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Romania (dated: Rumania, Roumania; Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country located in South-East Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey [2] Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta It shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian
The territory's recorded history encompasses such eras as the Dacians, Roman Empire (leading to the development of Romanian language), Kingdom of Hungary, and Ottoman Empire. The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish As a nation-state, the country was formed by the merging of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859 and it gained recognition of its independence in 1878. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania See also Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878 The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin ( June 13 - July 13, 1878) by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary Later, in 1918, they were joined by Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian At the end of World War II, parts of its territories (roughly the present day Moldova) were occupied by USSR and Romania became a member of the Warsaw Pact. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Romania started a series of political and economic reforms. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae After a decade of post-independence economic problems, Romania adopted a very low flat taxation in 2005, made other very fast reforms, and joined the European Union in January 1, 2007. A flat tax (short for flat rate tax is a Tax system with a constant tax rate The Accession of Romania to the European Union took place on 1 January 2007 New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Reforms have led to over 7% GDP growth, one of the highest rates in Europe.
Romania has the 9th largest territory and the 7th largest population (with 22 million people[3]) among the European Union member states. A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto Its capital and largest city is Bucharest (Romanian: Bucureşti /bu.kuˈreʃtʲ/ ), the 6th largest city in the EU with 1. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance This is a list of the largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits. 9 million people. In 2007, Sibiu, a large city in Transylvania, was chosen as a European Capital of Culture. Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its [4] Romania also joined NATO on March 29, 2004, and is also a member of the Latin Union, of the Francophonie and of OSCE. The North Atlantic Treaty Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Latin Union is an International organization of nations that use a Romance language. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A unitary state is a State whose three Organs of state are governed Constitutionally as one single unit with one Constitutionally created
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Etymology
The name of Romania (Rumania or România) comes from Român (Romanian) which is a derivative of the word Romanus ("Roman") from Latin. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [5][6] The fact that Romanians have said the name is a derivative of Romanus (Romanian: Român/Rumân) is mentioned as early as the 16th century by many authors, including Italian Humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania [7][8][9][10] The oldest surviving document written in the Romanian language is a 1521 letter (known as "Neacşu's Letter from Câmpulung"[11]) which notifies the mayor of Braşov about the imminent attack of the Ottoman Turks. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The letter of Neacşu of Câmpulung is the oldest surviving document available in Romanian. Câmpulung (also spelled Cîmpulung, /kɨɱpu'luŋg/ or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in the Argeş County, Romania. Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. This document is also notable for having the first occurrence of "Rumanian" in a Romanian written text, Wallachia being here named The Rumanian Land - Ţeara Rumânească (Ţeara from the Latin: Terra land). This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In the following centuries, Romanian documents use interchangeably two spelling forms: Român and Rumân. [12] Socio-linguistic evolutions in the late 17th century led to a process of semantic differentiation: the form "rumân", presumably usual among lower classes, got the meaning of "bondsman", while the form român kept an ethno-linguistic meaning. [13] After the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the form "rumân" gradually disappears and the spelling definitively stabilises to the form "român", "românesc". [14] The name "România" as common homeland of all Romanians is documented in the early 19th century. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania [15] This name has been officially in use since December 11, 1861. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [16]
English-language sources still used the term "Rumania", borrowed from the French spelling "Roumania", as recently as World War II,[17] but since then the term has disappeared entirely. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
History
Prehistory and Antiquity
The oldest modern human remains in Europe were discovered in the "Cave With Bones" in present day Romania. See also Timeline of Romanian history, Military history of Romania This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Prehistoric Romania (generally known before the Middle Ages emergence as a State as the region Dacia of the Dacians tribe Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily Peştera cu Oase (The Cave with Bones is a system of 12 karstic galleries and chambers located N [18] The remains are approximately 42,000 years old and as Europe’s oldest remains of Homo sapiens, they may represent the first such people to have entered the continent. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus [19] The remains are especially interesting because they present a mixture of archaic, early modern human and Neanderthal morphological features. [20][21]
The earliest written evidence of people living in the territory of the present-day Romania comes from Herodotus in book IV of his Histories (Herodotus) written 440 BCE. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature. Herein he writes that the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great during his campaign against the Scythians. The Getae ( Greek: Γέται singular Γέτης was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Darius I the Great (c 549 BC&ndash486 BC 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavahuš: "Possessing goodness" Having ascended to power amidst controversy and bloodshed The Scythians or Scyths (Σκύθες Σκύθοι were an Iranian speaking people of horse-riding Nomadic pastoralists who dominated the Pontic [22] Dacians, widely accepted as part of the Getae described earlier by the Greeks, were a branch of Thracians that inhabited Dacia (corresponding to modern Romania, Moldova and northern Bulgaria). The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The Getae ( Greek: Γέται singular Γέτης was the name given by the Greeks to several Thracian tribes that occupied the regions south of the "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Dacian kingdom reached its maximum expansion during King Burebista, around 82 BC. This is a list of kings of the ancient land of Dacia. The chronology may not be very precise since many of the Greek and Roman writings on the Dacian history were lost through time Burebista, is widely considered to be the greatest king of Dacia. Later, The region came under the scrutiny of Rome when the Roman province, bordering along the Danube, Moesia, was attacked by the Dacians in 87 AD during Emperor Domitian's reign. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Moesia (Μοισία Moisía; Мизия Miziya; Moesia Мезија Mezija) was an ancient region and Roman province situated in the Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 &ndash 18 September 96 commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death
The Dacians were eventually defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 AD to 106 AD,[23] and the core of their kingdom was turned into the province of Roman Dacia. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who The Roman province of Dacia on the Balkans included the modern Romanian regions of Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia, and temporarily
Rich ore deposits were found in the province. Gold and silver were especially plentiful,[24] and were found in great quantities in the Western Carpathians. After Trajan's conquest, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver. The Romans heavily colonized the province,[25] brought with them Vulgar Latin and started a period of intense romanization (giving birth to proto-Romanian). Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance [26][27] But in the 3rd century AD, with the invasions of migratory populations such as Goths, the Roman Empire was forced to pull out of Dacia around 271 AD, thus making it the first province to be abandoned. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " [28][29]
Several competing theories have been generated to explain the origin of modern Romanians. The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language Linguistic and geo-historical analyses tend to indicate that Romanians have coalesced as a major ethnic group both South and North of the Danube. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj [30] For further discussion, see Origin of Romanians. The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language
Middle Ages
In either 271 or 275, the Roman army and administration left Dacia, which was invaded by the Goths. The Early Middle Ages in Romania (also known the Dark Ages) lasted from about the 5th century to the 10th century, between the Hunnic Context See also Romania in the Dark Ages The Dark Ages in what is now Romania ended around the 11th century, following The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s [31] The Goths lived with the local people until the 4th century, when a nomadic people, the Huns, arrived. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy [32] The Gepids[33][34] and the Avars and their Slavic subjects[35] ruled Transylvania until the 8th century. The Gepids (Gepidae Gifðas ( Beowulf, Widsith) - possibly from * Gibiðos, "givers" or gepanta, see below were The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian It was then invaded by Bulgarians,[33] thereafter being incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire (marking the end of Romania's Dark Age), where it remained part of until the 11th century. The Bulgarians (българи balgari) are a South Slavic people generally associated with the Republic of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language The First Bulgarian Empire (Първo Българско царство Părvo Bălgarsko Tsarstvo) was a Medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 The Pechenegs,[36] the Cumans[37] and Uzes were also mentioned by historic chronicles on the territory of Romania, until the founding of the Romanian principalities of Wallachia by Basarab I around 1310 in the High Middle Ages,[38] and Moldavia by Dragoş around 1352. The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a Uzès is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Basarab I was an early ruler of the Principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352 The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Dragoş ( Drágfi of Béltek) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353 [39]
In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three distinct principalities: Wallachia (Romanian: Ţara Românească—"Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) and Transylvania. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10-11th century until the 16th century,[40] when it became the independent Principality of Transylvania[41] until 1711. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 [42]
Independent Wallachia has been on the border of the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century and slowly fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during the 15th century. This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish One famous ruler in this period was Vlad III the Impaler (also known as Vlad Dracula or Vlad Ţepeş, IPA: ['tsepeʃ]), Prince of Wallachia in 1448, 1456–62, and 1476. This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania [43][44] In the English-speaking world, Vlad is best known for the legends of the exceedingly cruel punishments he imposed during his reign and for serving as the primary inspiration for the vampire main character in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. As king, he maintained an independent policy in relation to the Ottoman Empire, and in Romania he is viewed by many as a prince with a deep sense of justice,[45] and a defender of both Wallachia and European Christianity against Ottoman expansionism. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In general expansionism consists of expansionist policies While some have linked the term to promoting Economic growth (in contrast to no growth / Sustainable policies
The principality of Moldavia reached its most glorious period under the rule of Stephen the Great between 1457 and 1504. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III (c 1433 - July 2, 1504) also known as Stephen the Great ( Romanian: Ştefan [46] His rule of 47 years was unusually long, especially at that time - only 13 rulers were recorded to have ruled for at least 50 years until the end of 15th century. The list of longest reigning Monarchs of all time details monarchs and lifelong leaders who reigned for more than 50 years, sorted by length of reign Note The table He was a very successful military leader (winning 47 battles and losing only 2),[47]) and after each victory, he raised a church, managing to build 48 churches or monasteries,[48] some of them with unique and very interesting painting styles. For more information see Painted churches of northern Moldavia listed in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites. The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Stephen's most prestigious victory was over the Ottoman Empire in 1475 at the Battle of Vaslui for which he raised the Voroneţ Monastery. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Battle of Vaslui (also referred to as the Battle of Podul Înalt or the Battle of Racova) was fought on January 10 1475 between Stephen III of Moldavia Voroneţ is a Monastery in Romania, located in the town of Gura Humorului, Moldavia. For this victory, Pope Sixtus IV deemed him verus christianae fidei athleta (true Champion of Christian Faith). History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 However, after his death, Moldavia would also come under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
Michael the Brave (Romanian: Mihai Viteazul) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600). Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul Vitéz Mihály 1558 - 9 August 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601 of Transylvania This is a List of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union List of rulers of Transylvania, from the first mention of a ruler in the tenth century until 1918. This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862 when it united Briefly, during his reign the three principalities largely inhabited by Romanians were for the first time united under a single rule. [49] After his death, as vassal tributary states, Moldova and Wallachia had complete internal autonomy and an external independence, which was finally lost in the 18th century. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania
Independence and monarchy
During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania, and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were in the situation of being second-class citizens (or even non-citizens)[50] in a territory where they formed the majority of the population. Early Modern Romania is the portion of Romanian history that falls in the Early modern period, roughly from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century During the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia and Moldavia, most Romanians were See also Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878 The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni Supplex Libellus Valachorum Transsilvaniae ( Latin for Petition of the Vlachs of Transylvania) is the name of two petitions [51][52] In some Transylvanian cities, such as Braşov (at that time the Transylvanian Saxon citadel of Kronstadt), Romanians were not even allowed to reside within the city walls. Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th The Transylvanian Memorandum was a Petition sent in 1892 by the leaders of the Romanians of Transylvania to the Austro-Hungarian [53]
After the failed 1848 Revolution, the Great Powers did not support the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in a single state, forcing Romania to proceed alone against the Turks. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia chose in 1859 the same person – Alexandru Ioan Cuza – as prince (Domnitor in Romanian). Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Alexander Joan Cuza (a common old English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian Romanian heads of state from the Unification of 1859List of rulers of Wallachia|List of Transylvanian rulers|List of rulers of Moldavia|Kings of Romania|Presidents of Romania United Domnitor (pl domnitori) was the official title of the ruler of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance [54] Thus, Romania was created as a personal union, albeit a Romania that did not include Transylvania, where the upper class and the aristocracy remained mainly Hungarian, although Romanian nationalism inevitably ran up against Hungarian nationalism at the end of the 19th century. As in the previous 900 years, Austria-Hungary, especially under the Dual Monarchy of 1867, kept the Hungarians firmly in control, even in parts of Transylvania where Romanians constituted a local majority. See also the History of Europe, the History of present-day nations and states, Pannonian basin before Hungary, and Hungary.
