A romance novel is a literary genre developed in Western culture, mainly in English-speaking countries. A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Novels in this genre place their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** "^[1] Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these novels are commercially in two main varieties: category romances, which are shorter books with a one-month shelf-life, and single-title romances, which are generally longer with a longer shelf-life. Separate from their type, a romance novel can exist within one of many subgenres, including contemporary, historical, and paranormal.

One of the earliest romance novels was Samuel Richardson's popular 1740 novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, which was revolutionary on two counts: it focused almost entirely on courtship and did so entirely from the perspective of a female protagonist. Samuel Richardson (19 August 1689 &ndash 4 July 1761 was an 18th-century English Writer and printer. Pamela or Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary Novel by Samuel Richardson, first published in 1740. In the next century, Jane Austen expanded the genre, and her Pride and Prejudice is often considered the epitome of the genre. Jane Austen (16 Pride and Prejudice, first published on 28 January 1813, is the most famous of Jane Austen 's novels and one of the first " romantic Austen inspired Georgette Heyer, who introduced historical romances in 1921. Georgette Heyer (16 August 1902 &ndash 4 July 1974 was an English Historical romance and Detective fiction Novelist. Historical romance is a subgenre of two Literary genres the Romance novel and the Historical novel. A decade later, British company Mills and Boon began releasing the first category romance novels. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Mills & Boon is a British Publisher of Romance novels It was founded in 1908 and was independent until its purchase in 1971 by Harlequin Enterprises Their books were resold in North America by Harlequin Enterprises Ltd, which began direct marketing to readers and allowing mass-market merchandisers to carry the books. Harlequin Enterprises Limited is a Toronto, Ontario-based company that is the world's leading publisher of series romance and Women's fiction.

The modern romance genre was born in 1972 with Avon's publication of Kathleen Woodiwiss's The Flame and the Flower, the first single-title romance novel to be published as an original paperback. Avon Publications was an American paperback book and Comic book publisher Kathleen Erin Woodiwiss ( June 3 1939 – July 6 2007) pioneered the historical romance genre with the 1972 publication Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. The genre boomed in the 1980s, with the addition of many category romance lines and an increased number of single-title romances. Popular authors began pushing the boundaries of the genre and plots and characters began to modernize.

In North America, romance novels are the most popular genre in modern literature, comprising almost 55% of all paperback books sold in 2004. The genre is also popular in Europe and Australia, and romance novels appear in 90 languages. Most of the books, however, are written by authors from English-speaking countries, leading to an Anglo-Saxon perspective in the fiction. The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of Anglophone ( English -speaking nations which share historical political and cultural characteristics rooted Despite the popularity and widespread sales of romance novels, the genre has attracted significant derision, skepticism and criticism.

Definition

According to the Romance Writers of America, the main plot of a romance novel must revolve around the two people as they develop romantic love for each other and work to build a relationship together. Romance Writers of America (RWA is a national non-profit genre writers association Both the conflict and the climax of the novel should be directly related to that core theme of developing a romantic relationship, although the novel can also contain subplots that do not specifically relate to the main characters' romantic love. A subplot, sometimes referred to as a "B story" or a "C story" and so on is a secondary plot strand that is auxiliary to the main plot Furthermore, a romance novel must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending. " Others, including Leslie Gelbman, a president of the Berkley Group, use a more shortened definition, that a romance must make the "romantic relationship between the hero and the heroine . Berkley Books is a Paperback Imprint of Penguin Group (USA that began as an independent company in 1955. . . the core of the book. "^[2] In general, romance novels reward characters who are good people and penalize those who are evil, and a couple who fights for and believes in their relationship will likely be rewarded with unconditional love. ^[1] Bestselling author Nora Roberts sums up the genre, saying "The books are about the celebration of falling in love and emotion and commitment, and all of those things we really want. Nora Roberts (b Eleanor Marie Robertson, October 10, 1950 in Silver Spring Maryland, USA) is a bestselling "^[3] Women's fiction (including chick lit) is not considered part of the romance novel genre because in women's fiction the heroine's relationship with her family or friends may be equally as important as her relationship with the hero. For the We Are Scientists song see Chick Lit (We Are Scientists song. ^[2]

Some romance novel authors and readers believe the genre has additional restrictions, from plot considerations such as the protagonists meeting early on in the story, to avoiding themes such as adultery. The Protagonist or main character is the central figure of a story. Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is Other disagreements have centered on the firm requirement for a happy ending, or the place of same-sex relationships within the genre. Some readers admit stories without a happy ending, if the focus of the story is on the romantic love between the two main characters (e. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** g. Romeo and Juliet). Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the Others believe the definition should be more strictly worded to include only heterosexual pairing. Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation While the majority of romance novels meet the stricter criteria, there are also many books that are widely considered to be romance novels that deviate from these rules. Therefore, the general definition, as embraced by the RWA and publishers, includes only the focus on a developing romantic relationship and an optimistic ending. ^[4][5]

