| Comune di Roma | |||
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| Nickname: The Eternal City | |||
| Motto: Senātus Populusque Rōmānus (SPQR) (Latin) | |||
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| Coordinates: | |||
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| Region | Lazio | ||
| Province | Rome (RM) | ||
| Founded | 21 April, 753 BC | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Giovanni Alemanno | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 1,285 km² (496. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase Senātus Populusque Rōmānus ("The Senate and the People of Rome" or "The Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central In Italy, a Province (in Italian provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between Municipality ( Comune The Province of Rome (Provincia di Roma is a province and the Metropolitan area of Rome in the Lazio region of Italy, with an area Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) The following is a list of Mayors of Rome, Italy. Giovanni "Gianni" Alemanno (b 3 March 1958 in Bari, Italy) is an Italian Politician who is currently Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² 1 sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 5,352 km² (2,066 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | +20 m (66 ft) | ||
| Population (December 2006)[1] | |||
| - City | 2,705,603 (1st) | ||
| - Density | 2,105. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit ISTAT data updated 2007 January 1. Figures are based on last 2001 Census plus data from official bilancio demografico ( demographic balance Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/km² (4,664. 8/sq mi) | ||
| - Urban | 4,013,057 | ||
| - Metro | 5,493,308 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | 00121 to 00199 | ||
| Area code(s) | 06 | ||
| Patron saints | Saint Peter and Saint Paul | ||
| Website: www.comune.roma.it | |||
Rome (Italian: Roma, Latin: Roma) is the capital city of Italy and of the Lazio region[2], as well as the country's largest and most populous city, with more than 2. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central 7 million residents. [3] The metropolitan area has a population of about 4 million. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central It is located in the central-western portion of the Italian peninsula, where the river Aniene joins[4] the Tiber. Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe The Aniene River (formerly called the Teverone; in Latin Anio) is a 98 km River in Lazio, Italy. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains
Rome is known as, Caput Mundi (Capital of the world), la Città Eterna (The Eternal City), Limen Apostolorum (Threshold of the Apostles), la città dei sette colli (The city of the seven hills) or simply l'Urbe (The City),[5] has been for centuries the center of Western civilization, and is the seat of the Catholic Church. Caput Mundi is a Latin phrase taken to mean " Capital of the World. The Seven Hills of Rome east of the river Tiber form the geographical heart of Rome, within the walls of the ancient city
The State of the Vatican City, the sovereign territory of the Holy See is an enclave of Rome. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic
Today, Rome is modern and cosmopolitan. It is the third most-visited tourist destination in the EU[6] and a city of cultural and political importance. Its international airport at Fiumicino is the largest in Italy; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies (Enel, ENI, Telecom Italia). Fiumicino is a central- Italian town and Comune in the Province of Rome, in which the busy Leonardo da Vinci Airport is located which serves the Enel ( E nte N azionale per l'energia EL ettrica is an Italian Energy provider and the third largest energy provider in the Eni SpA () is an Italian multinational oil and gas company with a presence in 70 countries currently Italy's largest industrial company with Telecom Italia () is the largest Italian Telephone company. Now a private company it was founded in 1994 by the merger of several state-owned telecommunications [7].
As one of the few major European cities that escaped World War II relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially Renaissance and Baroque in character. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Historic Center of Rome is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [8]
The Mayor of Rome is Giovanni Alemanno. The following is a list of Mayors of Rome, Italy. Giovanni "Gianni" Alemanno (b 3 March 1958 in Bari, Italy) is an Italian Politician who is currently
Contents |
Geography and climate
Location
Rome is in the Lazio region of Central Italy at the confluence of the Aniene and Tiber (Italian: Tevere) rivers[9]. For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central Central Italy is a geographic area in Italy that encompasses four of the country's 20 autonomous regions: Lazio Marches The Aniene River (formerly called the Teverone; in Latin Anio) is a 98 km River in Lazio, Italy. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Although the city center is about 24 kilometers inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the city territory extends to the very shore, where the south-western Ostia district is located. The Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno is part of the Mediterranean Sea off of the western coast of Italy. Ostia Antica is a district in the commune of Rome, Italy, five kilometers away from the coast The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 m (43 ft) above sea level (in Piazza del Popolo) to 120 m (394 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario). Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data The term above mean sea level ( AMSL) refers to the Elevation (on the ground or Altitude (in the Air) of any object relative to the The Piazza del Popolo is a square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means " Piazza of the people" but historically it derives from Monte Mario is the highest (139 m) hill of Rome. It lies in the NW side of the city The comune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 km² (496 sq mi), including many green areas. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve.
Climate
Rome enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate which characterizes the Mediterranean coasts of Italy. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest It is at its most comfortable from April through June, and from mid-September to October; in particular, the Roman ottobrate (the Italian word ottobrata can roughly be translated as "beautiful October day") are famously known as sunny and warm days. By August, the temperature during the heat of the day often exceeds 32 °C (90 °F); traditionally, many businesses would close during August, and Romans would abandon the city for holiday resorts, but this trend is weakening, and the city is increasingly remaining fully functional during the whole summer, in response to growing tourism as well as change in the population's work habits. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The average high temperature in December is about 13 °C (57 °F), but below zero lows are not uncommon.
| Weather averages for Rome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | 12 (54) | 13 (55) | 16 (61) | 19 (66) | 23 (73) | 27 (81) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 27 (81) | 22 (72) | 17 (63) | 13 (55) | |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2 (36) | 3 (37) | 4 (39) | 7 (45) | 11 (52) | 14 (57) | 17 (63) | 17 (63) | 14 (57) | 10 (50) | 6 (43) | 3 (37) | |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 83 (3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 3) | 76 (3) | 68 (2. 7) | 68 (2. 7) | 48 (1. 9) | 40 (1. 6) | 22 (0. 9) | 35 (1. 4) | 76 (3) | 106 (4. 2) | 119 (4. 7) | 91 (3. 6) | |
| Source: Weather. com[10] 2008 | |||||||||||||
History
From founding to Empire
According to a legend, the city of Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus[11] on April 21, 753 BC, and archaeological evidence supports the theory that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built in the area of the future Roman Forum, coalescing into a city in the 8th century BC. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to Twins are Offspring resulting from the same Pregnancy, either of the same or opposite Sex. Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Pastoralism or pastoral farming is the branch of Agriculture concerned with the raising of Livestock. The Palatine Hill ( Latin: Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus) is the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and The city developed into the capital of the Roman Kingdom (ruled by a succession of seven kings, according to tradition), Roman Republic (from 510 BC, governed by the Senate), but finally the Roman Empire (from 27 BC, ruled by an Emperor); this success depended on military conquest, commercial predominance, as well as selective assimilation of neighboring civilizations, most notably the Etruscans and Greeks. The Roman Kingdom ( Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchical Government of the city of Rome In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca From the foundation of Rome in 753 BC, the City of Rome was undefeated militarily (though losing occasional battles), until 386 BC, when Rome was occupied by the Celts (one of the three main Gallic tribes), and then recovered by Romans in the same year. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Livy, Book 5. According to the history, the Gauls offered to deliver Rome back to its people for a thousand pounds of gold, but the Romans refused, preferring to take back their city by force of arms rather than ever admitting defeat.
