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Romanian (technically called Daco-Romanian) shares practically the same grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving Eastern Romance languages: Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. This article discusses the Phonology of the Romanian language. The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe Aromanian ( limba armãneascã, armãneshce or armãneashti) also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach in most Megleno-Romanian (known as Vlăheşte by speakers and Moglenitic, Meglenitic or Megleno-Romanian by linguists is a Romance language Istro-Romanian is an Eastern Romance language, or a Dialect of the Romanian language.

As a Romance language, Romanian shares many characteristics with its more distant relatives: Italian, French, Spanish, etc. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people However, many linguists seem to agree that Romanian has preserved many features of Latin grammar, which could be explained by a host of arguments such as: relative isolation in the Balkans, possible pre-existence of identical grammatical structures in the Dacian or other substratum (as opposed to the Germanic and Celtic substrata that the other Romance languages developed in contact with), and existence of similar elements in the neighboring languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. Examples of Latin grammar elements that survived in Romanian while having disappeared from other Romance languages include: the retention of the neutral gender in nouns (albeit Romanian neuter is a mere combination of masculine and feminine) and the morphological case differentiation in nouns, reduced however to only three forms (nominative/accusative, genitive/dative, and vocative). In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating

Many writings on Romanian grammar, in particular most of those published by the Romanian Academy (Academia Română), are prescriptive; the rules regarding plural formation, verb conjugation, word spelling and meanings, etc. The Romanian Academy ( Romanian: Academia Română) is a cultural forum founded in Romania in 1866. are revised periodically to include new tendencies in the language. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Nouns

Main article: Romanian nouns

Gender

Romanian nouns are categorized into three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter, a feature preserved from Latin. This article on Romanian nouns is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Nouns which in their dictionary form (singular, nominative, with no article) end in a consonant or in vowel/semivowel u are mostly masculine or neuter; if they end in ă or a they are usually feminine. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels In the plural, ending i corresponds generally to masculine nouns, whereas feminine and neuter nouns often end in e. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world As there are many exceptions to these rules, each noun has to be learned together with its gender.

Examples:

For nouns designating people and animals the grammatical gender can only be masculine or feminine, and is strictly determined by the biological sex, no matter the phonetics of the noun. For example nouns like tată (father) and popă (priest) are masculine as they refer to male people, although phonetically they are similar to a large category of feminine nouns. Compare for example the German nouns Kind (child) and Mädchen (girl) which are neuter. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

For native speakers the general rule for determining a noun's gender relies on the "one-two" test, which consists in inflecting the noun to both the singular and the plural, together with the numbers one and two. This article on Romanian nouns is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. The Romanian numbers are the system of Number names used in Romanian to express counts quantities ranks in ordered sets fractions multiplication and other information Depending on the gender, the numbers will have different forms for each of the three genders, as illustrated below.

Note: Romanian numbers generally have a single form regardless of the gender of the determined noun. The Romanian numbers are the system of Number names used in Romanian to express counts quantities ranks in ordered sets fractions multiplication and other information Exceptions are the numbers un/o (one) doi/două (two) and all the numbers made up of two or more digits when the last digit is 1 or 2; these have masculine and feminine forms. Unlike languages such as Russian, in Romanian there is no neutral form for numbers, adjectives or other noun determiners. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Number

Romanian has two numbers: singular and plural. In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world Morphologically the plural form is built by adding specific endings to the singular form. For example, nominative nouns without the definite article form the plural by adding one of the endings -i, -uri, -e, or -le. The plural formation mechanism, often involving other changes in the word structure, is an intrinsic property of each noun and has to be learned together with it.

Examples:

Case

Romanian has inherited from Latin five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc Morphologically the nominative and the accusative are identical; similarly the genitive and the dative share the same form. The vocative is less used as it is normally restricted to nouns designating people or things we can address directly; additionally, nouns in the vocative often borrow the nominative form even when there is a distinct vocative form available.