As long as a romance novel meets those twin criteria, it can be set in any time period and in any location. There are no specific restrictions on what can or cannot be included in a romance novel. ^[1] Even controversial subjects are addressed in romance novels, including topics such as date rape, domestic violence, addiction, and disability. ^[6] The combination of time frame, location, and plot elements does, however, help a novel to fit into one of several romance subgenres. ^[1] Despite the numerous possibilities this framework allows, many people in the mainstream press claim that "all [romance novels] seem to read alike. "^[7] Stereotypes of the romance genre abound. For instance, some believe that all romance novels are similar to those of Danielle Steel, featuring rich, glamorous people traveling to exotic locations. Danielle Fernande Dominique Schuelein-Steel (born on August 14, 1947 in New York City New York) is an American Romantic novelist ^[8] Many romance readers disagree that Steel writes romance at all, considering her novels more mainstream fiction. ^[9]

Romance novels are sometimes referred to as "smut" or female porn. ^[10][11] While some romance novels do contain more erotic acts, in other romance novels the characters do no more than kiss chastely. The romance genre runs the spectrum between these two extremes. ^[12] Because the vast majority of the romance novel audience are women, most romance novels are told from a woman's viewpoint, in either first or third person. See also First person First-person narrative is a Narrative mode in which a Story is narrated by one character, who explicitly The third-person narrative is a Narrative mode applying the third person. ^[13]

Formats

Note the number 1 in the upper right corner, indicating that this book was the first release in the Dell Candlelight Ecstasy category.

Romance novels are divided into two sub-sets, category romances, also known as series romances, and single title romances. ^[1] Many authors write only within one of the formats, but others, including Jayne Ann Krentz and Jennifer Crusie, have achieved success in both formats. Jayne Ann Krentz, née Jayne Castle (b March 28 1948 in Borrego Springs California, United States is an American writer of Romance novels Krentz is Jennifer Crusie (born 1949 is a pseudonym for Jennifer Smith, a bestselling and award winning author of contemporary Romance novels. ^[14]

Category romance

Category romances are short, usually no more than 200 pages, or about 55,000 words. ^[15][16] The books are published in clearly delineated lines, with a certain number of books published in each line every month. In many cases, the books are numbered sequentially within the line. ^[1] These novels have widespread distribution—often worldwide—but a single U. S. print run, remaining on a bookseller's shelves until they are sold out or until the next month's titles are released and take their place. ^[14] Writers for the largest publisher of category romance, Harlequin/Mills & Boon, can find their novels translated into 26 languages and sold in over 100 international markets. Harlequin Enterprises Limited is a Toronto, Ontario-based company that is the world's leading publisher of series romance and Women's fiction. ^[17]

To write a successful novel of this length, the "author must pare the story down to its essentials. Subplots and minor characters are eliminated or relegated to the backstory. "^[16] Nonetheless, category romance lines each have a distinct identity which may involve similar settings, characters, time periods, levels of sensuality, or types of conflict. Publishers of category romances usually issue guidelines for each line, specifying the elements necessary for a novel to be included in each line. ^[18][19][20] Depending on the current market and perceived reader preferences, publishers frequently begin new lines or end existing ones. Most recently, erotic and Christian lines have been introduced while traditional Regency romance lines have ended. Regency romances are a subgenre of Romance novels set during the period of the English Regency or early 19th century ^[21]

Single title romances

Romance novels which are not published as part of a publisher's category are known as single-title novels. These novels are longer than category romances and average between 350 and 400 pages. ^[15] Publishers may release the novels over a shorter space of time for sales velocity and publicity reasons, but on average authors write 1. 5 novels per year and have one each year published. ^[2][22] Single-title novels remain on the booksellers' shelves at the discretion of the store. ^[23]

Despite their name, single-title novels are not always stand-alone novels. Some authors prefer to write several interconnected books, ranging in number from trilogies to long-running series, so that they can revisit characters or worlds. Such sets of books often have similar titles, and may be labelled as "Number 1 in the XXX Series", but they are not considered series romances because they are not part of a particular line. ^[24]

Subgenres

Because the definition of a romance novel does not limit the types of plot devices, time frames, or locations that can be included, the genre has grown to encompass a wide variety of material and spawned multiple sub-genres. Historical romance is a subgenre of two Literary genres the Romance novel and the Historical novel. Paranormal romance is a literary subgenre of the Romance novel. Sub-genres of romance are often closely related to other literature genres, and some books could be considered a romance subgenre novel and another genre novel at the same time. For example, romantic suspense novels are often similar to mysteries, crime fiction and thrillers, and paranormal romances use elements popular in science fiction and fantasy novels. Detective fiction is a branch of Crime fiction in which a Detective (or detectives either professional or amateur investigate a crime usually Murder Crime fiction is the Genre of Fiction that deals with Crimes their detection criminals and their motives It is usually distinguished from The thriller is a broad Genre of Literature, Film, Gaming and Television.