Roman dominance expanded over most of Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean sea, while its population surpassed one million inhabitants. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in the Western world, and remained so after the Empire started to decline and was split, even if it ultimately lost its capital status to Milan and then Ravenna, and was surpassed in prestige by the Eastern capital Constantinople. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
Fall of the Empire and Middle Ages
With the reign of Constantine I, the Bishop of Rome gained political as well as religious importance, eventually becoming known as the Pope and establishing Rome as the center of the Catholic Church. Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and After the Sack of Rome in AD 410 by Alaric I and the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, Rome alternated between Byzantine and plundering by Germanic barbarians. The Sack of Rome occurred on August 24, 410. The city was attacked by the Visigoths, led by Alaric I. Alaric I ( Alareiks in the original Gothic; Alarik or Alarich in modern Germanic languages Alaricus in Latin and Alarico The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. Germania was the Latin Exonym for "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Its population declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 Rome remained nominally part of the Byzantine Empire rule until AD 751 when the Lombards finally abolished the Exarchate of Ravenna. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the In 756, Pepin the Short gave the pope temporal jurisdiction over Rome and surrounding areas, thus creating the Papal States. Pepin or Pippin (714 &ndash 24 September 768) called the Short, and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa
Rome remained the capital of the Papal States until its annexation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1870; the city became a major pilgrimage site during the Middle Ages and the focus of struggles between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire starting with Charlemagne, who was crowned its first emperor in Rome on Christmas 800 AD by Pope Leo III. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom In Religion and Spirituality, a pilgrimage is a long journey or Search of great Moral significance History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Pope Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816 Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome he subsequently strengthened Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status of Papal capital and "holy city" for centuries, even when the Pope briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1337). Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune While no longer politically powerful, as tragically shown by the brutal sack of 1527, the city flourished as a hub of cultural and artistic activity during the Renaissance and the Baroque, under the patronage of the Papal court. The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope
17–19th century
Population rose again and reached 100,000 during the 17th century, but Rome ultimately lagged behind the rest of the European capitals over the subsequent centuries, being largely busy in the Counter-Reformation process. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Caught up in the nationalistic turmoils of the 19th century and having twice gained and lost a short-lived independence, Rome became the focus of the hopes for Italian unification, as propelled by the Kingdom of Italy ruled by King Vittorio Emanuele II; after the French protection was lifted in 1870, royal troops stormed the city, and Rome was declared capital of the newly unified Italy in 1871. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In Mathematical logic, in particular as applied to Computer science, a unification of two terms is a join (in the lattice sense with respect The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
20th century
After a victorious World War I, Rome witnessed the rise to power of Italian fascism guided by Benito Mussolini, who marched on the city in 1922, eventually declared a new Empire and allied Italy with Nazi Germany. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista The Italian colonial empire was created after the Kingdom of Italy joined other European powers in establishing colonies overseas during the " Scramble for Africa Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers This was a period of rapid growth in population, from the 212,000 people at the time of unification to more than 1,000,000, but this trend was halted by World War II, during which Rome was damaged by both Allied forces bombing and Nazi occupation; after the execution of Mussolini and the end of the war, a 1946 referendum abolished the monarchy in favor of the Italian Republic. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The bombing of Rome in World War II took place on several occasions in 1943 and 1944 by both Allied and Axis aircraft before the city was freed The birth of the Italian Republic (officially on June 2, 1946) is a key event of Italian contemporary history. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Rome grew momentously after the war, as one of the driving forces behind the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and modernization. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories It became a fashionable city in the 1950s and early 1960s, the years of la dolce vita ("the sweet life"), and a new rising trend in population continued till the mid-1980s, when the comune had more than 2,800,000 residents; after that, population started to slowly decline as more residents moved to nearby comuni; this has been attributed to their perceiving a decrease in the quality of life, especially because of the continuously jammed traffic and the worsening pollution it brings about. Fashion refers to styles of dress (but can also include cuisine literature art architecture and general comportment that are popular in a culture at any given time Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in In recent years the trend has changed again and the population is increasing again, thanks also to the cultural and economic dynamism of the city and immigration from many different countries.
Architecture, landmarks and city layouts
Ancient Rome
One of the symbols of Rome is the Colosseum (70-80 AD), the largest amphitheatre ever built in the Roman Empire. The Column of Marcus Aurelius, (Columna Centenaria Divorum Marci et Faustinae is a Doric column, with a spiral relief built in honour of Roman emperor Marcus The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. The Piazza del Popolo is a square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means " Piazza of the people" but historically it derives from The Spanish Steps ( Italian: Scalinata della Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Ponte Sant'Angelo, once the Aelian Bridge or Pons Aelius meaning the Bridge of Hadrian, is a bridge in Rome, constructed between 134-139 The Appian Way ( Latin and Italian: Via Appia) was the most important ancient Roman road. Saint Peter's Square, or Saint Peter's Piazza ( Italian: Piazza San Pietro) is located directly in front of St Villa Borghese is a large landscape Garden in the naturalistic English manner in Rome, containing a number of buildings museums (see Galleria Borghese Stourhead is a 2650 Acre (11 km² estate at the source of the River Stour near Mere, Wiltshire, England Etymology The county formerly 'Wiltonshire' or 'Wiltunscir' (9th century is named after the former county town of Wilton (itself named after the River Wylye England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Originally capable of seating 60,000 spectators, it was used for gladiatorial combat. Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought The ComBat was an Aluminium Cricket bat and the subject of an incident that occurred at the WACA cricket ground in Perth in December 1979. The list of the very important monuments of ancient Rome includes the Roman Forum, the Domus Aurea, the Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Market, the several catacombs area, the Circus Maximus, the Baths of Caracalla, Castel Sant'Angelo, the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Ara Pacis, the Arch of Constantine, the Pyramid of Cestius, and the Bocca della Verità. This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and The Domus Aurea ( Latin for "Golden House" was a large landscaped portico Villa, designed to take advantage of artificially created landscapes The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus Trajan's Market ( Mercatus Traiani) is a large complex of Ruins in the city of Rome, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end The Catacombs of Rome are ancient Catacombs or underground Burial places under or near Rome, Italy, of which there are at least forty some discovered The Circus Maximus ( Latin for greatest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Hippodrome and mass entertainment The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering The Mausoleum of Augustus was a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome. The Ara Pacis Augustae ( Latin, "Altar of Augustan Peace" commonly shortened to Ara Pacis) is an Altar to Peace The Arch of Constantine (Italian Arco di Costantino is a Triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. The Pyramid of Cestius (in Italian, Piramide di Caio Cestio or Piramide Cestia) is an ancient Pyramid in Rome, Italy
Medieval
- See also: Medieval architecture
Often overlooked, Rome's medieval heritage is one of the largest in Italian cities. Medieval architecture is a term used to represent various forms of Architecture popular in Medieval Europe. Basilicas dating from the Paleochristian age include Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (the second largely rebuilt in the 19th century), both housing precious 4th century AD mosaics. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (its Italian name known in English also as St Mary Major, is an ancient Catholic Basilica of Rome The Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls or St Paul-without-the-Walls (Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura is one of four churches considered to be the great Later notable medieval mosaic and fresco art can be also found in the churches of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santi Quattro Coronati and Santa Prassede. The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere is one of the oldest churches in Rome, perhaps the first in which mass was openly celebrated Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient Basilica in Rome. The church dates back to the 4th (or 5th century and is devoted to four anonymous saints and martyrs Santa Prassede is a Basilica in Rome, located near the major basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Lay buildings include a number of towers, the largest being the Torre delle Milizie and the Torre dei Conti, both next the Roman Forum, and the huge staircase leading to the basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli. The Torre delle Milizie ("Tower of the Milices" is a tower in Rome, annexed to the Trajan's Market in the Imperial fora. The Torre dei Conti is a medieval Tower in Rome, Italy, located near the Coliseum and the Roman Forum. Santa Maria in Aracoeli (" St Mary of the Altar of Heaven " is a titular Basilica church in Rome, located on
Renaissance and Baroque
- See also: Renaissance architecture
- See also: Baroque architecture
Rome was a major world center of the Renaissance, second only to Florence, and was profoundly affected by the movement. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The most impressive masterpiece of Renaissance architecture in Rome is the Piazza del Campidoglio by Michelangelo, along with the Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the city government. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all During this period, the great aristocratic families of Rome used to build opulent dwellings as the Palazzo del Quirinale (now seat of the President of the Republic), the Palazzo Venezia, the Palazzo Farnese, the Palazzo Barberini, the Palazzo Chigi (now seat of the Prime Minister), the Palazzo Spada, the Palazzo della Cancelleria, and the Villa Farnesina. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity The Palazzo Venezia is a Palazzo (palace in central Rome, Italy, just north of the Capitoline Hill. For other palaces with this name see Palazzo Farnese (disambiguation. Palazzo Barberini is a palace in Rome, on the piazza of the same name in Rione Trevi. The Palazzo Chigi is a palace or noble residence in Rome, overlooking the Piazza Colonna and the Via del Corso. In Italy, the Prime Minister of Italy (officially the President of the Council of Ministers, Italian Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri) is the country's Another Palazzo Spada serves as the Town Hall of Terni. The Palazzo Spada is a palace in Rome that houses a grand art collection the The Palazzo della Cancelleria (Italian for "Palace of the Chancellery" meaning the Papal Chancellery) is a palace in Rome, situated between the present Villa Farnesina is an artistically and architecturally influential Renaissance Villa in Via della Lungara, in the central district of Trastevere
Rome is also famous for her huge and majestic squares (often adorned with obelisks), many of which were built in the 17th century. There are eight Ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome, together with a number of more modern Obelisks there was also formerly (until 2005 The principal squares are Piazza Navona, Piazza di Spagna, Campo de' Fiori, Piazza Venezia, Piazza Farnese and Piazza della Minerva. Piazza Navona is a City square in Rome, Italy. It follows the plan of an ancient Roman circus, the 1st century The Spanish Steps ( Italian: Scalinata della Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Campo dei Fiori is a rectangular Piazza near Piazza Navona in Rome, on the border of rione Parione and rione Regola The Piazza Venezia is a Piazza in central Rome, Italy at. It takes its name from the adjacent Palazzo Venezia. For other palaces with this name see Palazzo Farnese (disambiguation. Santa Maria sopra Minerva is a Basilica church in Rome. The church located in the Campus Martius region is considered the only Gothic One of the most emblematic examples of the baroque art is the Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi. The Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi is the largest — standing 25 Nicola Salvi or Niccolò Salvi ( August 6, 1697 - February 8, 1751) was an Italian architect most famous for the Trevi Other notable baroque palaces of 17th century are the Palazzo Madama, now seat of the Italian Senate and the Palazzo Montecitorio, now seat of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy. Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical For the Savoy residence in Turin, see Palazzo Madama Turin. Palazzo Madama is a palace in Rome, currently house of the Senate The Italian Senate ( Italian: Senato della Repubblica, 'Senate of the Republic' is the Upper house of the Parliament of Italy. The Palazzo Montecitorio is a palace in Rome, which is currently the seat of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. The Italian Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati) is the Lower house of the Parliament of Italy.