The genitive-dative form is obtained from the nominative. If the noun is determined by an indefinite article then the genitive-dative mark is applied to the article, not to the noun, for example un băiat - unui băiat (a boy - of/to a boy); however, for feminine nouns the plural form is used even in the singular, for example o carte - unei cărţi (a book - of/to a book). Similarly, if the noun is determined by the definite article (enclitic in Romanian, see that section), the genitive-dative mark is added at the end of the noun together with the article, for example băiatul - băiatului (the boy - of/to the boy), cartea - cărţii (the book - of/to the book). In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. Masculine proper names designating people form the genitive-dative by placing the article lui before the noun: lui Brâncuşi (of/to Brancusi); the same applies to feminine names only when they don't have a typically feminine ending: lui Carmen. Constantin Brâncuşi, ( February 19, 1876 &ndash March 16, 1957) konstanˈtin brɨnˈkuʃʲ was an internationally renowned Romanian

In usual genitival phrases such as numele trandafirului (the name of the rose), the genitive is only recognized by the specific ending (-lui in this example) and no other words are necessary. However, in other situations, usually if the noun modified by the genitive attribute is indefinite, the genitival article is required, as for example in câteva opere ale scriitorului (some of the writer's works).

Romanian dative phrases have the particularity called clitic doubling similar to that in Spanish, in which the noun in the dative is doubled by a pronoun. Clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication, in Linguistics, is a phenomenon by which Clitic Pronouns appear in Verb phrases together The position of this pronoun in the sentence depends on the mood and tense of the verb. Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. For example, in the sentence Le dau un cadou părinţilor (I give a present to [my] parents), the pronoun le doubles the noun părinţilor without bringing any additional information.

As specified above, the vocative case in Romanian has a special form for most nouns, but for convenience reasons the form of the nominative is often employed. The traditional vocative is retained in speech, however, in informal speech, or by people living in the countryside. It is seen as a mark of unrefined speech by the majority of city-dwellers, who refrain from its usage. The forms of the vocative are as follows. (Note that the vocative does not have both definite and indefinite forms, as it is not used with any specific function within sentences. The following rules are to be applied for the indefinite form of the nouns):

Articles

Definite article

An often cited peculiarity of Romanian is that it is the only Romance language where definite articles are attached to the end of the noun as enclitics (as in North Germanic languages) instead of in front. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all In Linguistics, a clitic is a grammatically independent and phonologically dependent Word. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages They are believed to have been formed, as in other Romance languages, from Latin demonstrative pronouns. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The table below shows the generally accepted etymology of the Romanian definite article. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time

Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative
Accusative		 Lat. illum
→ Rom. -lu → -l, -le		 Lat. illi
→ Rom. -l'i → -i		 Lat. illa
→ Rom. -euă → -eau → -a		 Lat. illae
→ Rom. -le
Genitive
Dative		 Lat. illui
→ Rom. -lui		 Lat. illorum
→ Rom. -lor		 Lat. illaei
→ Rom. -ei		 Lat. illorum
→ Rom. -lor

Examples:

codru - codrul (forest - the forest);
pom - pomul (tree - the tree);
frate - fratele (brother - the brother);
tată - tatăl (father - the father).
teatru - teatrul (theater - the theater);
loc - locul (place - the place);
casă - casa (house - the house);
floare - floarea (flower - the flower);
cutie - cutia (box - the box);
stea - steaua (star - the star);

Indefinite article

The Romanian indefinite article, unlike the definite article, is placed before the noun, and has likewise derived from Latin:

Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative
Accusative		 Lat. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. unum
→ Rom. un		 Lat. ne scio
→ Rom. nişte		 Lat. unam
→ Rom. o		 Lat. ne scio
→ Rom. nişte
Genitive
Dative		 Lat. unius
→ Rom. unui		 Lat. unorum
→ Rom. unor		 Lat. unae
→ Rom. unei		 Lat. unorum
→ Rom. unor

Nouns in the vocative case cannot be determined by an indefinite article.