Contemporary romance

Contemporary romance, which is set after World War II,^[26] is often what people mean when they refer to a romance novel. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The largest of the romance novel subgenres, contemporary romance novels are set in the time in which they were written and usually reflect the mores of that time. Heroines in the contemporary romances written prior to 1970 usually quit working when they married or had children, while those novels written after 1970 usually have, and keep, a career. ^[27] As contemporary romance novels have grown to contain more complex plotting and more realistic characters, the line between this subgenre and the genre of women's fiction has blurred. ^[28]

Most contemporary romance novels contain elements which date the books, and the majority of them eventually become irrelevant to more modern readers and go out of print. ^[28] Those which survive the test of time, such as the works of Jane Austen are often reclassified as historical romances. Jane Austen (16 ^[27]

Over half of the romantic fiction published in the United States in 2004 (1468 out of 2,285 books) were contemporary romance novels. ^[29] Contemporary romance novels have twice been chosen by Kelly Ripa to be featured in her Reading with Ripa book club. Kelly Maria Ripa (born October 2, 1970) an American Daytime Emmy Award -winning actress, Television personality and ^[30]

Historical romance

Main article: Historical romance

Historical romance is set before World War II. Historical romance is a subgenre of two Literary genres the Romance novel and the Historical novel. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[26] This subgenre includes a wide variety of other subgenres, including Regency romance. Regency romances are a subgenre of Romance novels set during the period of the English Regency or early 19th century Historical romance novels are rarely published in hardcover, with fewer than 15 receiving that status each year, less than one-fifth of the number of contemporary romance novels published in that format. Because historical romances are primarily published in mass-market format, their fortunes are tied to a certain extent to the mass-market trends. Booksellers and large merchandisers are selling fewer mass market paperbacks, preferring trade paperbacks or hardcovers, which prevent historical romances from being sold in some price clubs and other mass merchandise outlets. ^[31]

In 2001, historical romance reached a 10-year high as 778 were published. By 2004, that number had dropped to 486, which was still 20% of all romance novels published. Kensington Books claims that they are receiving fewer submissions of historical novels, and that their previously published authors are switiching to contemporary. ^[31][29]

Romantic suspense

Romantic suspense involves an intrigue or mystery for the protagonists to solve. ^[26] Typically, however, the heroine is the victim of a crime or attempted crime, and works with a hero, who tends to be in a field where he would serve as a protector, such as a police officer, FBI agent, bodyguard, or Navy SEAL. ^[32][33] By the end of the novel, the mystery is resolved and the interaction between the hero and heroine has evolved into a solid relationship. ^[32] These novels primarily take place in contemporary times, but authors such as Amanda Quick have broadened the genre to also include historical timeframes. Jayne Ann Krentz, née Jayne Castle (b March 28 1948 in Borrego Springs California, United States is an American writer of Romance novels Krentz is ^[34]

Like all romances, romantic suspense novels must places the development of a relationship between the protagonists at the heart of the story. The relationship "must impact each decision they make and increase the tension of the suspense as it propel the story. In turn, the events of suspense must also directly affect the relationship and move the story forward. "^[35] Romantic suspense novels tend to have more "clean" language, without the "emotional, intimate" descriptions often used in more traditional romances. ^[35] Because the mystery is a crucial aspect of the plot, these novels are more plot-driven instead of character-driven. ^[35]

This blend of the romance and mystery was perfected by Mary Stewart, who wrote ten romantic suspense novels between 1955 and 1967. Mary Florence Elinor Stewart ( née Rainbow; born 17 September 1916) is a popular English Novelist, best known for her series Stewart was one of the first to seamlessly combine the two genres, maintaining a full mystery while focusing on the courtship between two people. ^[36] In her novels, the process of solving the mystery "helps to illuminate" the hero's personality, helping the heroine to fall in love with him. ^[37]

Paranormal romance

Main article: Paranormal romance

Paranormal romance blends the real with the fantastic or science fictional. Paranormal romance is a literary subgenre of the Romance novel. Paranormal romance is a literary subgenre of the Romance novel. The fantastic elements may be woven into an alternate version of our own world in an urban fantasy involving vampires, demons, and/or werewolves, or they may be more "normal" manifestations of the paranormal—humans with psychic abilities, witches, or ghosts. Urban fantasy is a subset of Contemporary fantasy, consisting of magical novels and stories set in contemporary real-world urban settings--as opposed to 'traditional' Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented Time-travel, futuristic, and extraterrestrial romances also fall beneath the paranormal umbrella. This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. ^[26][38]

These novels often blend elements of other subgenres—including suspense, mystery, or chick lit--with their fantastic themes. ^[39] A few paranormals are set solely in the past and are structured much like any historical romance novel. Others are set in the future, sometimes on different worlds. Still others have a time-travel element with either the hero or the heroine traveling into the past or the future. ^[5] Between 2002 and 2004, the number of paranormal romances published in the United States doubled to 170 per year. A popular title in the genre can sell over 500,000 copies. ^[40]

Many paranormal romances rely on the blend of contemporary American life with the existence of supernatural or magically-empowered beings, human or otherwise; sometimes the larger culture is aware of the magical in its midst, sometimes it isn't. Some paranormal romances focus less on the specifics of their alternative worlds than do traditional science fiction or fantasy novels, keeping the attention strongly on the underlying romance. ^[34] Others develop the alternate reality meticulously, combining well-planned magical systems and inhuman cultures with contemporary reality.