Neoclassicism
- See also: Neoclassical architecture
In 1870, Rome became capital city of the new Kingdom of Italy. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom During this time, neoclassicism, a building style influenced by the architecture of Antiquity, became a predominant influence in Roman architecture. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo In this period many great palaces in neoclassical styles were built to host ministries, embassies and other governing agencies. One of the best-known symbol of Roman neoclassicism is the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II or "Altar of Fatherland", where the grave of the Unknown Soldier, that represents the 650,000 Italians that fell in World War I, is located. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and The Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland or "Il Vittoriano" The Monumento Nazionale a Vittorio Emanuele II (National Monument of Victor Emmanuel II or Altare della Patria (Altar of the Fatherland or "Il Vittoriano" World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Fascist architecture
- See also: Fascist architecture
The Fascist regime that ruled in Italy between 1922 and 1943 developed an architectural style which was characterized by its links with ancient Roman architecture. Rationalist-Fascist architecture was an Italian architectural style of the late 1920's promoted and practiced initially by the Gruppo 7 group whose architects included Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The most important fascist site in Rome is the E.U.R. district, built in 1935. The Esposizione Universale Roma ( EUR, originally called E42 is a large complex now a suburban area and business centre in Rome, Italy. It was originally conceived for the 1942 world exhibition, and was called "E. The Esposizione universale ( World's Fair) of 1942 was planned to be held in Rome. 42" ("Esposizione 42"). The world exhibition, however, never took place because Italy entered the Second World War in 1940. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The most representative building of the Fascist style at E. U. R. is the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana (1938-1943), the iconic design of which has been labeled the cubic or Square Colosseum. A cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces facets or sides with three meeting at each vertex. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio After World War II, the Roman authorities found that they already had the seed of an off-centre business district that other capitals were still planning (London Docklands and La Defense in Paris). A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city Docklands is the semi-official name for an area in the east of London, England, comprising parts of several boroughs ( Southwark, Tower Hamlets La Défense is a major Business district for the city of Paris, bordering Neuilly-sur-Seine, west of the city itself Also the Palazzo della Farnesina, the actual seat of Italian Foreign Ministry, was designed in 1935 in fascist style. Palazzo della Farnesina is a building in Rome, Italy, designed in 1935
City centre
The historical centre ville is dominated by the traditional "Seven hills of Rome": the Capitoline, Palatine, Viminal, Quirinal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine hills. The Seven Hills of Rome east of the river Tiber form the geographical heart of Rome, within the walls of the ancient city The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. The Palatine Hill ( Latin: Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus) is the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome The Viminal Hill (Latin Collis Viminalis, Italian Viminale) is the smallest of the famous seven hills of Rome. The Quirinal Hill (Latin Collis Quirinalis) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome, at the north-east of the city center The Esquiline Hill is one of the celebrated Seven Hills of Rome. The Caelian Hill (Latin Mons Caelius, Italian Celio) is one of the famous Seven Hills of Rome. The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built The Tiber flows south through Rome, with the city centre located where the midstream Tiber Island facilitated crossing. The Tiber Island (Isola Tiberina Latin: Insula Tiberina) is a boat-shaped Island which has long been associated with Healing.
Large parts of the ancient city walls remain. The Servian Wall was built twelve years after Gauls' sack of the city in 390 BC; it contained most of the Esquiline and Caelian hills, as well as the whole of the other five. The Servian Wall (in Latin: Murus Servii Tullii) was a defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Rome grew out of the Servian Wall, but no more walls were constructed until 270 AD, when Aurelian began building the Aurelian Walls. The Servian Wall (in Latin: Murus Servii Tullii) was a defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus ( September 9, 214 or 215 &ndashSeptember or October 275 known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270&ndash275 The Aurelian Walls (Mura aureliane were City walls built between 271 and 275 in Rome during the reign of the Roman Emperors Aurelian and These were almost twelve miles (19 km) long, and were still the walls the troops of the Kingdom of Italy had to breach to enter the city in 1870. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom
The old city center contains about 300 hotels and 300 pensioni, over 200 palaces, 900 churches, eight of Rome's major parks, the residence of the President of the Italian Republic, the houses of the Parliament, offices of the city and city government, and many monuments. A pension is a family-owned Guesthouse or Boarding house. This term is used in Spain, Italy and other countries as a synonym of cheap Hostel A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The old city also contains thousands of workshops, offices, bars, and restaurants. Millions of tourists visit Rome annually, making it one of the most visited cities in the world.
Peripheral layout
The ancient city within the walls covers about four percent of the modern municipality's 1,285 square kilometres (496 sq mi). The historic city center is the smallest of Rome's nineteen administrative zones. The city center is made up of 22 rioni (districts), with one of them, ( Prati), actually lying out of the walled area. The word rione (pl rioni) comes from the Latin regio (pl regiones, meaning region during the Middle Ages the Latin word Prati is the XXII rione of Rome. Its logo is the shape of Hadrian's mausoleum, in a blue color on a silver background Surrounding the center are 35 quartieri urbani (urban sectors), and within the city limits are six large suburbi (suburbs). South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California.
The belt highway known as Grande Raccordo Anulare (G. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve The GRA or Grande Raccordo Anulare (literally "Greater Ring Junction" is a toll-free ring-shaped Orbital motorway, 682 km (426 mi in circumference R. A. ) describes a huge circle around the capital, about six miles (10 km) out from the city center; unlike most Italian highways, the G. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve R. A. is toll-free. The circular highway ties together the ancient roads that led to Rome in antiquity: the Via Flaminia, Via Aurelia, Via Salaria, Via Tiburtina, Via Casilina and Via Appia. The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum ( Rimini) and was the most important route to the north The Via Aurelia was a Roman road constructed around the year 241 BC. The Via Salaria was an ancient Roman road in Italy. It eventually ran from Rome (from Porta Salaria of the Aurelian Walls Via Tiburtina is an ancient road of Italy leading east-northeast from Rome to Tivoli (Latin Tibur) The Via Casilina was a road born from the fusion of two ancient Roman roads in Italy the Via Latina and the Via Labicana. The Appian Way ( Latin and Italian: Via Appia) was the most important ancient Roman road. The modern Via Appia connects the city center to a string of towns known as Castelli Romani. The Castelli Romani ("Castles of Rome" is a group of communes in the Province of Rome, Italy.