Examples of indefinite article usage:

Article appended to adjectives

When a noun is determined by an adjective, the normal word order is noun + adjective, and the article (definite or indefinite) is appended to the noun. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the However, the word order adjective + noun is also possible (and mostly used for emphasis on the adjective), in which pattern the article and any case marker that may be present is applied to the adjective instead. Examples follow.

un student bun (a good student);
studentul bun (the good student);
unui student bun (to a good student);
studentului bun (to the good student).
un bun student (a good student);
bunul student (the good student);
unui bun student (to a good student);
bunului student (to the good student).

Genitival article

There are situations in Romanian when the noun in the genitive requires the presence of the so-called genitival (or possessive) article (see for example the section "Genitive" in "Romanian nouns"), somewhat similar to the English preposition of, for example in a map of China. This article on Romanian nouns is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. This article on Romanian nouns is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. In Romanian this becomes o hartă a Chinei, where "a" is the genitival article. The table below shows how the genitival articles depend on gender and number.

Masculine Neuter Feminine
Singular al a
Plural ai ale

The genitival article also has genitive/dative forms, which are used only with a possessive pronoun. They are: alui (m. sg. ), alei (f. sg. ), and alor (pl. , both genders). These forms are rarely used—especially the singular ones—and the sentences are usually rephrased to avoid them.

Adjectives

Romanian adjectives determine the quality of things. They are always determinants of a noun, pronoun, numeral or copulative verb, so they can only fulfill the syntactical functions of attribute and adjectival complement, which in Romanian is called nume predicativ (nominal predicative)

Endings and Flexionary Forms

Singular Plural
Masculine frumos frumoşi
Feminine frumoasă frumoase

The number of different forms an adjective takes only in the singular are called endings, terminaţii. In Grammar the term complement is used with different meanings Similarly, the number of different forms an adjective takes in both the singular and the plural are called flexionary forms, forme flexionare. The adjective frumos (beautiful) has 2 endings, and 4 flexionary forms. (see above table)

Singular Plural
Masculine verde verzi
Feminine verde verzi

The adjective verde (green) on the other hand, has 1 ending and 2 flexionary forms.

Singular Plural
Masculine oranj oranj
Feminine oranj oranj

The foreign borrowed adjective oranj (orange) is called invariable, as it has only 1 ending, and 1 flexionary form. Adjectives that do not have only 1 flexionary form (and thus 1 ending) are called variable. [7]

Syntactical functions

Syntactical functions of the adjective can be:[7]

Stages of comparison

An adjective also can have stages of comparison. [7]

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns come in four different cases, depending on their usage in the phrase. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the

Nominative Case

There are eight personal pronouns (pronume personale) in Romanian:[8]

Singular Plural
First person eu noi
Second person tu voi
Third person Masc. el ei
Fem. ea ele

The pronouns above are those in the nominative case. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other They are usually omitted in Romanian unless required to disambiguate the meaning of a sentence. Usually, the verb ending provides information about the subject. The feminine forms of plural pronouns are only used for groups of persons of items of exclusively female gender. If the group contains elements of both genders, the masculine form is used. Pronouns in the vocative case in Romanian, which is used for exclamations, or summoning, also take the forms of the nominative case. The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc

Accusative Case

The accusative forms of the pronouns come in two forms: a stressed and an unstressed form:[8]

Singular Plural
Stressed Unstressed Stressed Unstressed
First person (pe) mine mă (pe) noi ne
Second person (pe) tine te (pe) voi vă
Third person Masc. The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive (pe) el îl (pe) ei îi
Fem. (pe) ea o (pe) ele le

The stressed form of the pronoun is used (in phrases that are not inverted) after the verb, while the unstressed form is employed before the verb. In Linguistics, grammatical inversion is any of a number of different distinct grammatical constructions in the languages of the world Romanian requires both forms of a pronoun to be present in a sentence, if a relative clause is employed, which also reverses the order of the forms (stressed before unstressed). A relative clause is a Subordinate clause that modifies a Noun. Otherwise, the stressed form is usually left out, the only exception being its usage for adding emphasis to the pronoun.