Science Fiction Romance

The first futuristic romance to be marketed by a mainstream romance publisher, Jayne Ann Krentz's Sweet Starfire, was published in 1986 and was a "classic road trip romance" which just happened to be set in a separate galaxy. Jayne Ann Krentz, née Jayne Castle (b March 28 1948 in Borrego Springs California, United States is an American writer of Romance novels Krentz is ^[41] This genre has become much more popular since 2000. Krentz attributes the popularity of this romance genre to the fact that the novels "are, at heart, classic historical romances that just happen to be set on other worlds. "^[41]

Like fantasy romance, science fiction romance is a romance novel that takes place in a story that would otherwise be classified as a science fiction story. A classic example of science fiction romance is Johanna Lindsey's Warrior's Woman trilogy or the first edition of . Helen Johanna Lindsey (b March 10, 1952 in Germany) under the pen name " Johanna Lindsey " is one of the most popular American The heroes of science fiction romances are often invaders from another planet or space pilots.

Time-Travel Romances

Time-travel romances are a version of the classic "fish out of water" story. In most, the heroine is from the present day and travels into the past to meet the hero. In a smaller subset of these novels, the hero, who lives in the past, travels forward into his future to meet the heroine. A successful time-travel romance must have the characters react logically to their experience, and should investigate some of the differences, both physical and mental, between the world the character normally inhabits and the one in which they have landed. Some writers choose to end their novels with the protagonists trapped in different time periods and unable to be together--to the displeasure of many readers of the genre. ^[42]

Inspirational romance

Inspirational romance, as the market exists today, combines explicitly Christian themes with the development of a romantic relationship. A Christian novel is any Novel that expounds and illustrates a Christian World view in its plot its characters or both or which deals with Christian ^[26] In 2004, 167 novels were published in the inspirational romance subgenre. ^[29] These novels typically do not include gratuitous violence or swearing, and the central courtship is chaste. Sex, if it is present at all, occurs after marriage and is not explicitly detailed. Many novels in this genre also focus on the hero or heroine's faith, turning the love story into "a triangle: the man and the woman and also their relationship with God. "^[43] Themes such as forgiveness, honesty, and fidelity are common. ^[44]

The first line of series inspirational romances debuted shortly after the 1980 U.S. presidential election, when Silhouette launched their Silhouette Inspirations line. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan The books were aimed at born-again Christians and were marketed in religious bookstores. The Silhouette Inspirations line was closed after Harlequin acquired Silhouette in 1984 because it was not profitable. ^[45] However, Christian publishers continue to produce romance novels, including historical and contemporary, and even expanding into more sexually explicit materials (albeit within the confines of heterosexual marriage).

Multicultural romance

Multicultural romance typically features a hero and/or heroine who is African-American, although some multicultural lines also include Asian or Hispanic heroes or heroines or interracial relationships. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa ^[46] The first line of multicultural romance novels, Arabesque, was launched by Kensington books in 1994. BET Books purchased the line in 1998, and the number of new authors that they publish has continued to expand each year. BET has also developed some of the Arabesque novels into made-for-television movies. ^[47]

Although romance novels featuring African-Americans and Hispanic protagonists are becoming more popular, those featuring Asian or Asian-American characters are rare. Author Tess Gerritsen believes this is due to the fact that there are fewer Asian-American women who read romances: "We read romances because we want to feel good about love. Dr Tess Gerritsen (born June 1953 is an international and New York Times -bestselling thriller writer published in over thirty countries . . in order to do that, the reader must identify with the heroine. "^[48]

The first line of Latino multicultural romances was released in 1999 under the Encanto name by Kensington Publishing.

Erotic Romance

Erotic romance, sometimes called romantica, is a blend of romance and erotica. Erotica (from the Greek Eros —"desire" or "curiosa" works of art including literature, photography film sculpture Erotic romance novels are characterized by strong sexual content, but can contain elements of any of the other romance subgenres. Erotic romance novels, as defined by Romance Writers of America 's (RWA special interest chapter Passionate Ink are stories written about the development of a romantic relationship Erotic romance novels tend to use more frank language, avoiding many of the euphemisms used in books with milder content. These novels also usually include more sex scenes, often focusing more on the sex act rather than being a more traditional love scene, and may include more unusual positions or acts. ^[49] Despite a greater emphasis on the sex scenes, however, erotic romance is not to be confused with pornography. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer While pornography would concentrate solely on the sex acts, erotica novels include well-developed characters and a plot which could exist without the sex acts. ^[50]

Erotic romances lengths run from short stories to single-title novels. Some of these are published as part of a category, such as Harlequin Blaze, while others are published as part of an anthology and are only novella length. Even single-title erotic romances may be as short as a novella, however. ^[49]

Many of the publishers of erotic romance are either small press publishers or electronic book publishers. See also Alternative media Small press is a term often used to describe Publishers with annual sales below a certain level An e-book (for electronic book: also ebook) is the Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed Book. Writers often have more leeway in what types of erotic acts can be included when working with an electronic publisher than they would have working with a print publisher. ^[49] The market for erotic romances has been growing rapidly, leading some publishers to create new lines for these types of books. ^[51]Some subjects are still considered taboo, even with erotic romance. Themes such as pedophilia, incest, and bestiality are discouraged by all publishers. ^[49]

The market for erotic romances has been growing rapidly. Ellora's Cave, an electronic publisher which focuses on erotic romance, became the first electronic publisher to be recognized by the Romance Writers of America as a legitimate publisher. Ellora's Cave is an Erotic fiction publisher The company originally started publishing erotic fiction in E-book format then moved to publishing printed works ^[50]