In a 1866 coup d'état, Cuza was exiled and replaced by Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, who became known as Prince Carol of Romania. Today a historical monument Peleş Castle ( Romanian: Castelul Peleş /kas'te Alexander Joan Cuza (a common old English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the Cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty less known than the Franconian Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th 1839 - During the Russo-Turkish War, Romania fought on the Russian side;[55] in the 1878 Treaty of Berlin,[56] Romania was recognized as an independent state by the Great Powers. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin ( June 13 - July 13, 1878) by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary See also Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878 The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877 against the Ottoman Empire. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale [57] In return, Romania ceded three southern districts of Bessarabia to Russia and acquired Dobruja. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In 1881, the principality was raised to a kingdom and Prince Carol became King Carol I. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th 1839 -
The 1878-1914 period was one of stability and progress for Romania. See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of During the Second Balkan War, Romania joined Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey against Bulgaria. The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria on one side and its First Balkan War allies Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian In the peace Treaty of Bucharest (1913) Romania gained Southern Dobrudja - the Quadrilateral (the Durostor and Caliacra counties). The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded on August 10, 1913, by the delegates of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro Southern Dobruja ( Южна Добруджа Yuzhna Dobrudzha in Bulgarian, Dobrogea de sud or Cadrilater in Romanian) [58]
World Wars and Greater Romania
- (1916-1947)
In August 1914, when World War I broke out, Romania declared neutrality. The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central See " România Mare " for other meanings The Greater Romania (România Mare generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years In June 1941 after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol, Romania joined the Axis Powers. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality see Neutral A neutral country takes no side in a War between other parties Two years later, under the pressure of Allies (especially France desperate to open a new front), on August 14/27 1916 it joined the Allies, for which they were promised support for the accomplishment of national unity, Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [59]
The Romanian military campaign ended in disaster for Romania as the Central Powers conquered two-thirds of the country and captured or killed the majority of its army within four months. The Romanian Campaign was a campaign in the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied against the armies of the Central The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The Land Forces, Air Force and Naval Forces are collectively known as the Romanian Armed Forces ( Romanian: Forţele Armate Române Nevertheless, Moldova remained in Romanian hands after the invading forces were stopped in 1917 and since by the war's end, Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire had collapsed, Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania were allowed to unite with the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of By the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, Hungary renounced in favour of Romania all the claims of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy over Transylvania. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian [60] The union of Romania with Bukovina was ratified in 1919 in the Treaty of Saint Germain,[61] and with Bessarabia in 1920 by the Treaty of Paris. Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France United Kingdom Italy and Japan whose purpose [62]
The Romanian expression România Mare (literal translation "Great Romania", but more commonly rendered "Greater Romania") generally refers to the Romanian state in the interwar period, and by extension, to the territory Romania covered at the time (see map). Romania achieved at that time its greatest territorial extent (almost 300,000 km²/120,000 sq mi[63]), managing to unite all the historic Romanian lands.
During the Second World War, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but on June 28, 1940, it received a Soviet ultimatum with an implied threat of invasion in the event of non-compliance. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On June 26 1940, Romania received an Ultimatum from the Soviet Union, demanding the evacuation of the Romanian military and administration from An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory [64] Under pressure from Moscow and Berlin, the Romanian administration and the army were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well from Northern Bukovina to avoid war. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Bessarabia ( Basarabia in Romanian, Бесарабія in Ukrainian, Бессарабия in Russian, Бесарабия in Bulgarian Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the [65][66] This, in combination with other factors, prompted the government to join the Axis. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Thereafter, southern Dobruja was awarded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received Northern Transylvania as result of an Axis arbitration. Northern Transylvania is a region of Transylvania, situated within the territory of Romania. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries [67] The authoritarian King Carol II abdicated in 1940, succeeded by the National Legionary State, in which power was shared by Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard. Carol II of Romania ( 15 October / 16 October 1893 &ndash 4 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from June 8 Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one The National Legionary State (Statul Naţional Legionar was the Romanian government of September 6, 1940 — January 23, 1941. "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party Within months, Antonescu had crushed the Iron Guard, and the subsequent year Romania entered the war on the side of the Axis powers. The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to a Far-right ultra- nationalist Antisemitic, fascist movement and political party The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries During the war, Romania was the most important source of oil for Nazi Germany,[68] which attracted multiple bombing raids by the Allies. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Operation Tidal Wave was a World War II aerial bombardment operation by a composite strike force of five bomb groups from the United States Eighth In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose By means of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Romania recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from the Soviet Russia, under the leadership of general Ion Antonescu. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II "Antonescu" redirects here For other persons with that surname see Antonescu (surname. The Antonescu regime played a major role in the Holocaust,[69] following to a lesser extent the Nazi policy of oppression and massacre of the Jews, and Romas, primarily in the Eastern territories Romania recovered or occupied from the Soviet Union (Transnistria) and in Moldavia. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Transnistria, during World War II, was a region of the USSR, occupied by Romania, during the maximum eastward expansion of the Axis Powers Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians [70]
In August 1944, Antonescu was toppled and arrested by King Michael I of Romania. Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea Romania changed sides and joined the Allies, but its role in the defeat of Nazi Germany was not recognized by the Paris Peace Conference of 1947. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Paris Peace Conference ( July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947 [71] With the Red Army forces still stationed in the country and exerting de facto control, Communists and their allied parties claimed 80% of the vote, through a combination of vote manipulation,[72] elimination, and forced mergers of competing parties, thus establishing themselves as the dominant force. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based By the end of the war, the Romanian army had suffered about 300,000 casualties. [73]
Communism
- (1947–1989)
In 1947, King Michael I was forced by the Communists to abdicate and leave the country, Romania was proclaimed a republic[74][75] , and remained under direct military and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s. Michael King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (Maiestatea A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During this period, Romania's resources were drained by the "SovRom" agreements: mixed Soviet-Romanian companies established to mask the looting of Romania by the Soviet Union. The SovRoms (plural of SovRom) were economic enterprises established in Romania following the Communist takeover at the end of World War II, [76][77][78]
After the negotiated retreat of Soviet troops in 1958, Romania, under the new leadership of Nicolae Ceauşescu, started to pursue independent policies. Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution Such examples are the condemnation of the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia (being the only Warsaw Pact country not to take part in the invasion), the continuation of diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967 (again, the only Warsaw Pact country to do so), the establishment of economic (1963) and diplomatic (1967) relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, and so forth. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [79] Also, close ties with the Arab countries (and the PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel-Egypt and Israel-PLO peace processes by intermediating the visit of Sadat in Israel. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary [80] A short-lived period of relative economic well-being and openness followed in the late 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 1977 and 1981 (from 3 to 10 billion US dollars),[81] the influence of international financial organisations such as the IMF or the World Bank grew, conflicting with Nicolae Ceauşescu's autarchic policies. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution An autarky is an economy that is self-sufficient and does not take part in International trade, or severely limits trade with the outside world Ceauşescu eventually initiated a project of total reimbursement of the foreign debt (completed in 1989, shortly before his overthrow). To achieve this goal, he imposed policies that impoverished Romanians and exhausted the Romanian economy. He greatly extended the authority police state and imposed a cult of personality. See also Serviciul Român de Informaţii The Securitate ( Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise These led to a dramatic decrease in Ceauşescu-popularity and culminated in his overthrow and execution in the bloody Romanian Revolution of 1989. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae
During the 1947–1962 period, many people were arbitrarily killed or imprisoned for political, economic or unknown reasons:[82] detainees in prisons or camps, deported, persons under house arrest, and administrative detainees. There were hundreds of thousands of abuses, deaths and incidents of torture against a large range of people, from political opponents to ordinary citizens. [83] Between 60,000[84] and 80,000 political prisoners were detained as psychiatric patients and treated in some of the most sadistic ways by doctors. [85] Even though between 1962 and 1964 some political prisoners were freed in a series of amnesties it is estimated that, it total, two million people were direct victims of the communism repression. [86][87]
Present-day democracy
After the fall of Ceauşescu, the National Salvation Front (FSN), led by Ion Iliescu, took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures. 1989 revolution See also Romanian Revolution of 1989 1989 marked the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician He was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms from 1990 [88][89] Several major political parties of the pre-war era, such as the National Christian Democrat Peasant's Party (PNŢCD), the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Romanian Social Democrat Party (PSDR) were resurrected. The Partidul Naţional Liberal ( National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament being edged out The Social Democratic Party of Romania (in Romanian, Partidul Social Democrat, PSD is a major political party of Romania. After several major political rallies (especially in January), in April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of the recently held parliamentary elections began in University Square, Bucharest. University Square (Piaţa Universităţii is located in downtown Bucharest, near the University of Bucharest. The protesters accused the FSN of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate. See also Serviciul Român de Informaţii The Securitate ( Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului The protesters did not recognize the results of the election, which they deemed undemocratic, and were asking for the exclusion from the political life of the former high-ranking Communist Party members. The protest rapidly grew to become an ongoing mass demonstration (known as the Golaniad). The Golaniad ( Romanian: Golaniada from the word golan meaning hoodlum was a protest in Romania in the The peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence. After the police failed to bring the demonstrators to order, Ion Iliescu called on the "men of good will" to come and defend the State institutions in Bucharest. Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician He was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms from 1990 [90][91] Coal miners of the Jiu Valley answered the call and arrived in Bucharest on June 14. The Jiu ( Latin: Rabon; Hungarian: Zsil) is a river of southern Romania. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Their violent intervention is remembered as the June 1990 Mineriad. The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of the student-led protests ( the Golaniad) in 1990 Romania by the miners of Jiu Valley called in by
The subsequent disintegration of the FSN produced several political parties including the Romanian Democrat Social Party (PDSR, later Social Democratic Party, PSD), the Democratic Party (PD) and the ApR (Alliance for Romania). The Social Democratic Party of Romania (in Romanian, Partidul Social Democrat, PSD is a major political party of Romania. The Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Democrat, PD was a centre-right party of Romania. Political parties in Romania lists political parties in Romania. The PDSR party governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then there have been three democratic changes of government: in 1996, the democratic-liberal opposition and its leader Emil Constantinescu acceded to power; in 2000 the Social Democrats returned to power, with Iliescu once again president; and in 2004 Traian Băsescu was elected president, with an electoral coalition called Justice and Truth Alliance (DA). Emil Constantinescu (born November 19, 1939 in Tighina, currently in the Republic of Moldova) was President of Romania Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician He was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms from 1990 Traian Băsescu (born November 4 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer The Justice and Truth Alliance (in Romanian Alianţa Dreptate şi Adevăr, or D The government was formed by a larger coalition which also includes the Conservative Party and the ethnic Hungarian party. The Conservative Party of Romania ( Partidul Conservator) is a political party formed in 1991 after the fall of Communism, under the name of the The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, (also Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania; Hungarian: Romániai Magyar Demokrata Szövetség
Post-Cold War Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe, eventually joining NATO in 2004. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The North Atlantic Treaty [92] The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union (EU). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in It became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a member on January 1, 2007. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [93]
Following the free travel agreement and politic of the post-Cold War period, as well as hardship of the life in the post 1990s economic depression, Romania has an increasingly large diaspora, estimated at over 2 million people. " Romanian diaspora " is a term that encompasses the total Ethnic Romanian population located outside Romania and Moldova. The main emigration targets are Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, UK, and the USA.