Vatican City
The city of Rome surrounds the Vatican City, the enclave of the Holy See, which is a separate sovereign state. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. It hosts Saint Peter's Square with the Saint Peter's Basilica. Saint Peter's Square, or Saint Peter's Piazza ( Italian: Piazza San Pietro) is located directly in front of St The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St The open space before the basilica was redesigned by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, from 1656 to 1667, under the direction of Pope Alexander VII, as a forecourt, designed "so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing, either from the middle of the façade of the church or from a window in the Vatican Palace" (Norwich 1975, p. "Bernini" redirects here For people named Bernini see Bernini (surname. Pope Alexander VII ( February 13, 1599 &ndash May 22, 1667) born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, 175). In Vatican City there are also the Vatican Library, Vatican Museums with the Sistine Chapel, the Raphael Rooms and other important works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Giotto, and Botticelli. The Vatican Library ( Latin: Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana) is the Library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City. The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are one of the greatest museums in the world since they display works Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. The four Stanze di Raffaello ("Raphael's rooms" in the Palace of the Vatican form a suite of reception rooms the public part of the papal apartments Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and
Museums and galleries
The most important museums and galleries of Rome include the National Museum of Rome, the Museum of Roman Civilization, the Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum, the Capitoline Museums, the Borghese Gallery, the Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo, and the National Gallery of Modern Art. The National Museum of Rome ( Museo Nazionale Romano in Italian is a set of museums in Rome, Italy, split between various branches across the city The Museum of the Roman Civilization (Italian "Museo della Civiltà Romana" is a Museum in Rome ( Esposizione Universale This page describes the building For the museum itself see National Etruscan Museum. The Capitoline Museums ( Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological Museums in Piazza del Campidoglio The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, or the National Gallery of Modern Art (GNAM is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, dedicated to Modern
Villas and gardens
The center of Rome is surrounded by some large green areas and opulent ancient villas, which are the remains of the crowns of villas which encircled the papal city. A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. Most of them were largely destroyed by real estate speculation at the end of the 19th century. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Speculation, in a financial context is making an investment that increases the overall risk in a portfolio The most important among the surviving ones are:
- Villa Borghese, with a large landscape garden in the naturalistic 19th century English style, containing a number of buildings, museums (see Galleria Borghese) and attractions;
- Villa Ada, the largest public landscaped park of Rome;
- Villa Doria Pamphili, the second largest with an area of 1. The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first Villa Ada is one of the very largest public parks in Rome, Italy. Villa Doria Pamphili, on the Gianicolo the Roman Janiculum, is the largest public landscaped park of Rome. 8 km²;
- Villa Torlonia, a splendid example of Art Nouveau mansion that was the Roman residence of Benito Mussolini;
- Villa Albani, commissioned by Alessandro Cardinal Albani to house his collection of antiquities and Roman sculpture, which soon filled the casino that faced the Villa down a series of formal parterres. For other villas of this name see Villa Torlonia. Villa Torlonia is a villa in Rome, Italy, belonging to the Torlonia Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international See Albani for other uses of that name Alessandro Albani ( October 15, 1692 &ndash December 11, 1779 See Albani for other uses of that name Alessandro Albani ( October 15, 1692 &ndash December 11, 1779
Government
Capital status
Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the President of the Italian Republic, whose official residence is Quirinale Palace. The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica Italiana is the Head of State of Italy, and as such is intended to represent national unity The Quirinal Hill (Latin Collis Quirinalis) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome, at the north-east of the city center Rome hosts also the Italian Parliament, Italian Prime Minister and all the ministries. The Mayor of Rome is Giovanni Alemanno of the People of Freedom coalition, elected in 2008. The following is a list of Mayors of Rome, Italy. Giovanni "Gianni" Alemanno (b 3 March 1958 in Bari, Italy) is an Italian Politician who is currently The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the A political debate in Italy focuses on the opportunity of providing the city with "special powers" of local jurisdiction (the "Roma Capitale" directives),[12] and possibly of turning either the comune or the Province of Rome into a "capital district"[13] separate from the Lazio region, modelled after other European capital cities. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. The Province of Rome (Provincia di Roma is a province and the Metropolitan area of Rome in the Lazio region of Italy, with an area For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central
Subdivisions
The territory of the commune of Rome is divided into 19 Municipi (area subdivisions). The administrative subdivision of Rome consists of the 19 sub-municipalities ( municipi) of Rome 's municipality [14] Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the XIV, what is now the Comune di Fiumicino, voted some years ago to become a full municipality itself and eventually detached from Rome. Fiumicino is a central- Italian town and Comune in the Province of Rome, in which the busy Leonardo da Vinci Airport is located which serves the
Other sovereign entities
Rome is unique in its containing two other sovereign entities. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself One is the Holy See, the political and religious entity that governs the territory of the Vatican City (a de facto enclave since 1870, officially recognised as such in 1929), as well as claiming extraterritorial rights over a few other palaces and churches, mostly in the city centre; indeed, Rome hosts foreign embassies to both Italy and the Holy See. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in The other entity is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), which took refuge in Rome in 1834 after having lost Malta to Napoleon in 1798, and thus claims no territory (leading to disputes over its actual sovereign status); SMOM too owns extraterritorial palaces in central Rome. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( SMOM) Order of Malta Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ( SMOM) Order of Malta Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations
International involvement
Rome has traditionally been heavily involved in the process of European political integration. In 1957, the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed European constitution in July 2004. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended
Rome is also the seat of significant international organizations, such as the World Food Program (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) of the United Nations. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD a specialized agency of the United Nations, was established as an international financial institution in 1977 as one The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security It is the place where the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was formulated. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (often referred to as the International Criminal Court Statute or the Rome Statute) is the Treaty
Demography
At the time of Emperor Augustus, Rome was the largest city in the world, and probably the largest ever built until the nineteenth century. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Estimates of its peak population range from 450,000 to over 3. 5 million people with 1 to 2 million being most popular with historians. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the city's population may have been less than 50,000, and continued to stagnate (or shrink) until the Renaissance. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, it had a population of about 200,000, which rapidly increased to 600,000 at the eve of WW1. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city, but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by 1931. After World War II, Rome continued to expand, with the creation of new quartieri and suburbs in '50s and '60s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A quartiere (plural quartieri) is a subdivision of certain Italian towns Today the official population stands at 2. 7 million; the Urban Area of Rome is home to about 4 million in an area of 5,352 km² (2,066 sq mi). 156,833 residents in the comune are of foreign nationality, representing 6. In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic Administrative division of both provinces and regions and may be properly approximated in 2% of total residents. [15]
Economy
Modern day Rome has a dynamic and diverse economy with thriving technologies, communications, and service sectors. Eni SpA () is an Italian multinational oil and gas company with a presence in 70 countries currently Italy's largest industrial company with Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way It produces 6. 7% of the national GDP (more than any other city in Italy). Rome grows +4,4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country. Following World War II Rome's economic growth began to overtake its rivals, Naples and Milan, although a traditional rivalry persists with Milan today. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Tourism is inevitably one of Rome's chief industries, with numerous notable museums including the Vatican Museum, the Borghese Gallery, and the Musei Capitolini. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani in Viale Vaticano in Rome, inside the Vatican City, are one of the greatest museums in the world since they display works The Borghese Gallery (Italian Galleria Borghese) in Rome is an art gallery housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana, a building that was from the first The Capitoline Museums ( Italian Musei Capitolini) are a group of art and archeological Museums in Piazza del Campidoglio Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecittà studios. The history of Italian cinema began just a few months after the Lumière brothers had discovered the medium when Pope Leo XIII was filmed Cinecittà ( Italian for Cinema City) is a large Film studio in Rome that is the hub of Italian cinema. The city is also a center for banking as well as electronics and aerospace industries. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the Numerous international headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina. The Esposizione Universale Roma ( EUR, originally called E42 is a large complex now a suburban area and business centre in Rome, Italy.