History

Development

One of the earliest romance novels was Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, by Samuel Richardson. Pamela or Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary Novel by Samuel Richardson, first published in 1740. Samuel Richardson (19 August 1689 &ndash 4 July 1761 was an 18th-century English Writer and printer. Published in 1740, Pamela was the first popular novel to be based on a courtship as told from the perspective of the heroine. Unlike many of the novels of the time, Pamela had a happy ending. The book was one of the first bestsellers, with five editions printed in the first eleven months of release. ^[52] The genre did not fully take form, however, until the nineteenth century. ^[2]

Jane Austen is widely considered to be one of the masters of the romance novel genre, with Pride and Prejudice, published in 1813, considered "the best romance novel ever written. Jane Austen (16 Pride and Prejudice, first published on 28 January 1813, is the most famous of Jane Austen 's novels and one of the first " romantic "^[53] Critics, however, lamented that Austen's works reinforced the sexist stereotype that women must marry. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group ^[54] The Brontë sisters built upon Austen's work with their novels. The Brontë sisters (ˈbrɒnte Charlotte (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 Emily (30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848 and Anne (17 January 1820 Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, published in 1847, introduced the orphaned heroine. Charlotte Brontë (ˈbrɒnti (21 April 1816 &ndash 31 March 1855 was a British Novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose Novels Jane Eyre (dʒeɪn ɛə by Charlotte Brontë, published by Smith Elder & Company of London in 1847, is one of the most influential and Incorporating elements of both gothic novels and Elizabethan drama, Jane Eyre "demonstrate[d] the flexibility of the romance novel form. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. English Renaissance theatre is English drama written between the Reformation and the closure of the theatres in 1642. "^[55]

The genre continued to be popular into the twentieth century. In 1919, E.M. Hull's novel The Sheik was published in the United Kingdom. Edith Maude Hull, (1880-1947 is more commonly known as E M Hull the author of her novel The Sheik, published in 1919 which led to the film of the same name The Sheik is a book by Edith Maude Hull, an English novelist of the early twentieth century The novel, which became hugely popular, was adapted into a movie, which established star Rudolf Valentino as the top male actor of the time. The Sheik is a 1921 silent movie produced by Famous Players-Lasky, directed by George Melford and starring Rudolph Valentino Rudolph Valentino ( May 6, 1895 &ndash August 23, 1926) was an Italian Actor, Sex symbol, and early The hero of this book was an iconic alpha male who kidnapped the heroine and won her admiration through his forceful actions. In Social animals the alpha male is the individual in the community to whom the others follow and defer The novel was one of the first to introduce the rape fantasy. Although women were gaining more independence in life, publishers believed that readers would only accept premarital sex in the context of rape. In this novel and those that followed, the rape was depicted as more of a fantasy; the heroine is rarely if ever shown experiencing terror, stress, or trauma as a result. ^[56]

The first historical romances appeared in 1921, when Georgette Heyer began writing romances set during the English Regency period (1811-–1820), when the Prince Regent ruled England in place of his ill father, George III. Georgette Heyer (16 August 1902 &ndash 4 July 1974 was an English Historical romance and Detective fiction Novelist. Artistic trends Regency architecture Regency fashions Regency dance Regency novels George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Heyer was inspired by Austen's novels. Although Austen had also written romances set in the Regency period, hers were contemporary novels, describing the times in which she lived. Because Heyer's writing was set in the midst of events that had occurred over 100 years previously, she had to include more detail on the time period in order for her readers to understand. ^[57] Unlike the other romance novels of the time period, Heyer's novels used the setting as a plot device. Her characters often contained more modern-day sensibilities, and more conventional characters in the novels would point out the heroine's eccentricities, such as wanting to marry for love. ^[58] Heyer was a prolific author, and write one to two historical romance novels per year until her death in 1974. ^[59]

Rise of the category romance

In the 1930s, Mills and Boon began releasing hardback romance novels. The books were sold through weekly two-penny libraries and were known as "the books in brown" for their brown binding. In the 1950s, the company began offering the books for sale through newsagents across the United Kingdom. ^[60]

A Canadian company, Harlequin Enterprises, Ltd. , began distributing in North America in 1957 the category romances published by Mills and Boon. ^[61] Mary Bonneycastle, wife of Harlequin founder Richard Bonneycastle, and her daughter, Judy Burgess, exercised editorial control over which Mills and Boon novels were reprinted by Harlequin. They had a "decency code" and rejected more sexually explicit material that Mills and Boon submitted for reprinting. Upon realizing that the genre was popular, Richard Bonneycastle finally decided to read a romance novel. He chose one of the more explicit novels and enjoyed it. On his orders, the company conducted a market test with the novel he had read and discovered that it outsold a similar, tamer novel. ^[62] Overall, the novels were short and formulaic, featuring heroines who were sweet, compassionate, pure and innocent. The few heroines who worked did so in traditional female jobs, including as nurses, governesses and secretaries. A nurse is responsible—along with other Health care Professionals —for the treatment safety and recovery of acutely or chronically A governess is a female employee of a family who teaches children within their home A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a Intimacy in the novels never extended beyond a chaste kiss between the protagonists. ^[63]