Geography
With a surface area of 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi), Romania is the largest country in southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in Europe. Below is a list of all the European countries in order of geographical area A large part of Romania's border with Serbia and Bulgaria is formed by the Danube. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Danube is joined by the Prut River, which forms the border with the Republic of Moldova. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Prut, or Pruth, (Прут is a 953 km long river in Eastern Europe. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The Danube flows into the Black Sea within Romania's territory forming the Danube Delta, the second largest and the best preserved delta in Europe, and a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [94] Other important rivers are the Siret, running north-south through Moldavia, the Olt, running from the oriental Carpathian Mountains to Oltenia, and the Mureş, running through Transylvania from East to West. The Siret River ( Ukrainian: Серет, Russian: Сирет, Hungarian: Szeret) is a River that rises Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians The Olt River ( Romanian and Hungarian; German: Alt; Latin: Aluta or Alutus) is a River in Oltenia ( Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea The Mureş ( Romanian) ( Maros, Latin Marisus, Croatian Moriš, German Mieresch Marosch or Muresch, Serbian Мориш Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian
Romania's terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountainous, hilly and lowland territories. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of Romania, with fourteen of its mountain ranges reaching above the altitude of 2,000 meters. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати See also Romanian Carpathians This is an (incomplete list of Mountains in Romania. The highest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak (2,544 m/8,350 ft). Moldoveanu Peak (Vârful Moldoveanu is the highest mountain in Romania, being located in Argeş County, in the Făgăraş Mountains of the Southern In south-central Romania, the Carpathians sweeten into hills, towards the Bărăgan Plains. The Bărăgan Plain (Câmpia Bărăganului is a Steppe Plain in south-central Romania, part of the Romanian Plain. Romania's geographical diversity has led to an accompanying diversity of flora and fauna.
Environment
A high percentage of natural ecosystems (47% of the land area of the country) is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Lake Bucura is a Glacier Cirque lake situated in the Retezat Mountains, in Romania. The Retezat Mountains (Munţii Retezat Retyezát-hegység are one of the highest massifs in Romania, being part of the Southern Carpathians. This is a list of protected areas of Romania. About 518% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12360 km² including the Danube Delta, which makes [95] Since almost half of all forests in Romania (13% of the country) have been managed for watershed conservation rather than production, Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe. [95] The integrity of Romanian forest ecosystems is indicated by the presence of the full range of European forest fauna, including 60% and 40% of all European brown bears and wolves, respectively. [96] There are also almost 400 unique species of mammals (of which Carpathian chamois are best known), birds, reptiles and amphibians in Romania. The chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra) is a Goat -like animal native to the Carpathian Mountains of Romania the European Alps, the Gran [97]
There are almost 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) (almost 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania. [98] Of these, Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere is the largest and least damaged wetland complex in Europe, covering a total area of 5,800 km² (2,200 sq mi). The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta [99] The significance of the biodiversity of the Danube Delta has been internationally recognised. It was declared a Biosphere Reserve in September 1990, a Ramsar site in May 1991, and over 50% of its area was placed on the World Heritage List in December 1991. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [100] Within its boundaries is one of the most extensive reed bed systems in the world. Reed beds are a natural habitat found in Floodplains waterlogged depressions and estuaries. [101] There are two other biosphera reserves: Retezat National Park and Rodna National Park. Retezat National Park, located in Hunedoara county, Romania, was founded in 1935 and has an area of 380 km² Rodna Mountains ( Munţii Rodnei) are a subdivision of the Eastern Carpathians in Northern Romania.
Climate
Owing to its distance from the open sea and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is transitional between temperate and continental with four distinct seasons. The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta Because of its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent Romania has a climate which ranges from from temperate to continental Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year The average annual temperature is 11°C in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north. [102] The extreme recorded temperatures are 44. This is a list of Weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories 5 °C (112. 1 °F) in Ion Sion 1951 and −38. 5 °C (−37 °F) in Bod 1942. [103]
Spring is pleasant with cool mornings and nights and warm days. Summers are generally very warm to hot, with summer (June to August) average maximum temperatures in Bucharest being around 28 °C (82 °F),[104] with temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country. Minima in Bucharest and other lower-lying areas are around 16 °C (61 °F), but at higher altitudes both maxima and minima decline considerably. Autumn is dry and cool, with fields and trees producing colorful foliage. Winters can be cold, with average maxima even in lower-lying areas being no more than 2 °C (36 °F) and below −15 °C (5. 0 °F) in the highest mountains, where some areas of permafrost occur on the highest peaks. This article is about frozen ground For other meanings see Permafrost (disambiguation. [105]
Precipitation is average with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains — much of it falling as snow which allows for an extensive skiing industry. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. In the south-centern parts of the country (around Bucharest) the level of precipitation drops to around 600 mm (24 in),[106] while in the Danube Delta, rainfall levels are very low, and average only around 370 mm.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census, Romania has a population of 21,698,181 and, similarly to other countries in the region, is expected to gently decline in the coming years as a result of sub-replacement fertility rates. About 895% of the people of Romania are ethnic Romanians, whose language Romanian, is an Eastern Romance language, descended primarily from Latin Sub-replacement fertility is a Total fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area's population Romanians make up 89. The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni 5% of the population. The largest ethnic minorities are Hungarians, who make up 6. Only about 105% of the Romania 's population represented by minorities (the rest of 89 The Hungarian minority of Romania is the largest ethnic minority in Romania consisting of 1434377 people and making up 6 6% of the population and Roma, or Gypsies, who make up 2. The Roma ( Roma in Romany; Romi, Rromi or Ţigani in Romanian) constitute one of the major minorities in 46% of the population. By the official census 535,250 Roma live in Romania. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins [107][108] Hungarians, who are a sizeable minority in Transylvania, constitute a majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Harghita (har'gita Judeţul Harghita Hargita megye is a county ( Judeţ) in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat Covasna (ko'vasna Kovászna is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania, with the capital city at Sfântu Gheorghe. Ukrainians, Germans, Lipovans, Turks, Tatars, Serbs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Russians, Jews, Czechs, Poles, Italians, Armenians, as well as other ethnic groups, account for the remaining 1. The Ukrainians (Українці Ucraineni are the third-largest ethnic minority in Romania, numbering 61091 people according to the 2002 census and The Germans of Romania or Rumäniendeutsche were 700000 strong in 1938 Lipovans or Lippovans (Lipoveni Липовани Липоване липованци are the Old Believers, mostly of Russian ethnic origin who settled History As the entire Balkan Peninsula become an integral part of the emerging Ottoman Empire (a process which concluded with the Fall of Constantinople Tatars (Tătari were present on the territory of today's Romania since the 13th century The Slovaks ( Slováci in Slovak, slovaci in Romanian) are an ethnic minority in Romania, numbering 17199 people The Banat Bulgarians ( Banat Bulgarian: palćene or banátsći balgare; common банатски българи banatski balgari) are a distinct The Croats ( Hrvati in Croatian, croaţi in Romanian) are an ethnic minority in Romania, numbering 6786 people There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory The Czechs (Češi Cehi are an ethnic minority in Romania, numbering 3938 people according to the 2002 census The Italian Romanians are people of Italian descent who reside or have moved to Romania Armenians have been present in what is now Romania and Moldova for over a millennium and have been an important presence as traders since the 14th century 4% of the population. [109]
The overall density figures conceal considerable regional variation. Population densities are naturally highest in the towns, with the plains (up to altitudes of some 700 ft/210 m) having the next highest density, especially in areas with intensive agriculture or a traditionally high birth rate (e. g. , northern Moldavia and the “contact” zone with the Subcarpathians); areas at altitudes of 700 to 2,000 feet (600 m), rich in mineral resources, orchards, vineyards, and pastures, support the lowest densities. Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Subcarpathia may refer to one of the following Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland (modern and historical Subcarpathian (European An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million.
The official language of Romania is Romanian, an Eastern Romance language related to Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Catalan. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The Eastern Romance languages, sometimes known as the Vlach languages, are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91% of the population, with Hungarian and Rroma, being the most important minority languages, spoken by 6. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The Roma ( Roma in Romany; Romi, Rromi or Ţigani in Romanian) constitute one of the major minorities in 7% and 1. 1% of the population, respectively. [109] Until the 1990s, there was also a substantial number of German-speaking Transylvanian Saxons, even though many have since emigrated to Germany, leaving only 45,000 native German speakers in Romania. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th In localities where a given ethnic minority makes up more than 20% of the population, that minority's language can be used in the public administration and justice system, while native-language education and signage is also provided. English and French are the main foreign languages taught in schools. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is spoken by 5 million Romanians, French is spoken by 4-5 million, and German, Italian and Spanish are each spoken by 1-2 million people. [110] Historically, French was the predominant foreign language spoken in Romania, even though English has since superseded it. Consequently, Romanian English-speakers tend to be younger than Romanian French-speakers. Romania is, however, a full member of La Francophonie, and hosted the Francophonie Summit in 2006. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples [111] German has been taught predominantly in Transylvania, due to traditions tracing back to the Austro-Hungarian rule in this province.
