, 2004). Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Russian Revolution. National Review. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ a b Chapman, Roger (June 14, 2004). Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Reagan's Role in Ending the Cold War Is Being Exaggerated. George Mason University. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ a b c d e Knopf, Jeffery W. , Ph. D. (August 2004). "Did Reagan Win the Cold War?". Strategic Insights III (8). Center for Contemproary Conflict.
- ^ Meacham, John; Andrew Murr, Eleanor Clift, Tamara Lipper, Karen Breslau, and Jennifer Ordonez. "American Dreamer", Newsweek, June 14, 2004. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
- ^ a b Heintz, Jim. "Gorbachev mourns loss of honest rival" (Reprint), Associated Press, Oakland Tribune, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ Kaiser, Robert G. . "Gorbachev: 'We All Lost Cold War'", The Washington Post, June 11, 2004, p. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A01. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ "Full Text: Thatcher Eulogy to Reagan", BBC, June 11, 2004. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ "Reagan and Thatcher; political soul mates", MSNBC, June 5, 2004. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ Clayton, Ian. "America's Movie Star President", CBC, June 5, 2004. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King
- ^ "Ronald Reagan: Tributes", BBC, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
- ^ "Two-term president Reagan remains Republican icon" (Reprint), AFP, June 2004. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ Cannon, Lou. "Actor, Governor, President, Icon", The Washington Post, June 6, 2004, p. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A01. Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ a b Broder, John M. . "The Gipper Gap: In Search of Reagan", The New York Times, January 20, 2008. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ "The Republican crack-up", The Economist, January 10, 2008. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ Sussman, Dalia (2001-08-06). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Improving With Age: Reagan Approval Grows Better in Retrospect. ABC. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ How the Presidents Stack Up. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Reagan Tops Presidential Poll. CBS. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
- ^ Presidents and History. Polling Report, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-03-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor
- ^ Post-War Presidents: JFK, Ike, Reagan Most Popular. Rasmussen Reports, Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
- ^ Presidential Survey. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
- ^ a b Schroeder, Patricia. "Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President'", USA Today, June 6, 2004. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ "'The Great Communicator' strikes chord with public", CNN, 2001. Retrieved on 2008-01-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army
- ^ "Reagan: The great communicator", BBC, June 5, 2004. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
- ^ a b Kurtz, Howard. . "15 Years Later, the Remaking of a President", The Washington Post, June 7, 2004. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
- ^ Sprengelmeyer, M. E. (