On October 1, 1971, Harlequin purchased Mills and Boon. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. By this point, the romance novel genre "had been popularized and distributed widely to an enthusiastic audience" in Great Britain. In an attempt to duplicate Mills and Boon's success in North America, Harlequin had improved their distribution and marketing system. ^[64] By choosing to sell their books "where the women are", they allowed many mass-market merchandisers and even supermarkets to sell the books, all of which were exactly 192 pages. Harlequin then began a reader service, selling directly to readers who agreed to purchase a certain number of books each month. ^[65]

Birth of modern romance

Kathleen Woodiwiss's The Flame and the Flower

The modern romance genre was born in 1972 with Avon's publication of Kathleen Woodiwiss's The Flame and the Flower, the first romance novel "to [follow] the principles into the bedroom. Kathleen Erin Woodiwiss ( June 3 1939 – July 6 2007) pioneered the historical romance genre with the 1972 publication Avon Publications was an American paperback book and Comic book publisher Kathleen Erin Woodiwiss ( June 3 1939 – July 6 2007) pioneered the historical romance genre with the 1972 publication "^[66][67] Aside from its content, the book was revolutionary in that it was one of the first single-title romance novels to be published as an original paperback, rather than being first published in hardcover, and, like the category romances, was distributed in drug stores and other mass-market merchandising outlets. Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. A hardcover (or hardback or hardbound) is a Book bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with Cloth ^[68] The novel went on to sell 2. 35 million copies. ^[69] Avon followed its release with the 1974 publication of Woodiwiss's second novel, The Wolf and the Dove and two novels by newcomer Rosemary Rogers. Rosemary Jansz Navaratnam Rogers (b 1932 in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka) is a best-selling Author of historical Romance One of Rogers's novels, Dark Fires sold two million copies in its first three months of release, and, by 1975, Publishers Weekly had reported that the "Avon originals" had sold a combined 8 million copies. ^[68] The following year over 150 historical romance novels, many of them paperback originals, were published, selling over 40 million copies. ^[69]

The success of these novels prompted a new style of writing romance, concentrating primarily on historical fiction tracking the monogamous relationship between a helpless heroines and the hero who rescued her, even if he had been the one to place her in danger. ^[6] The covers of these novels tended to feature scantily clad women being grabbed by the hero, and caused the novels to be referred to as "bodice-rippers. "^[66] A Wall St. Journal article in 1980 referred to these bodice rippers as "publishing's answer to the Big Mac: They are juicy, cheap, predictable, and devoured in stupifying quantities by legions of loyal fans. "^[70] The term bodice-ripper is now considered offensive to many in the romance industry. ^[66]

In this new style of historical romance, heroines were independent and strong-willed and were often paired with heroes who evolved into caring and compassionate men who truly admired the women they loved. ^[71] This was in contrast to the contemporary romances published during this time, which were often characterized by weak females who fell in love with overbearing alpha males. In Social animals the alpha male is the individual in the community to whom the others follow and defer ^[72] Although these heroines had active roles in the plot, they were "passive in relationships with the heroes. "^[73] Across the genre, heroines during this time were usually aged 16–21, with the heroes slightly older, usually around 30. The women were virgins, while the men were not, and both members of the couple were described as beautiful. ^[74]

Category romance adapts

Category romance lines were slower to react to some of the changes that had swept the historical romance subgenre. Despite the fact that the former Mills & Boon lines were now owned by a North American company, the lines did not have any American writers until 1975, when Harlequin purchased a novel by Janet Dailey. Janet Anne Haradon Dailey (born May 21, 1944 in Storm Lake Iowa) is a popular American author of numerous Romance novels as ^[75][76] Dailey's novels provided the romance genre's "first look at heroines, heroes and courtships that take place in America, with American sensibilities, assumptions, history, and most of all, settings. "^[77] Harlequin was unsure how the market would react to this new type of romance, and was unwilling to fully embrace it. In the late 1970s, a Harlequin editor rejected a manuscript by Nora Roberts, who has since become the top-selling romance author, because "they already had their American writer. Nora Roberts (b Eleanor Marie Robertson, October 10, 1950 in Silver Spring Maryland, USA) is a bestselling "^[78]

In 1980, Simon and Schuster formed Silhouette Books to take advantage of the untapped talent of the American writers. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L ^[79] They published several lines of category romance, and encouraged their writers to create stronger heroines and less dominant heroes. Authors were also expected to address contemporary issues where appropriate. ^[80] Silhouette soon saw their market share expand, and in 1984, Harlequin acquired them. Despite the acquisition, Silhouette continued to retain editorial control and to publish various lines under their own imprint. ^[81]

Harlequin had also failed to adapt quickly to the signs that readers appreciated novels with more explicit sex scenes, and in 1980, several publishers entered the category romance market to fill that gap. That year, Dell launched their Candlelight Ecstasy line with Amii Lorin's The Tawny Gold Man, becoming the first line to waive the requirement that heroines be virgins. Joan Hohl (b June 13, 1935 in United States) is a popular USAmerican Writer of over 60 Romance novels since 1980 By the end of 1983 sales for the Candlelight Ecstasy line totaled $30 million. Silhoeutte also launched similar lines, Desire (sexually explicit) and Special Edition (sexually explicit and longer stories, up to 250 pages), each of which had a 90–100% sellout rate each month. ^[82]