Dative Case

The dative forms of the pronouns:[8]

Singular Plural
Stressed Unstressed Stressed Unstressed
First person mie îmi nouă ne
Second person ţie îţi vouă vă
Third person Masc. The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given lui îi lor le
Fem. ei îi lor le

Genitive Case

The genitive forms of the pronouns (also called possessive pronouns):[8]

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neutrum Masculine Feminine Neutrum
Singular First person al meu a mea al meu ai mei ale mele ale mele
Second person al tău a ta al tău ai tăi ale tale ale tale
Third person Masc. In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another al lui a lui al lui ai lui ale lui ale lui
Fem. al ei a ei al ei ai ei ale ei ale ei
Plural First person al nostru a noastră al nostru ai noştri ale noastre ale noastre
Second person al vostru a voastră al vostru ai voştri ale voastre ale voastre
Third person al lor a lor al lor ai lor ale lor ale lor

Reflexive pronouns

There are the forms of the reflexive pronouns (pronume reflexive):[8]

Accusative Dative
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First person pe mine / mă pe noi / ne mie / îmi nouă / ne
Second person pe tine / te pe voi / vă ţie / îţi vouă / vă
Third person pe sine / se sieşi / îşi

The above reflexive pronouns are in the accusative and dative cases, and in both stressed / unstressed forms. As is made clear, the reflexive pronouns are identical to the personal pronouns, with the exception of the 3rd person, which has entirely new forms. The genitival forms of the reflexive pronouns are the same for the 1st and 2nd persons, but also differ in the 3rd person singular, which is al său.

Polite Pronouns

Pronumele de politeţe, the polite pronouns, are a way of addressing someone formally. They are normally used for interaction with strangers, or by children talking to adults whom they don't know well, or to teachers as a sign of respect. When used in the plural, the second person pronoun is a respectful one, for use in formal occasions, or among unacquainted adults, whereas its singular forms are less respectful, their use having become highly pejorative in modern use. (see below)

The polite pronouns are derived from the old Romanian expression for addressing royalty, Domnia Ta, Domnia Voastră, Domnia Lui, etc. (Your Majesty, Your Majesty (plural), His Majesty). By means of vowel elision, Domnia became shortened to dumnea, which is appended as a prefix to the personal pronouns.

The polite pronouns all have the same forms in all cases (the only exception being dumneata, with the genitive/dative form of dumitale), and they exist only in the second and third person, due to them not being used to refer to oneself:

Singular Plural
Second person dumneata[1] dumneavoastră
Third person Masc. dumnealui dumnealor
Fem. dumneaei

Demonstrative Pronouns

There are a lot of demonstrative pronouns (pronume demonstrative) in Romanian. They are classified as: pronume de apropiere, pronume de depărtare, pronume de diferenţiere, pronume de identitate, which mean, respectively, pronouns of proximity, pronouns of remoteness, pronouns of differentiation, and pronouns of identity.

Pronouns of Proximity and Remoteness

These pronouns describe objects which are either close to the speaker, or farther away from the speaker:[8]

Pronoun of Proximity Pronoun of Remoteness
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine acesta aceştia acela aceia
Feminine aceasta acestea aceea acelea
Neutrum acesta acestea acela acelea

Pronouns of Differentiation and Identity

These pronouns describe objects which are either different from an aforementioned object, or one and the same:[8]

Pronoun of Differentiation Pronoun of Identity
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine celălalt ceilalţi acelaşi aceiaşi
Feminine cealaltă celelalte aceeaşi aceleaşi
Neutrum celălalt celelalte acelaşi aceleaşi

Fortification Pronouns

Pronumele de întărire, the fortification pronoun (or confirmation pronoun) is a way to emphasize an object, pointing out that it, and no other thing or person, is being referred to. It is often misused by Romanian native speakers because of its many similar-sounding forms. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth The forms in parantheses are the corresponding personal pronouns[9]:

Pronoun of Fortification
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neutrum Masculine Feminine Neutrum
First Person însumi însămi însumi înşine însene însene
Second Person însuţi însăţi însuţi înşivă însevă însevă
Third Person însuşi însăşi însuşi înşişi înseşi înseşi