Religion
Romania is a secular state, thus having no national religion. Romania is a Secular state, thus having no National religion. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church A secular state is a State or Country that is officially neutral in matters of Religion, neither supporting nor opposing any particular religious beliefs A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The dominant religious body is the Romanian Orthodox Church, an autocephalous church within the Eastern Orthodox communion; its members make up 86. The Romanian Orthodox Church ( Biserica Ortodoxă Română in Romanian) is a Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Full communion is a term used in Christian Ecclesiology to describe the relationship of communion, with mutually recognized sharing of the same essential 7% of the population according to the 2002 census. Other important Christian denominations include Roman Catholicism (4. Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within The Roman-Catholic Church (Biserica Romano-Catolică din România in Romania is a Latin Church Christian church part of the worldwide Catholic Church 7%), Protestantism (3. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. 7%), Pentecostalism (1. Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism 5%) and the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church (0. The Romanian Church United with Rome Greek-Catholic (Biserica Română Unită cu Roma Greco-Catolică is an Eastern Rite or Greek-Catholic Church ranked as a Major 9%). [109] Romania also has a historically significant Muslim minority concentrated in Dobrogea, mostly of Turkish ethnicity and numbering 67,500 people. Islam in Romania is followed by only 03 percent of population but has 700 years of tradition in Northern Dobruja, a region on the Black Sea coast which was part [112] Based on the 2002 census data, there are also 6,179 Jews, 23,105 people who are of no religion and/or atheist, and 11,734 who refused to answer. The history of Jews in Romania concerns the Jews of Romania and of Romanian origins from their first mention on what is nowadays Romanian territory Atheism On December 27, 2006, a new Law on Religion was approved under which religious denominations can only receive official registration if they have at least 20,000 members, or about 0. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 1 percent of Romania's total population. [113]
Largest cities
Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third The current legislation in Romania regulates the status of the 265 cities according to their population and regional importance Rank 0 - Bucharest, the Capital Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. At the census in 2002, its population was over 1. 9 million. [114] The metropolitan area of Bucharest has a population of about 2. The current legislation in Romania regulates the status of the 265 cities according to their population and regional importance Rank 0 - Bucharest, the Capital } The Bucharest metropolitan area includes Bucharest, the capital city of Romania, and surrounding communes. 2 million. There are several plans to increase further its metropolitan area to about 20 times the area of the city proper. ----The term city limits (or city boundary) refers to the defined boundary of a City. [115][116]
There are 5 more cities in Romania, with a population of around 300,000, that are also present in EU top 100 most populous cities. This is a list of the largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits. These are: Iaşi, Cluj-Napoca, Timişoara, Constanţa, and Craiova. Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Timişoara (pronunciation in Romanian: {{IPA|/timiˈʃo̯ara/}}; Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeschburg, Temeswar Constanţa (pronunciation in Romanian: /kon'stanʦa/ historical names Tomis, Κωνστάντια or Constantia, Köstence Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central The other cities with populations over 200,000 are Galaţi, Braşov, Ploieşti, Brăila and Oradea. Galaţi (gaˈlaʦʲ Kalas Galatz Gałacz is a city in eastern Romania ( Moldavia) the capital city of Galaţi County on the banks of the Danube Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Ploieşti (ploˈjeʃtʲ older spelling Ploeşti) is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia, Romania Brăila (pronunciation in Romanian: /brə'ila/ Браила Ibrail is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Another 13 cities have populations over 100,000. [117]
Until now, several of the largest cities have a metropolitan area: Constanţa (550,000 people), Braşov, Iaşi (both with around 400,000) and Oradea (260,000) and several others are planned: Timişoara (400,000), Cluj-Napoca (400,000), Brǎila-Galaţi (600,000), Craiova (370,000), Bacau and Ploieşti. The current legislation in Romania regulates the status of the 265 cities according to their population and regional importance Rank 0 - Bucharest, the Capital } Constanţa metropolitan area has been established in 2007 and includes the municipality of Constanţa, the 5 cities of Năvodari, Ovidiu, Eforie Braşov metropolitan area is a region in Braşov County, Romania, that includes the municipality of Braşov and 12 other nearby communities } Metropolitan Zone of Iaşi is a region in Iaşi County, România, that includes the municipality of Iaşi and 13 nearby communes: } Oradea metropolitan area includes since 2002 the municipality of Oradea and 8 nearby communes Biharia, Borş, Cetariu, Nojorid } The Metropolitan Zone of Timişoara is an undergoing project for the creation of an administrative unit to integrate Timişoara with the nearby communes Dumbrăviţa } The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 360000 } The Cantemir metropolitan area will be formed from the cities of Galaţi and Brăila in Romania. Craiova (kraˈjova the fifth largest Romanian city and capital of Dolj County, is situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Bacău (in Romanian: /ba'kəw/ is the main city in Bacău County, Romania. Ploieşti (ploˈjeʃtʲ older spelling Ploeşti) is the county seat of Prahova County and lies in the historical region of Wallachia, Romania [118]
Education
Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian education system has been in a continuous process of reformation that has been both praised and criticized. The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din Bucureşti in Romania, is a University founded in 1864 by Decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza See also History of Romanian education According to the Law on Education adopted in 1995 the Romanian Educational System is regulated by the Ministry of Education The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae For other uses see Reform (disambiguation Reform means beneficial change or sometimes more specifically reversion to a pure original [119] According to the Law on Education adopted in 1995, the Educational System is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Research. The Ministry of Education Research and Youth (Ministerul Educaţiei Cercetǎrii şi Tineretului is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania. Each level has its own form of organization and is subject to different legislations. Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years old. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Schooling starts at age 7 (sometimes 6), and is compulsory until the 10th grade (which usually corresponds to the age of 17 or 16). A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" [120] Primary and secondary education are divided in 12 or 13 grades. See also Primary education A primary school (from French école primaire) is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes Higher education is aligned onto the European higher education area. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges The European Higher Education Area ( EHEA) is the objective of the Bologna process - to create more comparable compatible and coherent systems of Higher education
Aside from the official schooling system, and the recently-added private equivalents, there exists a semi-legal, informal, fully private tutoring system (meditaţii). In British Australian New Zealand Italian and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a Postgraduate Student or a Lecturer Tutoring is mostly used during secondary as a preparation for the various examinations, which are notoriously difficult. Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes Tutoring is wide-spread, and it can be considered a part of the Education System. It has subsisted and even prospered during the Communist regime.
In 2004, some 4. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 4 million of the population was enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in kindergarten, 3. 11 million (14% of population) in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 (3% of population) in tertiary level (universities). [121] In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97. 3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide). [122] The results of the PISA assessment study in schools for the year 2000 placed Romania on the 34th rank out of 42 participant countries with a general weighted score of 432 representing 85% of the mean OECD score. [123] According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, in 2006 no Romanian university was included in the first 500 top universities world wide. The Academic Ranking of World Universities is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ’s Institute of Higher Education and includes major institutes of higher education ranked [124] Using similar methodology to these rankings, it was reported that the best placed Romanian university, Bucharest University, attained the half score of the last university in the world top 500. The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din Bucureşti in Romania, is a University founded in 1864 by Decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza [125]
Romanian high school curricula have recently been censored and restructured, owing to a growing trend of religious conservatism. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor In 2006, the theory of evolution, which has been taught since the country's Communist era, has been dropped from the compulsory curriculum nationwide. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Philosophical writers critical of religion, such as Voltaire and Camus have also been removed from the philosophy curriculum. Instead, students are taught 7-day Creationism in Orthodox religion classes, which under a new proposal would become compulsory. Creation according to Genesis refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis [126]
Economy
With a GDP of around $264 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $12,285[127] estimated for 2008, Romania is an upper-middle income country economy[128] and has been part of the European Union since January 1, 2007. Romania is an upper-middle income EU member economy of Central - Eastern Europe Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. After the Communist regime was overthrown in late 1989, the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae From 2000 onwards, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative macroeconomic stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. Macroeconomics is a branch of Economics that deals with the performance structure and behavior of a national or regional Economy as a whole Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time In 2006, according to the Romanian Statistics Office, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7. The National Institute of Statistics (Institutul Naţional de Statistică is a Romanian government agency which is responsible for collecting national Statistics, 7%, one of the highest rates in Europe. [129] The growth dampened to 6. 1% in 2007,[130] and is expected to exceed 8% in 2008 because of a high production forecasted in agriculture (30-50% higher then in 2007). The GDP grew by 8. 2% in the first quarter of 2008. [131] Unemployment in Romania was at 3. 9% in September 2007[132] which is very low compared to other middle-sized or large European countries such as Poland, France, Germany and Spain. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Foreign debt is also comparatively low, at 20. 3% of GDP. [133] Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 25% year-on-year rise in exports in the first quarter of 2006. Romania's main exports are clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, cars, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The country, however, maintains a large trade deficit, which increased sharply during 2007 by 50%, to 15 billon euros. [134]
After a series of privatisations and reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies. [135] In 2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, resulting in the country having the lowest fiscal burden in the European Union,[136] a factor which has contributed to the growth of the private sector. A progressive tax is a Tax imposed so that the Tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases A flat tax (short for flat rate tax is a Tax system with a constant tax rate The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 55% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 35% and 10% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 32% of the Romanian population is employed in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe. [133] Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. Foreign direct investment was valued at €8. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country 3 billion in 2006. [137] According to a 2006 World Bank report, Romania currently ranks 49th out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring higher than other countries in the region such as Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, [138] Additionally, the same study judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after Georgia) in 2006. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between [139] The average gross wage per month in Romania is 1411 lei in September 2007,[140] equating to €403. 3 (US$597. 3) based on international exchange rates, and $1001. 1 based on purchasing power parity. [141]
Transportation
Due to its location, Romania is a major crossroad for International economic exchange in Europe. Public roads in Romania are ranked according to importance and traffic as follows motorways ( autostradă - pl Due to its location Romania is a major crossroad for international economic exchange in Europe and international transports However, because of insufficient investment, maintenance and repair, the transport infrastructure does not meet the current needs of a market economy and lags behind Western Europe. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Nevertheless, these conditions are rapidly improving and catching up with the standards of Trans-European transport networks. The Trans-European Transport Networks are a planned set road rail air and water transport networks designed to serve the entire continent of Europe Several projects have been started with funding from grants from ISPA and several loans from International Financial Institutions (World Bank, IMF, etc. Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession ( ISPA) is one of the three financial instruments of the European Union (along with Phare and SAPARD International financial institutions, or IFIs, refers to Financial institutions that have been established (or chartered by more than one country and hence are subjects The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic ) guaranteed by the state, to upgrade the main road corridors. The ten Pan-European transport corridors were defined at the second Pan-European transport Conference in Crete, March 1994, as routes in Central and Eastern Europe Also, the Government is actively pursuing new external financing or public-private partnerships to further upgrade the main roads, and especially the country's motorway network. Public roads in Romania are ranked according to importance and traffic as follows motorways ( autostradă - pl