A 1982 survey of romance readers confirmed that the new styles of writing were attracting new readers to the genre. 35% of the readers surveyed had begun reading romances after 1977. An additional 31% of those surveyed had been readers for between 6 and 10 years, meaning they had become interested in the genre after 1972, when Woodiwiss's revolutionary novel was published. This means that two-thirds of those surveyed joined the genre after it had begun to change. ^[83]

The number of category romance lines increased at a rapid pace, and by 1985 there were 16 separate lines producing a total of 80 novels per month. ^[84] The sudden increase in category romance lines meant an equally sudden increase in demand for writers of the new style of romance novel. This tight market caused a proportionate decrease in the quality of the novels that were being released. By 1984, the market was saturated with category lines and readers had begun to complain of redundancy in plots. ^[85] The following year, the "dampening effect of the high level of redundancy associated with series romances was evident in the decreased number of titles being read per month. "^[86] Harlequin's return rate, which had been less than 25% in 1978, when it was the primary provider of category romance, swelled to 60%. ^[87]

Further change

The genre continued to expand in the mid-to-late 1980s, as publishers realized that the more popular authors were often those who stretched the boundaries of the genre. A 1984 novel by LaVyrle Spencer featured an overweight, middle-aged hero who had to make drastic changes to his lifestyle to win the heroine, while a 1987 Dailey novel involved an ugly hero and a heroine who was searching for her birth mother. LaVyrle Spencer (born 1944 in Browerville Minnesota) is a American best-selling Author of contemporary and historical ^[88] Jayne Ann Krentz's 1986 novel Sweet Starfire became the first futuristic romance, combining elements of traditional romance novels and science fiction. Jayne Ann Krentz, née Jayne Castle (b March 28 1948 in Borrego Springs California, United States is an American writer of Romance novels Krentz is ^[41] The relationships had also modernized: by the 1990s, it was rare to see a book which featured a man raping his future wife. ^[72]

A Knight in Shining Armor, the first book to published by a romance author transitioning from mass-market originals to hardback. The cover uses the new landscape cover style.

In the mid-to-late 1980s, contemporary romances began to feature women in more male-dominated jobs, such as offshore oil rigs and the space program. By the early 1990s, the pendulum had swung back to feature heroines who were self-employed. The age range of heroines also began to expand, so that books began to feature women who had already reached 30 and even 40. Heroes also changed, with some authors veering towards a more sensitive man. Despite the broadening of some aspects of the plot, other taboos remained, and publishers discouraged authors from writing about controversial subjects such as terrorism, warfare, and masculine sports. ^[89] Romance novels began to contain more humor beginning in the 1990s, as Julie Garwood began introducing a great deal of humor into her historical romances. Julie Garwood (born in 1946 in Kansas City Missouri) is an American Writer of over twenty-five Romance novels in both the historical ^[90]

The romance novel began to expand in other ways as well. ^[91] In 1989, author Jude Deveraux became the first romance author to transition from writing original mass market paperbacks to being published in hardcover. Jude Deveraux (b September 20, 1947 in Fairdale Kentucky as Jude Gilliam) is an American Romance novel author who is well-known Her novel, A Knight in Shining Armor, "became a natural bestseller. "^[2] Several authors found success writing single-title romances set in contemporary times, and publishing houses began to encourage the growth in the genre. Because the novels were set in modern times, they could include more of the elements that modern women could relate to, and soon began to touch on themes such as single parenthood, adoption, and abuse. ^[91]

By 2000, the covers had begun to evolve from featuring a scantily clad couple to instead showing a view of the landscape featured in the novel. ^[2]

As women's career options have expanded in real life, so have those of their fictional counterparts. In the earliest Harlequin romance novels, heroines were typically nurses and secretaries. As time has passed and women have entered the workforce in larger numbers, romance heroines have spanned the career spectrum. ^[92] Modern romance novels now feature more balanced relationships between men and women. ^[6]

Markets

North America

The romance fiction market "has been impervious to the overall economic recession, with faithful readers spending up to $40 a month" on romance novels in 1982. ^[93] That year, paperback romances totaled $300 million in sales, and the total audience was estimated at 20 million readers. A survey of 600 regular romance readers the same year "found that they mirror the general population in age, education, and marital and socioeconomic status. " Over half of the women had at least some college education, and 40% were employed full-time. 60% of the women surveyed read at least one romance every two days. The women admitted to reading romances as an antidote to stress, for mental escape, and to learn about history and new careers. ^[94]

The romance novel market continued to expand, so that by 1991, they comprised 46% of all mass market paperbacks sold in the US. This expansion was due in part to voracious readers, with over half of Harlequin's customers purchasing 30 novels per month. By this time, the romance novel audience had become more educated, with 45% having a college degree, and more than half of the audience worked outside the home. ^[95]

By the 2000s, romance had become the most popular genre in modern literature. In 2004, romantic fiction generated $1. 2 billion in sales, with 2,285 romance novels published. Almost 55% of all paperback books sold in 2004 were romance novels, and this genre made up 39% of all fiction sold that year. Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a Book by the nature of its binding. Over 64 million people claimed to have read at least one romance novel in 2004, according to a Romance Writers of America study, a 26% increase over their 2001 study. Twenty-two percent of romance readers identified themselves as male, and the romance readers were split evenly between people who were married and those who were single. People of all ages read romance novels, with one percent of readers younger than 13, and forty-two percent of them have at least a bachelor's degree. ^[29]