Relative and Interrogative Pronouns

Pronumele relative şi interogative, these two types of pronouns are identical in form, but differ in usage. The relative pronouns are used to connect relative clauses to their main clause, whereas interrogative pronouns are used to form questions. A relative clause is a Subordinate clause that modifies a Noun. The interrogative pronouns are usually written out with a question mark after them, to differentiate them from their relative counterparts. The question mark (? also known as an interrogation point, question point, query, or eroteme, is a punctuation mark that replaces

The most common relative/interrogative pronouns are[8]

Relative Pronoun cine (a/al/ai/ale) cui care pe care ce (a/al/ai/ale) cărui(a)/cărei(a)/căror(a)
English translation who (whose), to whom which which/whom which/whom (whose), to whom

Negative and Indefinite Pronouns

Pronumele negative şi nehotărâte, these two types of pronouns are used to express negation, as well as indefinite concepts. There are many indefinite pronouns, but only a limited number of negative pronouns.

The most common indefinite pronouns are:[8]

Indefinite Pronoun mult tot unul/una altul/alta atât puţin/niţel destul
English translation much all one other so much/as much a little enough

The most common negative pronouns are:[8]

Negative Pronoun nimeni/nimenea nimic/nimica niciunul/niciuna niciunui(a)/niciunei(a)
English translation nobody nothing none to none (of none)

Numbers

Main article: Romanian numbers

In Romanian grammar, unlike English, the words representing numbers are considered to form a distinct part of speech, called numeral (plural: numerale). The Romanian numbers are the system of Number names used in Romanian to express counts quantities ranks in ordered sets fractions multiplication and other information A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. In Grammar, a lexical category (also word class, lexical class, or in traditional grammar part of speech) is a linguistic category of words (or Examples:

Verbs

Main article: Romanian verbs

As in all Romance languages, Romanian verbs are highly inflected according to person, number, tense, mood, voice. This article on Romanian verbs is related to the Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. The usual word order in sentences is SVO (Subject - Verb - Object). Romanian verbs are categorized into four large conjugation groups depending on the ending in the infinitive mood. The actual conjugation patterns for each group are multiple.


Prepositions

The preposition before a noun determines which case the noun must take.

No prepositions take nouns in the nominative case.

Accusative

Dative

The only prepositions that demand the Dative Case, are: graţie, datorită , mulţumită, conform, contrar, potrivit, aidoma, asemenea

Genitive

Other prepositions require the genitive case of nouns. Note that some prepositions of this sort have evolved from phrases with feminine nouns and, as a consequence, require a feminine possessive form when the object is a pronoun; e. g. , împotriva mea (against me).


Interjections

In Romanian there are many interjections, and they are commonly used. Those that denote sounds made by animals or objects are called onomatopee, a form similar to the English language onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Below, some interjections and their approximative equivalent in English are shown.

Common Interjections

Onomatopoeia

Use within sentences

Within a sentence, interjectons can function as attributes, verbal equivalents, or they can be used as filler, which has no syntactical function at all.

Phrase syntax

Romanian has terminology and rules for phrase syntax, which describes the way simple sentences relate to one another within a single complex sentence. There are many functions a simple sentence may take, their number usually being determined by the number of predicates. It is also noteworthy that Romanian terminology for the terms simple sentence, complex sentence, and phrase is somewhat counterintuitive. A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one Independent clause and no Dependent clauses Examples The singer A complex sentence is a sentence with an Independent clause and at least one Dependent clause (subordinating clause In Grammar, a phrase is a group of Words that functions as a single unit in the Syntax of a sentence. The Romanian term propoziţie means as much as simple sentence (or clause). To describe a complex sentence (or compound sentence), Romanian uses the word frază, which can cause confusion with the English word phrase, which describes not a complex sentence, but a grouping of words. In consequence, Romanian doesn't have terms for the English noun phrase, or verb phrase, preferring the more commonly understood term predicate for the latter. In grammatical theory, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a Phrase whose head is a Noun or a Pronoun, optionally accompanied In Linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactic structure composed of the predicative elements of a sentence and functions The former has no formal equivalent in Romanian.