World Bank estimates that the railway network in Romania comprised in 2004 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, which would make it the fourth largest railroad network in Europe. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e [142] The railway transport experienced a dramatic fall in freight and passenger volumes from the peak volumes recorded in 1989 mainly due to the decline in GDP and competition from road transport. In 2004, the railways carried 8. 64 billion passenger-km in 99 million passenger journeys, and 73 million metric tonnes, or 17 billion ton-km of freight. [143] The combined total transportation by rail constituted around 45% of all passenger and freight movement in the country. [143]
Bucharest is the only city in Romania which has an underground railway system. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway The Bucharest Metro was only opened in 1979. The Bucharest Metro ( Metroul Bucureşti in Romanian) is an underground urban railway network that serves the capital of Romania, Bucharest. Now is one of the most accessed systems of the Bucharest public transport network with an average ridership of 600,000 passengers during the workweek. Bucharest boasts the largest transport network in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. [144]
Tourism
Tourism focuses on the country's natural landscapes and its rich history and is a significant contributor to the Romania's economy. Tourism in Romania focuses on the country's natural landscapes and its rich history In 2006, the domestic and international tourism generated about 4. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel 8% of gross domestic product and 5. 8% of the total jobs (about half a million jobs). [145] Following commerce, tourism is the second largest component of the services sector. Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest developing sectors of the economy of Romania and characterized by a huge potential for development. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council Romania is the fourth fastest growing country in the world in terms of travel and tourism total demand with a yearly potential growth of 8% from 2007-2016. The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC was conceptualized in the early 1980s when a group of CEOs came to the realization that although Travel & Tourism was [146] Number of tourists grew from 4. 8 million in 2002 to 6. 6 million in 2004. [143] Similarly, the revenues grew from 400 million in 2002 to 607 in 2004. [143] In 2006, Romania registered 20 million overnight stays by international tourists, an all-time record,[147] but the number for 2007 is expected to increase even more. [148] Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005. [149]
Over the last years, Romania has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans (more than 60% of the foreign visitors were from EU countries[148]), thus attempting to compete with Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Spain. Mamaia is the biggest resort on the Romanian Black Sea shore It is situated immediately north-east of Constanţa, Romania The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania destinations such as Mangalia, Saturn, Venus, Neptun, Olimp, Constanta and Mamaia (sometimes called the Romanian Riviera) and are among the most popular attraction during summer. Mangalia (man'galia Callatis Panglicara other historical names Pangalia, Tomisovara) is a city and a port on the Romanian coast of the Saturn is a summer resort on the Romanian seacoast on the Black Sea, 1 km (0 Venus is a summer resort on the Romanian seacoast on the Black Sea, 3 km (1 Neptun is a summer resort on the Romanian seacoast, on the Black Sea, 6 km (3 Olimp is a summer resort on the Romanian seacoast on the Black Sea, 7 km (4 Constanţa (pronunciation in Romanian: /kon'stanʦa/ historical names Tomis, Κωνστάντια or Constantia, Köstence Mamaia is the biggest resort on the Romanian Black Sea shore It is situated immediately north-east of Constanţa, Romania The Romanian Black Sea Riviera stretches from Danube Delta in north down to the Bulgarian Black Sea Riviera in south along 275 km of coastline [150] During winter the skiing resorts along the Valea Prahovei and Poiana Braşov are booming with visitors. Prahova Valley (Romanian Valea Prahovei) is the valley where the Prahova river makes its way between the Bucegi and the Baiului Mountains Poiana Braşov Brassópojána is the most popular Romanian Ski resort and an important touristic center preferred by many tourists not only from Romania but also Several cities in Transylvania (such as Sibiu, Braşov, Sighişoara, Cluj-Napoca, Târgu Mureş and several others) have become important touristic attractions for foreign tourists - especially for their medieval atmosphere and castles. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Castles are declared hystoric monuments by the Ministry of culture of Romania. Rural tourism focused on folklore and traditions, has become a major issue for the authorities recently, and is targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the Painted churches of Northern Moldavia, the Wooden churches of Maramureş, or the Merry Cemetery in Maramureş County. Bran is the hard outer layer of Grain and consists of combined Aleurone and Pericarp. The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately The Maramureş wooden churches in Northern Transylvania are a selection of eight examples of different Architectural solutions from different The Merry Cemetery (Cimitirul Vesel is a Cemetery in the village of Săpânţa, Maramureş county Romania. Maramureş (mara'mureʃ is a county ( Judeţ) of Romania, in the Maramureş region There are several major natural attractions in Romania - such as Danube Delta,[143] Iron Gates (Danube Gorge), Scărişoara Cave and several other caves in the Apuseni Mountains - that have not received great attention from the authorities and whose potential has not been fully tapped. The Danube Delta ( Romanian: Delta Dunării; Ukrainian: Дельта Дунаю Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest delta For the Iron Gates built by Alexander the Great in the Alexander Romance, see Gates of Alexander. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Scărişoara Cave ( Romanian: Peştera Scărişoara) is one of the biggest ice caves in the Romanian part of Carpathians, more specifically in The Apuseni Mountains (Munţii Apuseni Erdélyi-szigethegység is a Mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Carpathians
Culture
Romania has its unique culture, which is the product of its geography and of its distinct historical evolution. Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its The Palace of Culture ( Romanian Palatul Culturii) is one of the largest buildings of Romania, located in the city of Iaşi. Iaşi (pronunciation in Romanian: /jaʃʲ/ or Jassy, is a city and municipality in north-eastern Romania. Romania has a unique culture which is the product of its geography and of its distinct historical evolution Like Romanians themselves, it is fundamentally defined as the meeting point of three regions: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans, but cannot be truly included in any of them. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. [151] The Romanian identity formed on a substratum of mixed Roman and quite possibly Dacian elements,[152] with many other influences. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " During late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the major influences came from the Slavic peoples who migrated and settled in nearby Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine and eventually Russia; from medieval Greeks and the Byzantine Empire; from a long domination by the Ottoman Empire; from the Hungarians; and from the Germans living in Transylvania. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen Erdélyi szászok Saşi are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen from the 12th Modern Romanian culture emerged and developed over roughly the last 250 years under a strong influence from Western culture, particularly French and German culture. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and The German language (both as an official language and as a minority language is spoken in a number of countries and territories in West and Central Europe
Arts
The Romanian literature began to truly evolve with the revolutions of 1848 and the union of the two Danubian Principalities in 1856. The Romanian Athenaeum Romanian literature is Literature written by Romanian authors although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language. Romania is a European country whose population consists mainly (approx The art of Romania describes the artists and artistic movements in Romania. The cinema of Romania is the art of motion-picture making within the nation of Romania or by Romanian filmmakers abroad Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b an ethnic philosophy which expresses at a high level the fundamental features The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist uprising in the principality of Wallachia. Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the The Origin of the Romanians began to be discussed and in Transylvania and Romanian scholars began studying in France, Italy and Germany. The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a people speaking Romanian, a Romance language The Transylvanian School ( Şcoala Ardeleană in Romanian) was a cultural movement which was founded after part of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Habsburg The German philosophy and French culture were integrated into modern Romanian literature and a new elite of artists lead to the appearance of some of the classics of the Romanian literature such as Mihai Eminescu, George Coşbuc, Ioan Slavici. George Coşbuc ( September 20 1866, Hordou nowadays Coşbuc in Bistriţa-Năsăud County &mdash May 9 1918, Ioan Slavici ( January 18, 1848 &ndash August 17, 1925) was a Transylvanian born Romanian Although they remain little known outside Romania, they are very appreciated within Romania for giving birth to a true Romanian literature by creating modern lyrics with inspiration from the old folklore tales. A feature of Romanian culture is the special relationship between folklore and the learned culture determined by two factors Of them, Eminescu is considered the most important and influential Romanian poet, and is still very much loved for his creations, and especially the poem Luceafărul. Luceafăr in Romanian is the name of the morning star (the planet Venus) which in Romanian folklore is associated with demons but is also [153] Among other writers that made large contributions around the second half of 19th century are Mihail Kogălniceanu (also the first prime minister of Romania), Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, and Ion Creangă. Mihail Kogălniceanu ( September 6, 1817 &ndash July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian born Romanian liberal statesman lawyer Vasile Alecsandri, ( 21 July 1821 &ndash 22 August 1890) was a Romanian poet playwright politician and diplomat Nicolae Bălcescu ( June 29, 1819 &mdash November 29, 1852) was a Romanian Wallachian soldier historian journalist Ion Luca Caragiale ( February 1, 1852 &ndash July 9, 1912) was a Romanian Playwright and Short story writer Ion Creangă (born March 1, 1837 or June 10, 1839 in Humuleşti, Neamţ County — dead December 31, 1889
The first half of the 20th century is regarded by many Romanian scholars as the Golden Age of Romanian culture and it is the period when it reached its main level of international affirmation and a strong connection to the European cultural trends. A national poet or national bard is a Poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity beliefs and principles of a particular national Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures The most important artist who had a great influence on the world culture was the sculptor Constantin Brâncuşi, a central figure of the modern movement and a pioneer of abstraction, the innovator of world sculpture by immersion in the primordial sources of folk creation. Constantin Brâncuşi, ( February 19, 1876 &ndash March 16, 1957) konstanˈtin brɨnˈkuʃʲ was an internationally renowned Romanian His sculptures blend simplicity and sophistication that led the way for modernist sculptors. History of Modern art Roots in the 19th century Although modern Sculpture and Architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the nineteenth [154] As a testimony to his skill, one of his pieces, "Bird in Space" , was sold in an auction for $27. "Bird in Space" is a series of sculptures by Constantin Brancusi, a Romanian sculptor 5 million in 2005, a record for any sculpture. [155][156][157] In the period between the two world wars, authors like Tudor Arghezi, Lucian Blaga, Eugen Lovinescu, Ion Barbu, Liviu Rebreanu made efforts to synchronize Romanian literature with the European literature of the time. Tudor Arghezi (pronunciation in Romanian: /'tudor ar'gezi/ May 21, 1880 &mdash July 14, 1967) was a major Romanian writer Lucian Blaga ( May 9 1895 - May 6 1961) was a Romanian poet playwright and philosopher Eugen Lovinescu ( 31 October 1881 &mdash1943 was a Romanian modernist literary historian Ion Barbu ( Pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895, Rucăr, Argeş County &ndash 11 August 1961 Liviu Rebreanu ( November 27 1885 &mdash September 1 1944) was a Romanian Novelist, From this period comes also George Enescu, probably the best known Romanian musician. George Enescu (pronunciation in Romanian: /'ʤěorʤe e'nesku/ known in France as Georges Enesco) ( August 19 1881, Liveni &ndash [158] He is a composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, teacher, and one of the greatest performers of his time,[159] in whose honor is held the annually in Bucharest, the classical music George Enescu Festival. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures The George Enescu Festival (also known as George Enescu Festival and International Competition) is the biggest Classical music festival and classical international
After the world wars, communism brough heavy censorship on almost all elements of life and they used the cultural world as a mean to better control the population. The Endless Column (Romanian Coloana fără sfârşit or Coloana infinitului) is a sculpture created by Constantin Brâncuşi Târgu Jiu (also spelled Tîrgu Jiu) is the capital of Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. The freedom of expression was constantly restricted in various ways, but the likes of Gellu Naum, Nichita Stănescu, Marin Sorescu or Marin Preda managed to escape censorship, broke with "socialist realism" and were the leaders of a small "Renaissance" in Romanian literature. Gellu Naum ( August 1, 1915 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a prominent Romanian poet dramatist novelist children's writer and translator Nichita Stănescu (born Nichita Hristea Stănescu) ( March 31 1933, Ploieşti &mdash December 13 1983, Bucharest Marin Sorescu ( February 29, 1936 - December 8, 1996) was a Romanian poet playwright and novelist Marin Preda ( 5 August 1922 &ndash 16 May 1980) was a Romanian novelist often considered the best of post-WWII Romania Socialist realism is a teleologically -oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of Socialism and Communism [160] While not many of them managed to obtain international acclaim due to the censorship, some like Constantin Noica, Tristan Tzara and Mircea Cărtărescu had their works published abroad even though they got jailed for various political reasons. "Noica" redirects here For the politician see Nicolae Noica --> Constantin Noica (/kon Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S Mircea Cărtărescu (born June 1 1956) is a Romanian Poet, Novelist and Essayist.