International markets

Harlequin sells more than 4 books per second, half of them internationally. Author Heather Graham attributes this to the fact that "emotions translate easily. Heather Graham Pozzessere (b March 15, 1953 in Florida) is a best-selling American Writer, who writes primarily Romance "^[96] In the United Kingdom, over 20% of all fiction books sold each year are romance novels. ^[97] Although romance novels are translated into over 90 languages,^[67] the majority of authors of these works are from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, or, to a lesser extent, Australia. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. ^[98] Even in France, where over 12 million romance novels are sold each year, all of the books are translations. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[67] This leads to a more Anglo-Saxon perspective in the fiction, which at times can be much less successful in a European market. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Although Italy is the strongest foreign market for the chick lit sold by single-title imprint Red Dress Ink, in that country romance readers do not care to read books about cowboys, as this type of occupation was not common in their culture. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of The paranormal romance genre is not popular in countries such as Poland and Russia, although historical romance tends to be very successful. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ^[98] Inspirational romance does not sell well in Europe, where romances that feature babies are very popular. ^[67]

Some publishing companies in Germany refuse to allow their romance authors to use their own names, fearing that the German audience will not buy a romance novel that does not have an Anglo-American pseudonym. German readers enjoy reading more erotic romance novels,^[98] and some German translations of English romance novels expand or insert love scenes into otherwise tame stories. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The alternate scenario also occurs, as other German translators censor the love scenes. ^[99]

In 2004, sales of romance novels in Australia increased 28% over the year before. Between 1999 and 2004 there was an increase of 40–50% in the number of new titles released. Harlequin received 20,000 unsolicited manuscripts each year. ^[100]

Critical attention

Until recent years, the romance genre has been popularly derided and critically ignored, in company with other popular genres (men's adventure, science fiction, westerns).

Despite recent rehabilitation and merging of the genre with other genres, the stigma attached to the romance genre continues to be strong, with some dedicated readers embarrassed to admit to buying or even reading the books. ^[3] Indeed, the romance genre has over the years generated significant derision, skepticism and criticism. Some critics point to a lack of suspense, as it is obvious that the hero and heroine will eventually resolve their issues, and wonder whether it is beneficial "for women to be whiling away so many hours reading impossibly glamorized love stories. "^[3] According to fiction author Melissa Pritchard, romance novels "perpetuates something slightly dangerous, that there's this notion, that there's this perfect love out there, and it can distract you from the work of loving yourself. "^[101]

However, with the growth of popular culture studies, academic attention has turned to the romance genre and other forms of popular entertainment. While not fully rehabilitating the genre's reputation, scholars such as Janice Radway, Nancy Chodorow, and Ann Douglas have looked at the genre in a broader social context, as other scholars have done with soap operas, western novels, science fiction, and other popular entertainment. These studies have contributed to defenses of the genre, such as fans' argument that the perceived stigma is due to the fact that romance is the only genre "written almost exclusively by women for women. "^[3] Others have recharacterized the romance's fundamental story in ways that positively frame the genre. Romance novelist Jennifer Crusie counters that in the modern romance novel "a woman is rewarded with unconditional love [only] if she remains true to herself",^[73] while novelist Susan Elizabeth Phillips believes that romance novels are popular because the heroine always wins, sometimes overcoming great odds so that she is no longer a victim. Jennifer Crusie (born 1949 is a pseudonym for Jennifer Smith, a bestselling and award winning author of contemporary Romance novels. Susan Elizabeth Phillips (b December 11 in Cincinnati Ohio) is an award-winning and best-selling American Writer of Romance ^[23]

Footnotes

References

• Ramsdell, Kristin (1999), Romance Fiction: A Guide to the Genre, Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. The City of Englewood is a Home Rule Municipality located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. , ISBN 1563083353 
• Regis, Pamela (2003), A Natural History of the Romance Novel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0812233034 
• Thurston, Carol (1987). Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The University of Pennsylvania Press (or Penn Press) was originally incorporated with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on 26 March 1890 and the imprint of the University of The Romance Revolution. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The University of Illinois Press ( UIP) is a major American University press and part of the University of Illinois. ISBN 0-252-014421-1.  
• Toth, Emily (1998), Wilma Mankiller, Gwendolyn Mink, Marysa Navarro, Barbara Smith, and Gloria Steinem, ed. Wilma Pearl Mankiller (born November 18, 1945 in Tahlequah Oklahoma) was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American feminist icon Journalist and women's rights advocate , The Reader's Companion to U. S. Women's History, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0395671736 

See also

• List of romantic novelists
• Men's romantic fiction
• Romance (genre)
• Romance (novel)
• Romance

External links

• Romance Writers of America
• Romance Wiki A wiki dedicated to documenting the history of Romance Novels. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. ± This is a list of published Novelists who specialise or specialised in writing Romance novels. Men's romantic fiction refers to any fictional portrayal of Romantic love either in film text or other media and is usually either told from the male protagonist's As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative Romance is a novel co-authored by Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Ford.
• The Romantic Novelists' Association UK professional organisation for writers of romance.