Culture and society
Religion
The Religio Romana (literally, the "Roman Religion") constituted the major religion of the city in antiquity. The Great Synagogue of Rome (Tempio Maggiore di Roma is the largest Synagogue in Rome. Paolo Portoghesi (born 2 November 1931, Rome is an Italian architect theorist historian and professor of architecture at the University La Sapienza in Ancient Roman religion encompasses the collection of Beliefs and Rituals practised in Ancient Rome in the form of Cult practices Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The first gods held sacred by the Romans were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. Romulus (c 771 BC– c 717 BC and Remus (c 771 BC–c 753 BC are the traditional founders of Rome, appearing in Roman mythology The goddess Vesta became an important part of the Roman Pantheon at an early stage of the Roman Monarchy. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome The goddess Diana joined Roman Pantheon during the Monarchy times as the central goddess uniting worship between Rome and several of its neighbors, thus creating the basis for a coalition. The goddess Juno was imported to Rome from the ancient city of Veii, after Veii fell to the Roman military, following a long period of wars between the two cities, during the time of the Roman Republic. Other gods and goddesses were honored in Rome and added to the Pantheon throughout the Monarchy and Republic periods. See Livy, Books 1-5.
The Roman religion was largely concerned with interpreting divine messages (auguries) through natural occurrences (omens). However, Rome had no augurs of its own, and largely relied upon Etruscan augurs to interpret the divine omens. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy For this reason, Rome was left without any augurs during its last war with Veii, an Etruscan city, and was forced to send envoys all the way to Greece, to consult the famous Oracle at Delphi. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western Livy, Book 5.
Several other religions and imported mystery cults remained represented within its ever-expanding boundaries during the Roman Republic and Empire periods, including Judaism, whose presence in the city dates back from the Roman Republic and was sometimes forcibly confined to the Roman Ghetto, as well as Mithraism which was the official religion of the Roman Empire for about two centuries, until being superseded by Christianity, following the death of Emperor Constantine in the 4th century AD. Mystery Religions, Sacred Mysteries or simply Mysteries, were "religious cults of the Graeco-Roman Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman (Jewish Ghetto was located in the rione Sant'Angelo, in the area surrounded by today's Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci The Mithraic Mysteries or Mysteries of Mithras (also Mithraism) was a Roman mystery religion which became popular among the military in the late Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I, allowing it to spread further and eventually wholly replace Mithraism and the Roman Religion. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄
Rome became the pre-eminent Christian city (vis-a-vis Antioch and Alexandria, and later Constantinople and Jerusalem) based on the tradition that Saint Peter and Saint Paul were martyred in the city during the 1st century, coupled with the city's political importance. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom The Bishop of Rome, later known as the Pope, claimed primacy over all Bishops and therefore all Christians on the basis that he is the successor of Saint Peter, upon whom Jesus built his Church; his prestige had been enhanced since 313 through donations by Roman emperors and patricians, including the Lateran Palace and patriarchal basilicas, as well as the obviously growing influence of the Church over the failing civil imperial authority. The Bishop of Rome is the bishop of the Holy See, more often referred to in the Catholic tradition as the Pope. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Lateran Palace, sometimes more formally known as the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (Italian Palazzo Laterano) is an ancient Palace of the Roman Papal authority has been exercised over the centuries with varying degrees of success, at times triggering divisions among Christians, until the present.
With the increasing chaos and disorder leading to the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476, the popes assumed more and more civil authority first in Rome and in the surrounding territories. Rome became the center of the Catholic Church and the capital city of the Papal States; consequently, a great number of churches, convents and other religious buildings were erected in the city, sometimes above the ruins of older pre-Christian sites of worship. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Churches proliferated during the Renaissance, when the Rome's most notable churches were built (this includes St. Peter's basilica on the Vatican Hill (the largest church in the world) and the city cathedral of St. John at the Lateran. There are more than 900 Churches in Rome. Most but not all of these are Roman Catholic, with some notable Roman Catholic Marian churches. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Vatican Hill (in Latin, Vaticanus Mons) is the name given long before the founding of Christianity, to one of the hills on the side of the This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The Basilica of St John Lateran ( Italian: Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano) is the Cathedral of the church of Rome and the official Lateran and Laterano are the shared names of several architectural projects throughout Rome. The Papacy established its residence first in the Lateran Palace, then in the Quirinal Palace. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Lateran Palace, sometimes more formally known as the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (Italian Palazzo Laterano) is an ancient Palace of the Roman The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply the Quirinale) is the Official residence of the President When Rome was annexed by force to the newly unified Kingdom of Italy In 1870, Pope Pius IX retired to the Vatican, proclaiming himself a prisoner of the Savoy monarchy and leading to decades of conflict between the neonate state and the Catholic Church. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia was formed in the early eleventh century in the historical Savoy region This was resolved in 1929, when the Lateran Treaty were signed in Rome, establishing the right for the Holy See to govern the Vatican City as an independent, sovereign state. The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The patron saints of Rome remain Saint Peter and Saint Paul (or, as they are collectively referred to in this context, "the most holy Saints Peter and Paul"), both celebrated on June 29. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland.
In recent years, the Islamic community has grown significantly, in great part due to immigration from North African and Middle Eastern countries into the city. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. As a consequence of this trend, the comune promoted the building of the largest mosque in Europe, which was designed by architect Paolo Portoghesi and inaugurated on June 21, 1995. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction Paolo Portoghesi (born 2 November 1931, Rome is an Italian architect theorist historian and professor of architecture at the University La Sapienza in Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
Language
The original language of Rome was Latin, which evolved during the Middle Ages into Italian. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. The latter emerged as the confluence of various regional dialects, among which the Tuscan dialect predominated, but the population of Rome also developed its own dialect, the Romanesco. The Tuscan Dialect ( dialetto toscano) or the Tuscan Language ( lingua toscana) is an Italian dialect spoken in Romanesco is a Romance language spoken in Rome, Italy. It is one of the Central Italian dialects, and considered close to Tuscan The ancient romanesco, used during the Middle Ages, was a southern Italian dialect, very close to the Neapolitan. The influence of the Florentine culture during the renaissance, and, above all, the immigration to Rome of many Florentines who were among the two Medici Popes' (Leo X and Clement VII) suite, caused a strong change of the dialect, which resembled more the Tuscan varieties (the immigration of Florentines was mainly due to the Sack of Rome in 1527 and the subsequent demographic decrease). Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici (December 11 1475 – December 1 1521 was Pope from 1513 to his death For the Antipope (1378&ndash1394 see Antipope Clement VII. Pope Clement VII ( May 26, 1478 &ndash September The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in This remained largely confined to Rome until the 19th century, but then expanded to other zones of Lazio (Civitavecchia, Latina), from the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the rising population of Rome and to better transportation systems. For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central Civitavecchia is a town and Comune of the Province of Rome in the central Italian region of Latium. As a consequence, Romanesco abandoned its traditional forms to mutate into the dialect spoken within the city, which is more similar to standard Italian, although remaining distinct from other Romanesco-influenced local dialects of Lazio. Romanesco is a Romance language spoken in Rome, Italy. It is one of the Central Italian dialects, and considered close to Tuscan In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Dialectal literature in the traditional form Romanesco includes the works of such authors as Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli, Trilussa, and Cesare Pascarella. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Romanesco is a Romance language spoken in Rome, Italy. It is one of the Central Italian dialects, and considered close to Tuscan Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Maria Gioachino Raimondo Belli ( September 7, 1791 - December 21, 1863) was an Italian Poet, Carlo Alberto Salustri ( Rome, 1871-1950 was an Italian dialect poet better known by his pen name of Trilussa (an Anagram of “Salustri” Cesare Pascarella ( 28 April 1858 - 8 May 1940) was an Italian Dialect Poet and a painter Contemporary Romanesco is mainly represented by popular actors such as Aldo Fabrizi, Alberto Sordi, Nino Manfredi, Anna Magnani, Gigi Proietti, Enrico Montesano, and Carlo Verdone. Romanesco is a Romance language spoken in Rome, Italy. It is one of the Central Italian dialects, and considered close to Tuscan Aldo Fabrizi ( Rome, November 1, 1905 - Rome, April 2, 1990) was a famous Italian comic Actor and Alberto Sordi, also known as Albertone, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( June 15 1920 - February 25 2003) was an Italian Nino Manfredi (true name Saturnino Manfredi; March 22, 1921 - June 4, 2004) was an Italian actor one of the most Anna Magnani ( 7 March 1908 &ndash 26 September 1973) was an Academy Award -winning Italian Stage and Film Gigi Proietti (actual name Luigi Proietti born 2 November 1940) is an Italian actor director dubber and singer Enrico Montesano, born in Rome, Italy on 7 June 1945 is a popular actor for theater and cinema in Italy as well as a showman Carlo Verdone (born 17 November 1950) is an Italian actor screenwriter and film director