Some artists chose to leave the country entirely, and continued to make contributions in exile. Among them Eugen Ionescu, Mircea Eliade and Emil Cioran became renown worldwide for their works. Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu ( November 26, 1909 – March 28, 1994 Mircea Eliade ( – April 22, 1986) was a Romanian historian of religion fiction writer philosopher and professor at the University of Chicago Emil Cioran ( April 8 1911 – June 20 1995) was a Romanian Philosopher and Essayist. Other literary figures who enjoy acclaim outside of the country include the poet Paul Celan and Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel, both survivors of the Holocaust. Paul Celan (ˈpaʊl tseˈlaːn November 23, 1920 – approximately April 20, 1970) was the most frequently used Pseudonym of Elie Wiesel (born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30 1928 in Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania) is a Jewish writer professor political activist Some famous Romanian artists musicians are the folk artist Tudor Gheorghe, and the virtuoso of the pan flute Gheorghe Zamfir - who is reported to have sold over 120 million albums worldwide. Tudor Gheorghe is a Romanian singer and actor He was listed as number 76 on the 2006 100 Greatest Romanians of All Time Born on August 1, 1945 in Podari The pan flute or pan pipe (also known as panflute or panpipes) is an ancient Musical instrument based on the principle of the Closed Gheorghe Zamfir (ˈge̯orge zamˈfir in Romanian born April 6 1941) is a Romanian Pan flute musician who has received 120 golden and platinum disc awards [161][162]
Romanian cinema has recently achieved worldwide acclaim with the appearance of such films as The Death of Mr. Lazarescu, directed by Cristi Puiu, (Cannes 2005 Prix un certain regard winner), and 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days, directed by Cristian Mungiu (Cannes 2007 Palme d'Or winner). The Death of Mr Lazarescu ( Romanian title Moartea domnului Lăzărescu) is a Romanian Drama made in 2005 by Cristi Puiu (born 3 April 1967) is a Romanian Film director and Screenwriter. The 2005 Cannes Film Festival started on May 11 and ran until May 22. Un Certain Regard (lit A Certain Glance fig A certain outlook is a section of the Cannes Film Festival 's Official Selection 4 Months 3 Weeks and 2 Days (4 luni 3 săptămâni şi 2 zile is a 2007 Romanian film written and directed by Cristian Mungiu. Cristian Mungiu (b 1968 Iaşi) is a Romanian Filmmaker, winner of the Palme d'Or in 2007 The 2007 Cannes Film Festival, also known as the 60th Annual Cannes Film Festival ran from May 16 to 27 2007 The Palme d'Or ( English: Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to competing films at the Cannes Film Festival. [163] The latter, according to Variety, is "further proof of Romania's new prominence in the film world. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman "[164]
Monuments
- See also: List of castles in Romania, List of museums in Romania, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Romania
The UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites[165] includes Romanian sites such as the Saxon villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, the Painted churches of northern Moldavia with their fine exterior and interior frescoes, the Wooden Churches of Maramures unique examples that combine Gothic style with traditional timber construction, the Monastery of Horezu, the citadel of Sighişoara, and the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains. The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Castles are declared hystoric monuments by the Ministry of culture of Romania. This is a very incomplete list of museums located in Romania In Bucharest See also List of buildings in Bucharest#Museums "Theodor Aman" Museum UNESCO has included up until now 7 sites in Romania on the list of World Heritage Sites. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Transylvanian villages were often organised around a fortified church The painted churches of northern Moldavia are seven Romanian Orthodox churches in Suceava County, Romania in northern Moldavia, built approximately The Maramureş wooden churches in Northern Transylvania are a selection of eight examples of different Architectural solutions from different The Monastery of Horezu was founded in 1690 by Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu in the town of Horezu, Wallachia, Romania. Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Built in Murus dacicus style the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains, in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD [166] Romania's contribution to the World Heritage List stands out because it consists of some groups of monuments scattered around the country, rather than one or two special landmarks. [167] Also, in 2007, the city of Sibiu famous for its Brukenthal National Museum is the European Capital of Culture alongside the city of Luxembourg. Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in The Brukenthal National Museum (Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal is a Museum in Sibiu, Romania, housed in the palace of Samuel von Brukenthal &mdash The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one Calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by
Government
Politics
The Constitution of Romania is based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic[143] and was approved in a national referendum on 8 December 1991. Politics of Romania take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Romania is The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. [143] A plebiscite held in October 2003 approved 79 amendments to the Constitution, bringing it into conformity with the European Union legislation. [143] Romania is governed on the basis of multi-party democratic system and of the segregation of the legal, executive and judicial powers. [143] The Constitution states that Romania is a semi-presidential democratic republic where executive functions are shared between the president and the prime minister. The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration The President of Romania is the Head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a Two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004 The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. The President is elected by popular vote for maximum two terms, and since the amendments in 2003, the terms are five years. The President of Romania is the Head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a Two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004 [143] The President appoints the Prime Minister, who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. The current Cabinet of the Government of Romania is composed of 18 ministers listed below Călin-Constantin-Anton Popescu - Tăriceanu [143] While the president resides at Cotroceni Palace, the Prime Minister with the Romanian Government is based at Victoria Palace. Cotroceni Palace is a palace of Bucharest which is the residence of the President of Romania, located at Bulevardul Geniului nr The Government of Romania (Guvernul României is the executive branch of Romania. For the London, England theatre venue see Victoria Palace Theatre.
The legislative branch of the government, collectively known as the Parliament (Parlamentul României), consists of two chambers – the Senate (Senat), which has 140 members, and the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor), which has 346 members. The Parliament of Romania is made up of two chambers The Chamber of Deputies The Senate Prior to In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The Senate of Romania ( romanian: "Senat" is the upper house in Romania 's Bicameral parliament. The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor is the lower house in Romania 's Bicameral parliament. [143] The members of both chambers are elected every four years under a system of party-list proportional representation. Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of Voting systems used in multiple-winner Elections (e [143]
The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical system of courts culminating in the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which is the supreme court of Romania. The High Court of Cassation and Justice (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie is Romania 's Supreme court. [170] There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial system is strongly influenced by the French model,[143][171] considering that it is based on civil law and is inquisitorial in nature. In academic terms French law can be divided into two main categories private law (" droit privé " and public law (" droit public " Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. This article is about the inquisitorial system for organizing court proceedings The Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituţională) is responsible for judging the compliance of laws and other state regulations to the Romanian Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the country. The Constitutional Court of Romania ( Curtea Constituţională in Romanian) is the institution which rules on whether the laws decrees or other bills enacted The 1991 Constitution of Romania is the fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania, the rights and obligations of the country's citizens and The constitution, which was introduced in 1991, can only be amended by a public referendum, the last one being in 2003. Since this amendment, the court's decisions cannot be overruled by any majority of the parliament.
The country's entry into the European Union in 2007 has been a significant influence on its domestic policy. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in As part of the process, Romania has instituted reforms including judicial reform, increased judicial cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption. Recent decades have seen a surge in the birth of "supraterritorial institutions and associations", that have been gathered by their enactment of Common law and practices Nevertheless, in 2006 Brussels report, Romania and Bulgaria were described as the two most corrupt countries in the EU. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian [172]
Administrative divisions
Romania is divided into forty-one counties (judeţe), as well as the municipality of Bucharest (Bucureşti) - which is its own administrative unit. Romania 's administration is relatively centralised and administrative subdivisions are therefore fairly simplified List of counties See also List of Romanian Counties by Population The Judeţe (translated in English as "counties" are administrative Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Each county is administered by a county council (consiliu judeţean), responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect, who is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.
The country is further subdivided into 319 cities and 2686 communes (rural localities). This is the list of cities in Romania ordered by population according to the 2002 census A commune ( comună in Romanian) is the lowest level of administrative subdivision in Romania [173] Each of these have their own local councils and are headed by a mayor (primar). 103 of the larger and more urbanised cities have the status of municipality, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. County capitals of Romania A municipality ( municipiu in
Alongside the county structure, Romania is also divided into four NUTS-1 level divisions (Romanian:Macroregiunea) and eight development regions corresponding to NUTS-2 divisions in the European Union. The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode The development regions of Romania (Romanian regiunile de dezvoltare României) refer to the eight regional divisions created in Romania in 1998 in order [174] These divisions have no administrative capacity and are instead used for co-ordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes. The NUTS-3 level divisions reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties and the Bucharest municipality. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. [174]
- Macroregiunea 1:
- Macroregiunea 2:
- Macroregiunea 3:
- Sud-Muntenia (7 counties)
- Bucureşti-Ilfov (1 county and Bucharest)
- Macroregiunea 4:
- Sud-Vest Oltenia (5 counties)
- Vest (4 counties)
Foreign relations
Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union. Nord-Vest ( North West) is a development region in Romania, created in 1998 Centru ( Centre) is a development region in Romania. Demographics Centru has a total population of 2523021 Nord-Est ( North East) is a development region in Romania. Counties The Nord-Est region is made up of the following counties Sud-Est ( South East) is a development region in Romania. Sud ( South) is a development region in Romania. The Capital of South Development Region is Călăraşi. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is a development region in Romania, encompassing the national capital Bucharest, as well as the surrounding Sud-Vest ( South West) is a development region in Romania. It is roughly coterminous with the historic region of Oltenia (824% and from Vest ( West) is a development region in Romania created in 1998 Since December 1989 Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general more specifically with the United States and the European Union The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in It joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) on March 29, 2004, the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2007, and the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a member of the World Trade Organization. The North Atlantic Treaty Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e
The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other Eastern European countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the West. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Romania has also made clear over the past 10 years that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, Croatia and Moldova joining the European Union. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania With Turkey, Romania shares a privileged economic relation. [175] Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary - the latter supported Romania's bid to join the EU. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and U. Traian Băsescu (born November 4 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country. [176]
Relations with Moldova are rather special, considering that the two countries practically share the same language, and a fairly common historical background. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Moldavia (Moldova is a geographic and historical region and former Principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between Eastern Carpathians Signs in the early 1990s that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule, quickly faded away when a pro-Russian government was formed in Moldova. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, but the two countries have been unable even to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. For more information see Movement for unification of Romania and Moldova. A movement for the unification of Romania and Moldova began in both countries after the 1989 Romanian Revolution and the Glasnost policy in the Soviet Union
Sports
Football (soccer) is by far the most popular sport in Romania. The most popular sport in Romania is Football (soccer. Other popular sports include Team handball, Basketball, Rugby union, Tennis Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered [177] The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The Romanian Football Federation ( FRF) ( Romanian: Federaţia Română de Fotbal) is the governing body of football in Romania. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. The top division of the Romanian Professional Football League attracted an average of 5417 spectators per game in the 2006-07 season. The Romanian Professional Football League ( Romanian: Liga Profesionista de Footbal or LPF) manages Liga I - the top professional division [178] At international level, the Romanian National Football Team has taken part 7 times in the Football World Cup, and it had the most successful period throughout the 1990s, when during the 1994 World Cup in USA, Romania reached the quarter-finals and was ranked by FIFA on the 6th place. The Romania national football team is the national football team of Romania and is controlled by the Romanian Football Federation. The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 15th staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in the United States from June 17 to July 17 1994 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (French for International Federation of Association Football) The core player of this "Golden Generation"[179] and perhaps the best known Romanian player internationally is Gheorghe Hagi (nicknamed the Maradona of the Carpathians[180]). In Sports, Golden Generation is a term often used to describe an exceptionally gifted group of players who achieve a level of international success beyond what their team had Gheorghe Hagi (ˈge̯orge ˈhaʤi in Romanian born February 5, 1965 in Săcele) is a Romanian former football player Famous currently active players are Adrian Mutu and Cristian Chivu. Adrian Mutu (born January 8 1979 in Călineşti, Argeş County) is a Romanian Striker who plays for Italian Serie A club ACF Cristian Eugen Chivu (krisˈtjan ˈkivu (born 26 October 1980 in Reşiţa, Romania) is a Romanian footballer. The most famous football club is Steaua Bucureşti, who in 1986 became the first Eastern European club ever to win the prestigious European Champions Cup title, and who played the final again in 1989. FC Steaua Bucureşti is a Romanian professional football club from Ghenceasouth-west Bucharest. Another successful Romanian team Dinamo Bucureşti played a semifinal in the European Champions Cup in 1984 and a Cup Winners Cup semifinal in the 1990. Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid Bucureşti, FC Universitatea Craiova and CFR 1907 Cluj-Napoca. Fotbal Club Rapid Bucureşti is a Romanian Football club. It was founded in 1923 by a group of workers of the Griviţa workshops under the name of "Cultural FC Universitatea Craiova ( Campioana unei mari Iubiri) is one of the most famous football clubs from Romania, along with Steaua Bucuresti and Dinamo CFR Cluj (pronunciation in Romanian /tʃeferekluʒ/ is a Romanian Football club from the city of Cluj-Napoca.