Simple sentences can be of two types: main clauses and subordinate clauses

Main Clause

The main clause, within a complex sentence, does not rely on another sentence to be fully understood. In other words, it has stand-alone meaning. The following example has the verb phrase underlined.

Example:

Am văzut copiii din curtea şcolii.
I have seen the children in the school courtyard.

Even though this sentence is long, it is still composed of a single simple sentence, which is a main clause.

Subordinate Clause

A subordinate clause cannot have stand-alone meaning. It relies on a main clause to give it meaning. It usually determines or defines an element of another clause, be it a main clause, or a subordinate one. The following example has the verb phrase underlined, and the element of relation, which is to say, the relative pronoun used to link the two sentences, is bold. The sentences are also separated and numbered.

Example:

Am văzut copiii 1/ care sunt în curtea şcolii. 2/
I have seen the children 1/ who are in the school courtyard. 2/

There are also subordinate clauses other than the relative clause, which is an attributive clause, since it determines a noun, pronoun or numeral, and not a verb phrase. Here is a list of examples illustrating some of the remaining cases:

Direct Object Clause (propoziţie subordonată completivă directă):

Înţeleg 1/ ce zice profesoara. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. 2/
I understand 1/ what the teacher is saying. 2/

Indirect Object Clause (propoziţie subordonată completivă indirectă):

Ma gandesc 1/ la ce spune profesoara. An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. 2/
I am thinking 1/ at what the teacher is saying. 2/

Subject Clause (propoziţie subordonată subiectivă):

Ceea ce zice profesoara, 1/ e corect. 2/
What the teacher is saying, 1/ is true. 2/

Local Circumstantial Object Clause (propoziţie subordonată completivă circumstanţială de loc):

Mă văd cu Ionuţ 1/ unde (mi-)a propus el. 2/
I am meeting Johnny 1/ where he suggested (to me). 2/

Clauses introduced by Coordinating Conjunctions

Some conjunctions are called coordinating because they do not define the type of clause introduced. Conjunctions is a biannual American literary journal publishing innovative fiction poetry criticism drama art and interviews by both emerging and established Rather, they coordinate an existing clause with another, making the new clause of the same type as the other one. The coordinating conjunctions are of four types (note that the list is not exhaustive):

An example of two main clauses (1, 2) linked together by a coordinative conjunction (bold) is:

Ana este o fată 1/ şi Ion este un băiat. 2/
Ana is a girl, 1/ and Ion is a boy. 2/

Two subordinate clauses (2, 3) can also be joined to the same end:

V-am spus despre băiatul 1/ care este la mine în clasă, 2/ şi care este foarte bun la matematică. 3/
I have told you about the boy 1/ who is in my class, 2/ and who is very good in mathematics. 3/

The same effect of two main clauses (1, 2) being tied together can also be achieved via juxtaposition of the sentences using a comma:

Am păzit palatul, 1/ palatul era şi foarte greu de păzit. 2/
I guarded the palace, 1/ the palace was very hard to guard, too. 2/

External links

References

  1. ^ James E. Augerot, "Romanian / Limba română: A Course in Modern Romanian," Center for Romanian Studies (2000)
  2. ^ Laura Daniliuc and Radu Daniliuc, "Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline," Lincom Europa, München, Germany (2000)
  3. ^ Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. I: Essential Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (1999)
  4. ^ Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. Vol. II: Morpho-Syntactic and Lexical Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (2000)
  5. ^ (Romanian) Liana Pop, Victoria Moldovan (eds), "Gramatica limbii române / Grammaire du roumain / Romanian Grammar," Echinox, Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1997)
  6. ^ (Romanian) Maria Aldea, "Valori referenţiale generate de articolul definit şi de cel indefinit românesc în determinarea substantivului. Studiu de caz: Scrisoarea lui Neacşu (1521)" (available online)
  7. ^ a b c Information on the adjective in Romanian
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j PPT file illustrating the Morphosyntax of the Pronoun
  9. ^ The forms of the Fortification pronoun
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