Universities
Rome is a nation-wide center for higher education. The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Its first university, La Sapienza (founded in 1303), is the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world, with more than 150,000 students attending. A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Sapienza University of Rome ( Italian Sapienza Università di Roma) is a coeducational autonomous state university in Rome, Italy Two new public universities were founded: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992, although the latter has now become larger than the former. The University of Rome Tor Vergata (Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata is a university located in Rome, Italy, and founded in 1982. Rome also contains a large number of pontifical universities and institutes, including the Pontifical Gregorian University (The oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum), and many others. A pontifical university is a Roman Catholic University established by and directly under the authority of the Holy See. Pontifical Gregorian University (Pontificia Università Gregoriana (also known as the Gregorianum) is a Pontifical university located in Rome, Italy The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order The Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas, commonly known as the Angelicum, is Rome's Dominican university and one of the major pontifical The city also hosts various private universities, such as the LUMSA, the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Roman centre), the LUISS, Istituto Europeo di Design,the St. John's University, the John Cabot University, the IUSM, the American University of Rome,the Link Campus of Malta, the S. Pio V University of Rome, and the Università Campus Bio-Medico. The Libera Università Maria SS Assunta, often simply abbreviated as " LUMSA " is a private university founded in 1939 in Rome, Italy The Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore ( Italian for "Catholic University of the Sacred Heart" is a university founded in 1921 The Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli ( Italian for "Guido Carli Free International University for Social Studies" often simply The Istituto Europeo di Design (IED is a design school that is spread out over six cities in three countries St John's University (Rome Italy is an international branch of St John Cabot University is a private American liberal arts university located in Rome, Italy. The University Institute of Motor Sciences ( Italian: Istituto Universitario di Scienze Motorie, IUSM is a university located in Rome, Italy. The American University of Rome is the oldest degree-granting American university in Rome. Link Campus is the Italian branch of the international-reputed University of Malta. The S Pio V University ( Italian: Libera Università degli Studi "San Pio V") is a university located in Rome, Italy. The Campus Bio-Medico University ( Italian: Università Campus Bio-Medico, UNICAMPUS is a university located in Rome, Italy. Rome is also the location of the John Felice Rome Center, a campus of Loyola University Chicago. The John Felice Rome Center is a campus of Loyola University Chicago in Rome, Italy. Loyola University Chicago is a private co-educational Jesuit university established in Chicago in 1870 as Saint Ignatius College
Music
Rome is an important centre for music. It hosts the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical venues in the world. The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia ( English: National Academy of St Cecilia is one of the oldest musical institutions in the world The Auditorium Parco della Musica is a large multi-functional public music complex to the north of Rome — in the area where the 1960 Summer Olympic Games were held Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. An opera house is a theater building used for Opera performances that consists of a stage an orchestra pit audience seating and backstage facilities for costumes The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma ( Rome Opera House) is an Opera house in Rome, Italy. The city also played host to the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards 2004. The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the 36th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on May 4, 1991 in Rome. The MTV Europe Music Awards 2004 were presented in Rome, Italy.
Cinema
Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios, the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where a large number of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. Cinecittà ( Italian for Cinema City) is a large Film studio in Rome that is the hub of Italian cinema. The history of Italian cinema began just a few months after the Lumière brothers had discovered the medium when Pope Leo XIII was filmed The 99 acre (40 ha) studio complex is 5. 6 miles (9 km) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood, with well over 5,000 professionals - from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, from recent features like The Passion of the Christ, Gangs of New York, HBO’s Rome, The Life Aquatic and Dino De Laurentiis’ Decameron, to such cinema classics as Ben Hur, Cleopatra and the films of Federico Fellini. The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. Gangs of New York is a 2002 Bildungsroman film set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. Rome is a BAFTA, Golden Globe and Emmy -nominated historical drama Television series co-created by John Milius The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is Wes Anderson 's fourth feature length Film, released in the U Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (born August 8 1919) is an Academy Award -winning Italian The Decameron (subtitle Prencipe Galeotto) is a collection of 100 Novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, probably begun in Cleopatra VII Philopator (in Greek, Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; January 69 BC &ndash 30 BC was a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film
Founded in 1937 by Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western Allies during World War II. The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century Federico Fellini, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( January 20 1920 &ndash October 31 1993) was an Italian Film Today Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walk out" with a completed film.
Media
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Sports
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue | Head Coach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.S. Roma | Football (soccer) | 1927 | Serie A | Stadio Olimpico | Luciano Spalletti |
| S.S. Lazio | Football (soccer) | 1900 | Serie A | Stadio Olimpico | Delio Rossi |
| A.S. Cisco Roma | Football (soccer) | 1972 | Serie C2 | Stadio Flaminio | Fabio Fratena |
| Pallacanestro Virtus Roma | Basketball | 1960 | Serie A | PalaLottomatica | Jasmin Repeša |
| M. Roma Volley | Volleyball | 2006 | A 1 | Palazzetto dello Sport | Roberto Serniotti |
| Unione Rugby Capitolina | Rugby union | 1996 | Super 10 | Stadio Flaminio | Massimo Mascioletti |
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is an official candidate to hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics. Il Manifesto ( Italian for "The Manifesto " is an Italian communist Newspaper. Il Messaggero (literal meaning The messenger) is an Italian Newspaper based in Rome. Metro International is a Swedish media company based in Luxembourg that publishes the Metro newspapers L'Osservatore Romano ( English: The Roman Observer) is the "semi-official" Newspaper of the Holy See. la Repubblica (meaning "the Republic" is as of 2006 the largest circulation Italian daily general-interest newspaper. Il Tempo is a Thoroughbred racehorse by Time and Again out of Timing l'Unità is an Italian Left-wing Newspaper, originally founded as official newspaper of the Italian Communist Party and today strictly L'espresso is a Italian weekly news magazine with national distribution Rai - Radiotelevisione Italiana, known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane, is the Italian public service broadcaster, and is considered SKY Italia is an Italian digital Satellite television platform owned by News Corporation launched the 31 july 2003 This article is about the Italian television channel For the World War II Soviet Aircraft, see La-7. Radio Capital is a Italian private radio station was founded on May 1977 and is owned by the Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso Broadcast FTA A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Born in Rome in the 1978, RDS (abbbreviation of Radio Dimensione Suono, the previous names were Radio Dimensione Suono, Dimensione Radio Rock is an Italian local radio that airs from Rome, can be listened in most of Lazio, and streams over the internet from its website Radio Radicale is the official Radio station of Partito Radicale (Radical Party in Italy. " Radio Radio " was a single by Elvis Costello and The Attractions released in the UK in October 1978 