Tennis is the second most popular sport in terms of registered sportsmen. [177] Romania reached the Davis Cup finals three times (1969, 1971, 1972). The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in men's Tennis. The tennisman Ilie Năstase won several Grand Slam titles and dozens of other tournaments, and was the first player to be ranked as number 1 by ATP from 1973 to 1974. Ilie Năstase (born July 19, 1946, in Bucharest, Romania) is a former Romanian professional tennis player and one of the top players The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important Tennis events of the year The ATP Rankings is the Association of Tennis Professionals' historical objective merit-based method used for determining entry and seeding in men's tennis tournaments The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP was formed in 1972 to protect the interests of male professional Tennis players The Romanian Open is held every fall in Bucharest since 1993.
Popular team sports are rugby union (national rugby team has so far competed at every Rugby World Cup), basketball and handball. Team sport refers to Sports that are practiced between opposing teams where the players interact directly and simultaneously between them to achieve an objective Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Romania national rugby union team, nicknamed The Oaks ( Stejarii) have long been one of the stronger European teams outside of the Six Nations This article lists the début of national teams that have so far qualified for the Rugby World Cup and their number of appearances. The Rugby World Cup is the premier international Rugby union competition Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six [177] Some popular individual sports are: athletism, chess, sport dance, and martial arts and other fighting sports. An individual sport refers to a Sport which is practiced by two opposing individuals or one individual [177]
Although gymnastics is not very popular within Romania, Romanian gymnasts have had a large number of successes - for which the country became known worldwide. Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination [181] In the 1976 Summer Olympics, the gymnast Nadia Comăneci became the first gymnast ever to score a perfect "ten". The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXI Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Montreal, Quebec Nadia Elena Comăneci (originally Comăneci /komə'neʧʲ/ born November 12 1961 is a Romanian gymnast, winner of five Olympic gold medals She also won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze, all at the age of fifteen. [182] Her success continued in the 1980 Summer Olympics, where she was awarded two gold medals and two silver medals. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet
Romania participated in for the first time in the Olympic Games in 1900 and has taken part in 18 of the 24 summer games. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Romania has been one of the more successful countries Summer Olympic Games (15th overall) with a total of 283 medals won throughout the years, 82 of which are gold medals. The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an International Multi-sport event, usually quadrennial organised by the International [183] Winter sports have received little investments and thus only a single bronze medal was won by Romanian sportsmen in the Winter Olympic Games. The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years
References
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| Flag of Romania | |
| Coat of arms of Romania | |
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- Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2006 and the 2005 U. The national flag of Romania is a tricolour with vertical stripes beginning from the flagpole blue yellow and red The Coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September, 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania (variously translated as "Awaken thee Romanian!" "Awaken Romanian!" or "Wake Up Romanian!" is Romania 's National anthem. All the coats of arms of all the Romanian institutions must be approved by the National Committee of Heraldry Genealogy and Sealography ( Comisia Naţională de Heraldică Genealogie The National Decorations System of Romania (Sistemul Naţional de Decoraţii is divided into six categories listed below This is a survey of the Postage stamps and Postal history of Romania. The leu ( plural lei; ISO 4217 code RON numeric code 946 is the currency of Romania. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the S. Department of State website.
- ^ GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity. IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008). The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic
- ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport
- ^ Romanian Statistical Yearbook, Romanian National Institute of Statistics, 2007, <http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/en/cp2.pdf>. Retrieved on 20 January 2008
- ^ Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007. The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007 (2004-04-05). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Kelley L. Ross (2003). "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". The Proceedings of the Friesian School. “Note: The Vlach Connection”
- ^ Wolff, Robert Lee (January 1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies) 23 (1): 1–34.
- ^ "nunc se Romanos vocant" A. Verres, Acta et Epistolae, I, p. 243
- ^ ". . . si dimandano in lingua loro Romei. . . se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,. . . " Cl. Isopescu, Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento, in Bulletin de la Section Historique, XVI, 1929, p. 1- 90
- ^ “Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli. . . ” in Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Ţările Române, vol. II, p. 158–161
- ^ "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l’empereur…Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … " Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
- ^ Iorga, N. , Hurmuzachi, Apud, ed. , Neacsu's Letter from Campulung, vol. Documente, XI, p. 843, <http://cimec.ro/Istorie/neacsu/rom/scrisoare.htm>
- ^ "am scris aceste sfente cǎrţi de învăţături, sǎ fie popilor rumânesti. . . sǎ înţeleagǎ toţi oamenii cine-s rumâni creştini" "Întrebare creştineascǎ" (1559), Bibliografia româneascǎ veche, IV, 1944, p. 6.
". . . că văzum cum toate limbile au şi înfluresc întru cuvintele slǎvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncǎ scoasem de limba jidoveascǎ si greceascǎ si srâbeascǎ pre limba româneascǎ 5 cărţi ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărţi şi le dăruim voo fraţi rumâni şi le-au scris în cheltuială multǎ. . . şi le-au dăruit voo fraţilor români,. . . şi le-au scris voo fraţilor români" Palia de la Orǎştie (1581–1582), Bucureşti, 1968.
În Ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste seamă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul. . . , Grigore Ureche, Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei, p. 133-134. - ^ Brezeanu, Stelian (1999). Romanitatea Orientalǎ în Evul Mediu. Bucharest: Editura All Educational, 229-246.
- ^ In his well known literary testament Ienăchiţă Văcărescu writes: "Urmaşilor mei Văcăreşti!/Las vouă moştenire:/Creşterea limbei româneşti/Ş-a patriei cinstire. Ienăchiţă Văcărescu ( 1740 - July 11, 1797) was a Wallachian Romanian poet, historian philologist and Boyar "
In the "Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă şi a răzmeriţei din timpul lui pe la 1790" a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Ţara Românească. - ^ The first known mention of the term "Romania" in its modern denotation dates from 1816, as the Greek scholar Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published in Leipzig his work "The History of Romania", followed by "The Geography of Romania". This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong
On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morţi a înviat/Aşa tu România din somn ai deşteptat. A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a Burial Gheorghe Lazăr ( June 5 1779 &mdash September 17 1821, born and died in Avrig, Sibiu County) was a Transylvanian Avrig (Freck Felek is a town in the Sibiu County, Romania. It has a population of 16215 and the first documents attesting the village exists since 1346 " - ^ Wallachia and Moldavia, 1859-61. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ Map of Southern Europe, 1942-1945 from the United States Army Center of Military History via the University of Texas at Austin Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
- ^ Trinkaus, E. (2003), “Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase”, Journal of Human Evolution 45: 245–253, <http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ Zilhão, João, “Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters”, Evolutionary Anthropology 15: 183–195, <http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/113440973/PDFSTART>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ A 40,000-year-old skull shows both modern human and Neanderthal traits. University of Bristol Press Releases (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Rougier, Hélène (2007). "Pestera cu Oase 2 and the cranial morphology of early modern Europeans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA 104 (4): 1165–1170. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17227863.
- ^ Herodotus (1859), The Ancient History of Herodotus By Herodotus, pp. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash 213-217, <http://books.google.com/books?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=herodotus+dacians+darius&source=web&ots=G4uX7Mnsqb&sig=kYPtXH157JEzuk7V618EreDadqY&hl=en>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions, De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors, <http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#s-inx>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire. United Nations of Roma Victor. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Deletant, Dennis (1995). Colloquial Romanian. New York: Routledge, 1.
- ^ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger, 85.
- ^ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House, 43, 98-101,141.
- ^ Eutropius; Justin, Cornelius Nepos (1886). For the Byzantine officer see also Eutropius (Byzantine official (396-397 Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History. London: George Bell and Sons.
- ^ Watkins, Thayer. The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire. “"The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A. D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe"”
- ^ Ghyka, Matila (1841). A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History. B. H. Blackwell Ltd. . Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
- ^ Jordanes (551 A. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life D. ). Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum.
- ^ Iliescu, Vl. & Paschale, Chronicon (1970), Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae, vol. II, Bucureşti, pp. 363, 587
- ^ a b Teodor, Dan Gh. (1995). Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea 2, 294-325.
- ^ Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla, ed. , History of Transylvania: II.3. The Kingdom of the Gepids, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, <http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/33.html>
- ^ Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla, ed. , History of Transylvania: II.4. The Period of the Avar Rule, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, <http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/41.html>
- ^ Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (950). Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" ( Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ Πορφυρογέννητος Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio.
- ^ Xenopol, Alexandru D. (1896), Histoire des Roumains, vol. i, Paris, p. 168
- ^ Ştefănescu, Ştefan (1991), Istoria medie a României, vol. I, Bucharest, p. 114
- ^ Predescu, Lucian (1940), Enciclopedia Cugetarea
- ^ Makkai, László (2001), Köpeczi, Béla, ed. , History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526), vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, <http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/57.html>
- ^ Köpeczi, Béla, ed. (2001), History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606), vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, <http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/97.html>
- ^ Várkonyi, Ágnes R. (2001), Köpeczi, Béla, ed. , History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711), vol. 2, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, <http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/221.html>
- ^ Schoolfield, George C. (2004). A Baedeker of Decadence: Charting a Literary Fashion, 1884-1927. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300047142.
- ^ Tepes: The Historical Dracula
- ^ Count Dracula's Legend, 2006, <http://www.romaniatourism.com/dracula.html>
- ^ Marek, Miroslav, Rulers of Moldavia: Mushati family, <http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan18.html>
- ^ St. Stephen the Great Charitable Trust, <http://www.ststephentrust.org.uk/html/ststephen.html>
- ^ Orthodox Church in America, St. Stephen the Great - Commemorated on July 2, <http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=149011>
- ^ (Romanian)Rezachevici, Constantin (2000), “Mihai Viteazul: itinerariul moldovean”, Magazin istoric (no. 5), <http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current5/mi5.htm>
- ^ The Magyarization Process, GenealogyRO Group, <http://www.genealogy.ro/cont/13.htm>
- ^ Kocsis, Karoly & Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (1999), Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880-1992), <http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/hmcb/Tab14.htm>
- ^ Kocsis, Karoly & Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (2001), Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications, pp. 102, ISBN 193131375X, <http://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=hungarian+census+transylvania+1910&source=web&ots=pcesU0UOYB&sig=0h53xLxEHT3rtVue_FWlkollBns#PPA102,M1>
- ^ Prodan, David (1948), Supplex Libellus Valachorum, Bucharest
- ^ Bobango, Gerald J (1979), The emergence of the Romanian national State, New York: Boulder, ISBN 9780914710516
- ^ (Russian) San Stefano Preliminary Treaty, 1878, <http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm>
- ^ Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans, Berlin, July 13, 1878, <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html>
- ^ Patterson, Michelle (August 1996), “The Road to Romanian Independence”, Canadian Journal of History, <http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098>
- ^ Anderson, Frank Maloy & Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918), Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870-1914, Washington D. C. : Government Printing Office
- ^ Horne, Charles F. (Horne), Ion Bratianu's Declaration of War Delivered to the Austrian Minister in Romania on 28 August 1916, vol. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year V, Source Records of the Great War, <http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/romaniawardeclaration.htm>
- ^ Text of the Treaty of Trianon. World War I Document Archive. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor&Francis, 162. ISBN 0815340575. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia" ( – Scholar search). The American Journal of International Law 38 (4).