Vatican Radio ( Radio Vaticana) is the official Broadcasting service of the Vatican. The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event held in Rome, Italy Associazione Sportiva Roma, ( commonly referred to as simply Roma, is an Italian professional football club from Rome, and are currently amongst Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Serie A (officially known as the Lega Calcio Serie A TIM for Sponsorship reasons is a professional league competition for football clubs located Stadio Olimpico, located on the Foro Italico, is the major stadium of Rome, Italy. Luciano Spalletti (born 7 March 1959 in Certaldo, Florence) is an Italian football coach who currently manages A Società Sportiva Lazio, ( commonly referred to SS Lazio or simply Lazio, is an Italian professional Sports club most noted for its football Delio Rossi (born November 26, 1960 in Rimini) is an Italian Football (soccer manager Associazione Sportiva Cisco Calcio Roma is an Italian football club based in Rome, Lazio. The Stadio Flaminio is a stadium in Rome. It lies along the Via Flaminia, three kilometres northwest of the city centre 300 metres away from the Parco di Villa Pallacanestro Virtus Roma, also known for sponsorship reasons as Lottomatica Virtus Roma, is a prominent Italian League professional Basketball club Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m In Italian professional Basketball, the Serie A or Lega A Basket is the highest level club competition where play determines the national champion PalaLottomatica, formerly known as PalaEUR, is a multipurpose sports Arena in Rome Italy. Jasmin Repeša (born June 1, 1961 in Čapljina) is one of the most successful Croatian and European Basketball coaches Roster (2007/08 Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Svea artilleriregemente (Svealand Artillery Regiment designation A 1, was a Swedish Army Artillery Regiment that traced its origins back to Unione Rugby Capitolina is an Italian rugby union club They are based in Rome. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Super 10 is the highest tier of the national Rugby union competition in Italy. The Stadio Flaminio is a stadium in Rome. It lies along the Via Flaminia, three kilometres northwest of the city centre 300 metres away from the Parco di Villa The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event held in Rome, Italy The 2020 Summer Olympics (officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad) is expected to be a major international sports and cultural festival to be celebrated
Football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively The Stadio Olimpico hosted the final game of the 1990 FIFA World Cup; it is also the home stadium for local Serie A clubs A.S. Roma and S.S. Lazio, whose rivalry has become a staple of Roman sports culture. Stadio Olimpico, located on the Foro Italico, is the major stadium of Rome, Italy. Serie A (officially known as the Lega Calcio Serie A TIM for Sponsorship reasons is a professional league competition for football clubs located Associazione Sportiva Roma, ( commonly referred to as simply Roma, is an Italian professional football club from Rome, and are currently amongst Società Sportiva Lazio, ( commonly referred to SS Lazio or simply Lazio, is an Italian professional Sports club most noted for its football Indeed, famous footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for A. Francesco Totti, Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI, (born September 27 1976 in Rome) is a World Cup -winning footballer who plays for Italian Daniele De Rossi, Cavaliere Ufficiale OMRI, ( July 24, 1983) is an Italian World Cup -winning footballer, who plays for S. Roma); Paolo Di Canio (Lazio). Paolo Di Canio (born July 9, 1968) is a retired Italian footballer. While far from being as popular as football, rugby union is gaining wider acceptance. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Stadio Flaminio is the home stadium for the Italy national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Championship since 2000, albeit with less than satisfactory performances, as they have never won the championship so far. The Stadio Flaminio is a stadium in Rome. It lies along the Via Flaminia, three kilometres northwest of the city centre 300 metres away from the Parco di Villa For the rugby sevens side see Italian national rugby union team (sevens The Italy national rugby union team represent the nation of The Six Nations Championship (referred to as RBS 6 Nations for sponsorship reasons known before 2000 as the Five Nations Championship, is an annual international Rome is home to local rugby teams, such as Unione Rugby Capitolina, Rugby Roma, and S. Unione Rugby Capitolina is an Italian rugby union club They are based in Rome. S. Lazio. Every May, Rome hosts the ATP Masters Series tennis tournament on the clay courts of the Foro Italico. The ATP Masters Series is a series of nine Tennis tournaments that are part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP tour held annually throughout the year Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Foro Italico is a sports complex in Rome, Italy. It was built between 1928 and 1938 as the Foro Mussolini. Cycling was immensely popular in the post-WWII period, although its popularity has faded in the last decades; Rome has hosted the final portion of the Giro d'Italia twice, in 1989 and 2000. Cycling is the use of Bicycles or - less commonly - Unicycles Tricycles Quadricycles and other similar wheeled Human powered vehicles World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Giro d'Italia ( Tour of Italy) also simply known as The Giro, is a long distance Road bicycle racing Stage race for professional Every spring, the annual Rome marathon is considered to be the most widely attended sports event in Italy. Rome is also home to many other sports teams, including basketball (Pallacanestro Virtus Roma), handball (S. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Pallacanestro Virtus Roma, also known for sponsorship reasons as Lottomatica Virtus Roma, is a prominent Italian League professional Basketball club Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six S. Lazio), volleyball (male: M. Roma Volley, female: Virtus Roma and Linea Medica Siram Roma), and waterpolo (A. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Roster (2007/08 Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. S. Roma, S. S. Lazio).
Transportation
Airports
Rome is served by three airports, of which the main two are owned by Aeroporti di Roma. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land The intercontinental Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport is Italy's chief airport; it is more commonly known as "Fiumicino airport", as it is located within the territory of the nearby comune of Fiumicino, south-west of Rome. In Italy, the comune, (plural comuni) is the basic Administrative division of both provinces and regions and may be properly approximated in Fiumicino is a central- Italian town and Comune in the Province of Rome, in which the busy Leonardo da Vinci Airport is located which serves the The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and military airport; it is more commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located within Roman territory near the border with the comune of Ciampino, south-east of Rome. Rome Ciampino Airport ( Italian: Aeroporto di Roma-Ciampino or Giovan Battista Pastine Airport) is a joint Civilian, commercial Ciampino is a town in the Province of Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was a Frazione of Marino until 1974 when it became a Comune
A third airport, the Aeroporto dell'Urbe, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. A fourth airport in the eastern part of the city, the Aeroporto di Centocelle (dedicated to Francesco Baracca), is no longer open to flights; it hosts the Comando di Squadra Aerea (which coordinates the activities of the Aeronautica Militare Italiana) and the Comando Operativo di Vertice Interforze[16] (which coordinates all Italian military activities), although large parts of the airport are being redeveloped as a public park. Aeroporto of Centocelle was the first Airport and flight school in Italy, opened in 15 April 1909 when Wilbur Wright came to Count Francesco Baracca ( May 9, 1888 &ndash June 19, 1918) was Italy 's top Fighter ace of World War I. The Aeronautica Militare is the Air force of Italy. It has held a prominent role in modern Italian military history.
Railways
Rome is the hub of the Italian railways. Roma Termini (in Italian, Stazione Termini or Stazione di Roma Termini) is the main train station of Rome.
History of Rome railroad
- The first railroad built in Rome (and the second railway built in Italy) the Rome and Frascati Rail Road, was opened for service on July 14, 1856.
- On April 16, 1859 the Rome and Civitavecchia Rail Road was opened for service.
- On January 27, 1862 the Rome and Ceprano Rail Road was opened for service.
- On April 28, 1864 the Rome and Monterotondo Rail Road was opened for service.
- On April 29, 1894 the Rome, Capranica and Viterbo Rail Road was opened for service
- On June 12, 1916 the Rome and Fiuggi Rail Road was opened for service.
- On October 28, 1932 the Rome, Civita Castellana and Viterbo Rail Road was opened for service
Stations in the city
Located on the Esquiline Hill, Rome's central station, called Roma Termini, was opened in 1863, then demolished and completely rebuilt between 1939 and 1951; it is operated by Grandi Stazioni and mainly served by Trenitalia. The Esquiline Hill is one of the celebrated Seven Hills of Rome. Roma Termini (in Italian, Stazione Termini or Stazione di Roma Termini) is the main train station of Rome. Trenitalia is the primary operator of trains within Italy. Trenitalia is owned by Ferrovie dello Stato, itself owned by the Italian Government. It is the single largest station in Europe and is visited by 600,000 passengers daily; it has twenty-nine railway platforms, and also serves as a shopping centre and art gallery. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The second largest station in the city is Roma Tiburtina, which is being redeveloped for high-speed rail service. Roma Tiburtina is the second-largest Railway station in Rome, after Roma Termini. [17] Other notable stations include Roma Ostiense, Roma Trastevere, Roma Tuscolana, Roma San Pietro, Roma Nomentana and Roma Casilina.