- ^ (Romanian)Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919 - 1940)
- ^ (Romanian)Soviet Ultimata and Replies of the Romanian Government in Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, Istoria Românilor între anii 1918-1940 (in Romanian), University of Bucharest, 2002
- ^ Goma, Paul (2006). Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Bucharest (Universitatea din Bucureşti in Romania, is a University founded in 1864 by Decree of Prince Alexander John Cuza Săptămâna Roşie, 23.
- ^ Nagy-Talavera, Nicolas M. (1970). Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania, 305.
- ^ M. Broszat (1968). "Deutschland — Ungarn — Rumänien. Entwicklung und Grundfaktoren nationalsozialistischer Hegemonial- und Bündnispolitik 1938-1941" (in German). Historische Zeitschrift (206): 552–553. Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal
- ^ The Biggest Mistakes In World War 2:Ploesti - the most important target. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ Note: follow the World War II link: (2005-11-09) in Ronald D. Bachman: Romania:World War II, 2, Washington D. C. : Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. OCLC DR205.R613 1990. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ Raul Hilberg; Yad Vashem (2004). Raul Hilberg ( June 2, 1926 - August 4, 2007) was an Austrian -born American political scientist and Historian Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations. International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi ““no country, besides Germany, was involved in massacres of Jews on such a scale. ””
- ^ Eugen Tomiuc (May 6,2005). World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ research Division, Library of Congress - Romania: Country studies - Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"
- ^ Michael Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002, p. 582 ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Romania
- ^ Romania - Country Background and Profile at ed-u.com - The Colossal Education Mega-Site - Click here
- ^ Rîjnoveanu, Carmen (2003), Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict, Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt, pp. 1, <http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/07autredossiers/groupetravailhistoiremilitaire/pdfs/2003-gthm.pdf>
- ^ Roper, Stephen D. (2000), Romania: The Unfinished Revolution, London: Routledge, p. 18, ISBN 9058230279
- ^ Cioroianu, Adrian (2005), "On the Shoulders of Marx. Adrian Mihai Cioroianu (born January 5, 1967) is a Romanian historian politician journalist and essayist An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism", Bucharest: Editura Curtea Veche, pp. 68-73, ISBN 9736691756
- ^ "countrystudies.us - Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe"
- ^ "countrystudies.us: Middle East policies in Communist Romania"
- ^ Deletant, Dennis, New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989, Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series, <http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.publications&doc_id=16367&group_id=13349>
- ^ (Romanian)Caraza, Grigore (2004), Aiud însângerat, vol. Chapter IV, Editura Vremea XXI, ISBN 9736450503, <http://www.procesulcomunismului.com/marturii/fonduri/gcaraza/aiud/docs/cap4.htm>
- ^ Cicerone Ioniţoiu, Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestaţi, torturaţi, întemniţaţi, ucişi. Dicţionar. Editura Maşina de scris, Bucureşti, 2000. ISBN 973-99994-2-5.
- ^ (1997) "Cartea albă a Securităţii" 2. S.R.I.. Serviciul Român de Informaţii (SRI is the Romanian domestic intelligence service.
- ^ Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Speech at the Plenary session of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party, 30 November 1961
- ^ Recensământul populaţiei concentraţionare din România în anii 1945-1989 - report of the "Centrul Internaţional de Studii asupra Comunismului", Sighet, 2004
- ^ Raportul Comisiei Prezidenţiale pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România - report of the "Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România", 15 December 2006
- ^ Carothers, Thomas. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Romania: The Political Background.
- ^ Hellman, Joel. Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist.
- ^ Bohlen, Celestine. Evolution in Europe; Romanian miners invade Bucharest.
- ^ Romania, Human Rights Developments.
- ^ NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members, <http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm>
- ^ BBC News: EU approves Bulgaria and Romania
- ^ Danube Delta. UNESCO's World Heritage Center. Retrieved on 2008-01-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
- ^ a b Romania's Biodiversity. Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ State of the Environment in Romania 1998: Biodiversity. Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ EarthTrends:Biodiversity and Protected Areas - Romania. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Protected Areas in Romania, Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection, <http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere. Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Danube Delta. UNESCO's World Heritage Center. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ NHK World Heritage 100 Series. UNESCO's World Heritage Center. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Romania: Climate. U. S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Romania: climate. Climate. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ The monthly average climate parameters in Bucharest. WorldTravels. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania. CliC International Project Office (CIPO) (2004-12-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ (Romanian)The 2004 Yearbook, Romanian National Institute of Statistics, <http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf>. Retrieved on 10 January 2008
- ^ 2002 census data, based on Population by ethnicity, gives a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in the West and Turkish in Dobruja) for fear of discrimination. Many are not recorded at all, since they do not have ID cards. International sources give higher figures than the official census(UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe, World Bank, International Association for Official Statistics).
- ^ usatoday: European effort spotlights plight of the Roma
- ^ a b c Official site of the results of the 2002 Census
- ^ (Romanian)Outsourcing IT în România, Owners Association of the Software and Service Industry, retrieved 13 November 2005
- ^ (French)Chronology of the International Organization La Francophonie
- ^ (Romanian) Romanian Census Website with population by religion
- ^ Romania President Approves Europe's "Worst Religion Law"
- ^ Gazetteer: Population of the largest cities and towns in Romania
- ^ (Romanian) "Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years"
- ^ (Romanian)"Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project"
- ^ Population in Romania 1 July 2007, Romanian National Institute of Statistics, <http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm>. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 13 February 2008
- ^ (Romanian) "Map of Romanian municipalities that can have metorpolitan areas in maroon"
- ^ UNESCO report on Romania: The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition
- ^ UNESCO report on Romania: The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition
- ^ (Romanian) Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook - Chapter 8
- ^ UN Human Development Report 2006
- ^ (Romanian) OECD International Program for Evaluation of Students, National Report, Bucureşti, 2002 p. 10 - 15
- ^ "Academic Ranking World University 2006: Top 500 World University"
- ^ (Romanian) Răzvan Florian, Romanian Universities and the Shanghai rankings Cluj-Napoca, România, p. 7-9
- ^ "Romania removes theory of evolution from school curriculum"
- ^ IMF World Economic Outlook April 2008 - Central and Eastern Europe
- ^ World Bank Country Classification Groups, 2005
- ^ (Romanian)GDP in 2006. Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ World Bank: In 2008 Romania will have an economic growth of 5.9% (Romanian). Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks
- ^ [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Cpib%5Cpib_trimIe08.pdf Gross Domestic Product estimated for the first quarter of 2008 was lei 86745. 0 million, increasing by 8. 2% as against the first quarter of 2007] (June 2008). Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ (Romanian) Main Macroeconomic Indicators, September 2007, National Institute of Statistics, Romania
- ^ a b "Romania CIA World Factbook 2006"
- ^ Romania at A Glance - January 2008. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Romania Economy Watch (January 2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Index of Economic Freedom: Romania
- ^ Taxation trends in the EU, Eurostat, 26 June 2007
- ^ Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn
- ^ Economy Ranking, Doing Business 2007 Report, World Bank
- ^ Doing Business 2007 Report, World Bank
- ^ (Romanian) Average wage in September 2007, National Institute of Statistics, Romania
- ^ Implied PPP conversion rate for Romania, IMF, 2006
- ^ Romanian Railways Purchases More Than $1 Million in RAD’s MAP and Last Mile Products
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Romania". The Statistical Office of the European Communities ( Eurostat) is the Statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Europa World Year Book (48) 2. (2007). London and New York: Routledge. 3734-3759.
- ^ Metrorex ridership (ro). Financial Week newspaper (April 23, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Travel&Tourism. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania to tap travel and tourism potential. WTTC. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ 20 million overnight stays by international tourists. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ a b Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. “for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8. 7% to 16. 5 million tourists; of these 94. 0% came from European countries and 61. 7% from EU”
- ^ Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth 400 million euros (ro). Gandul Newspaper. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Tan and fun at the Black Sea. UnseenRomania. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ Romania - Culture
- ^ Lucian, Boia (2001). Romania: Borderland of Europe. Reaktion Books, 36-40. ISBN 1861891032. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe.
- ^ Mihai Eminescu (Romanian). ici. ro. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Constantin Brâncuşi's bio. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' soars to new auction record. cbc. ca. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000. Antiques and the Arts Online. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ November 9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when “Bird in Space” was sold for USD 27.5 M. Romanian Information Center in Brussels. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ George Enescu, the composer. International Enescu Society. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ George Enescu (1881 - 1955). Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Ştefănescu, Alex. (1999). "Nichita Stănescu, Îngerul cu o carte în mâini" (Nichita Stănescu, The Angel With A Book In His Hands" (in Romanian). Maşina de scris, 8.
- ^ Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir (2006-01-17). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Cannes 2007 Winners. Alternative Film Guide. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ Jay Weissberg (2007-05-17). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. 4 Months, 3 Weeks & 2 Days. Variety. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman Retrieved on 2007-05-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason.
- ^ Official list of WHS within Romania. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ World Heritage List from Romania. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ World Heritage Site - Romania. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ The Palace of the Parliament
- ^ The building of Parliament Bucharest International Conference Center - Description
- ^ High Court of Cassation and Justice - Presentation. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Romanian Legal system. CIA Factbook (2000). Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Romania will be EU's most corrupt new member. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 (ro). Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
- ^ a b Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-12-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
- ^ Turkey & Romania hand in hand for a better tomorrow.. The New Anatolian, February 1, 2006. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ U.S. Department of State - Background Note: Romania - U.S.-Romanian Relactions
- ^ a b c d "Romania". The Europa World Year Book 2. (2007). Routledge.
- ^ european-football-statistics.co.uk EFS Attendances. European Football Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
- ^ "Hagi leaves Romania post", BBC Sport, 2001-11-26. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. "Hagi enjoyed legendary status in Romania where he spearheaded the 'Golden Generation' of players. . . "
- ^ "Hagi snubs Maradona", BBC Sport Online, 2001-04-06. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
- ^ This was so much the case that Romanians became stereotipyzed as gymnasts, as in the South Park episode Quintuplets 2000
- ^ Robin Herman. South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central " Quintuplets 2000 " (" Contorting Quintuplets 2000 " in some syndicated markets is episode 52 in the fourth season of the Comedy Central series "Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark", New York Times, 1976-03-28. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate.
- ^ Medal Standings, 1896-2004
External links
Overviews
- BBC News Country Profile - Romania
- CIA World Factbook - Romania
- US Department of State - Romania
- Federal Research Division, Library of Congress -Romania : a country study
Economy and law links
Culture and history links
- Chronology of Romania from the World History Database
- ICI.ro - A comprehensive site about Romania
- Treasures of the national library of Romania
The National Bank of Romania (Banca Naţională a României BNR is the Central bank of Romania and was established in April 1880
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