Urban transportation
Underground
A 2-line subway system operates in Rome, called the "Metropolitana" or Rome Metro. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s. The line had been planned to quickly connect the main train station (Termini) with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where the 1942 World Fair was supposed to be held. Roma Termini (in Italian, Stazione Termini or Stazione di Roma Termini) is the main train station of Rome. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. The Esposizione universale ( World's Fair) of 1942 was planned to be held in Rome. The event never took place because of war. The area was later partly redesigned and renamed EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma: Rome Universal Exhibition) in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The Esposizione Universale Roma ( EUR, originally called E42 is a large complex now a suburban area and business centre in Rome, Italy. The line was finally opened in 1955 and it is now part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999 - 2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. This underground network is generally reliable (although it may become very congested at peak times and during events, especially the A line) as it is relatively short. As of 2005, its total length is 38 km. The two existing lines, A & B, only intersect at Roma Termini station. Roma Termini (in Italian, Stazione Termini or Stazione di Roma Termini) is the main train station of Rome. A new branch of the B line (B1) is under construction with an estimated cost of 482. 900. 000 Euro. It is scheduled to open in 2010. B1 will connect to line B at Piazza Bologna and will have 4 stations over a distance of 3. 9 km.
A third line, line C, is under construction with an estimated cost of 3. 000. 000. 000 Euro and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25. 5 km. It will partly replace the existing Rail Road line, Termini-Pantano. It will feature full automated, driverless trains. The first section is due to open in 2011 and the final sections in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line, line D, is under development. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km. The first section is projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035. A fifth line, line E, is the proposed conversion of the Roma-Lido railway to a Metro line by 2011.
Overground
The Rome Metro is part of an extensive transport network made of a tramway network, suburban and urban lines in and around the city of Rome, plus an "express line" to Fiumicino Airport. Whereas most FS-Regionale lines (Regional State Railways) do provide mostly a suburban service with more than 20 stations scattered throughout the city, the Roma-Lido (starting at Ostiense station), the Roma-Pantano (starting nearby Termini) and the Roma-Nord (starting at Flaminio station) lines offer a metro-like service. Trenitalia is the primary operator of trains within Italy. Trenitalia is owned by Ferrovie dello Stato, itself owned by the Italian Government. There is also an overground rail system with seven lines which link the hinterland of the Roman Area. One of this leads to the second Airport of the city, Ciampino. Ciampino is a town in the Province of Rome, Lazio, Italy. It was a Frazione of Marino until 1974 when it became a Comune
Rome also has a comprehensive bus and light rail system. The English web site of the ATAC public transportation company allows a route to be calculated using the buses, light rail and subways. [1] The Metrebus integrated fare system allows holders of tickets and integrated passes to travel on all companies vehicles, within the validity time of the ticket purchased.
Motor Traffic Limited Zone (ZTL)
Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to ban of unauthorized traffic from the central part of the city during workdays from 6 a. m. to 6 pm. This area is officially called Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL) in Italian. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Heavy traffic due to night-life crowds during weekends led in recent years to the creation of other ZTLs in the Trastevere and S. Lorenzo districts during the night, and to experimentation with a new night ZTL also in the city center (plans to create a night ZTL in the Testaccio district as well are underway). In recent years, parking spaces along the streets in wide areas of the city have been converted to pay parking, as new underground parking spread throughout the city. Rome has 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants - far below other major European cities[18].
Despite all measures, Rome's traffic remains an unsolved problem.
International relations
| Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura* | |
|---|---|
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
 |
|
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iii, iv, vi |
| Reference | 91 |
| Region† | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1980 (4th Session) |
| Extensions | 1990 |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO. |
|
Rome has one sister city, and a number of partner cities:
Sister city
Paris, France (French: Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris; Italian: Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi; English: Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris). The properties of the Holy See in Italy are regulted by the 1929 Lateran Treaty signed with the Kingdom of Italy. The Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls or St Paul-without-the-Walls (Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura is one of four churches considered to be the great A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. Asia Minor, Cyprus, all of the Aegean Islands, the Canaries A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [19]
Partner cities
Achacachi, Bolivia. Achacachi is a town on the Altiplano Plateau in the South American Andes in Bolivia. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. 
Marbella, Spain. Marbella is a city in Andalusia, Spain, by the Mediterranean, situated in the province of Málaga, beneath La Concha. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 
Algiers, Algeria. Algiers (الجزائر Algerian Arabic: Dzayer ( (From kabyle pronunciation Kabyle: Ledzayer, Alger) is the Capital and largest Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's 
Beijing, China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 
Belgrade, Serbia. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country 
Brasília, Brazil. Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 
Cairo, Egypt. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. 
Cincinnati, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 
Kiev, Ukraine. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 
London, England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland 
Montreal, Canada. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page - New York City, United States. The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian 
Seoul, South Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː 
Sydney, Australia. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. 
Tokyo, Japan. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. .svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png)
Tongeren, Belgium. Tongeren ( French: Tongres, German: Tongern) is a City and municipality located in the province of Limburg The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those
See also
- Churches of Rome
- Glocal Forum, the International on-governmental organization with main office located in Rome
- Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
- List of ancient monuments in Rome
- Popular Shopping Areas and Markets in Rome
Notes
- ^ http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2006/index.html- ISTAT demographics
- ^ Rome (Italy). There are more than 900 Churches in Rome. Most but not all of these are Roman Catholic, with some notable Roman Catholic Marian churches. Purpose The Glocal Forum was created in 2001 to emphasize the role of local authorities in the world governance system The Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, also known as the C40 Cities (and originally as the C20 Cities is a group of cities committed to the reduction of urban This is a list of ancient monuments in the city of Rome, Italy. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ( Istat) is the Italian national statistical institute Encarta. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.
- ^ http://demo.istat.it December 2006
- ^ THE GRANDEUR OF THE TIBER: JUST A MEMORY. The New York Times (1986-12-07). Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ s.v. "Urbe", De Mauro Paravia.
- ^ Top 150 City Destinations London Leads the Way > Euromonitor archive
- ^ DeCarlo, Scott. "The World's 2000 Largest Public Companies", Forbes, 2006-03-30. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura. UNESCO World Heritage Center. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ Cruising by Moonlight Along the Tiber. The New York Times (1990-09-09). Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Monthly Averages for Rome, Italy. Weather. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Cave May Hold Secrets to Legend of Ancient Rome. New York Times (2007-11-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ http://www.infrastrutturetrasporti.it/page/standard/site.php?p=cm&o=vh&id=146 - Roma Capitale on the official website of the Italian Ministry for Infrastructures and Transportation
- ^ http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg14/lavori/stampati/sk4000/articola/3885.htm - Proposal of Constitutional Law on the official website of the Camera dei Deputati
- ^ http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Municipi/ - List of Municipi and definition of their territories on the official website of the Comune di Roma
- ^ populationhttp://demo. The Italian Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati) is the Lower house of the Parliament of Italy. istat. it/strasa2006/index. html
- ^ http://www.difesa.it/SMD/COI/La+sede.htm - Entry about the Centocelle Airport in the official website of the Italian Ministero della Difesa
- ^ http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html - Entry on Roma Tiburtina station on the official website of the Italian high-speed rail service (in Italian)
- ^ Central Rome Streets Blocked by Taxi Drivers. Ministero della Difesa (MDD is the Italian Ministry of Defence The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
- ^ www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp.
References
- Further references and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article.
- Lucentini, Mario (2002). La Grande Guida di Roma. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-053-8. (Italian)
- Spoto, Salvatore (1999). Roma Esoterica. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. ISBN 88-8289-265-4. (Italian)
- Richard Brilliant (2006). Roman Art. An American's View. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. ISBN 88-8323-085-X.
Documentaries
- The Holy Cities: Rome produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications; 2006.
External links
- Official
- Official site of the City of Rome (Italian)
- APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome (English)
- Rome Museums - Official site (Italian)
- Vatican Museums (English)
- Capitoline Museums (English)
- Other
- Rome travel guide from Wikitravel
- Rome travel guides at the Open Directory Project
- City models of Ancient Rome
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory
Dictionary
Rome
-proper noun
- A province of Latium, Italy.
- A city, the capital of the province of Latium and also of Italy.
- The Roman Empire
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