See Salve (greeting) for a modern popular greeting from Rome.

The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. Oath of the Horatii ( 1784) is a painting by Jacques-Louis David, painted before the French Revolution depicting the Roman salute. Year 1784 ( MDCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A salute (also called obeisance) is a Gesture (often Hand gesture) or other action used to display respect Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle, sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground. Despite the gesture's name, it is unclear whether the Romans used it as a form of military courtesy; the current interpretation of a "salute" would seem to have evolved over time, more substantially in recent periods. Military courtesy is one of the defining features of a professional Military force

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early images 1.2 From oath to salute 2 Post-war use 3 Uses in fiction 4 Footnotes 5 See also

History

Early images

The salute was supposed to have been used in the Roman Republic, but there is no clear evidence of this. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Indeed it is not known whether salutes as military courtesy existed at all in Roman culture. However, a number of images showing similar gestures exist from the Imperial era. These depict Roman leaders addressing their troops ("adlocutio" scenes). In Ancient Rome, an adlocutio was an address by a general (usually the emperor to his massed army and a general salute from the army to their leader Usually the leader has his arm raised in a rhetorical gesture. In some images a few troops are also depicted with raised arms, possibly suggesting acclamation of the leader. Several such scenes appear on Trajan's Column^[1]. Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus

The association of the gesture with Roman republican culture seems to have emerged in 18th century France with revolutionary and anti-monarchist movements of the era. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Several paintings in the Neoclassical style depict Roman heroes adopting variants of the gesture. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and The most famous and influential of these is Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), which illustrates a pledge of loyalty to the Roman republic. Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be After the French Revolution of 1789, David was commissioned to depict the formation of the revolutionary government in a similar style. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the Tennis Court Oath (1792) the National Assembly are all depicted with their arms outstretched as they swear to create a new constitution. The Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume was a pivotal event during the French Revolution. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The National Assembly of France is the lower legislative house under the French Fifth Republic. After the republican government was replaced by Napoleon's imperial régime, David further deployed the gesture in images of Napoleon receiving the acclamation and loyalty of his soldiers. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or These consciously imitated ancient Roman ad locutio scenes. The most important of these paintings is The Distribution of the Eagle Standards (1810). The Distribution of the Eagle Standards is a painting by Jacques-Louis David depicting a ceremony arranged by Napoleon after his assumption of power as emperor Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

As the founder of the French academic school of art, David was imitated by many painters during the 19th century, who regularly depicted the straight-arm gesture in scenes of Roman imperial history. Academic art is a style of Painting and Sculpture produced under the influence of European academies or universities The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

From oath to salute

Main articles: Bellamy salute and Hitler salute

These early images of the gesture are not strictly speaking salutes, since most actually depict the swearing of oaths. The Bellamy salute is the hand gesture described by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 to accompany the American Pledge of Allegiance, which he had authored The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the It was with this function that the so-called Bellamy salute was adopted in the United States in 1892 as part of the Pledge of Allegiance. The Bellamy salute is the hand gesture described by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 to accompany the American Pledge of Allegiance, which he had authored The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year History The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 a Baptist minister a Christian Socialist, and the cousin of Socialist Utopian This required that participants should initially bend their right arm with the hand held against the forehead, as in a conventional military salute. The arm should then be "extended gracefully, palm upward, toward the flag. " Similar gestures were adopted elsewhere in the late-19th century among both nationalist and socialist movements. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution In the modern USA, when swearing legal oaths and oaths of government office, the affirmant uses the gesture of an upraised arm, bent at the elbow, palm facing outward, which bears resemblance to the Roman Salute. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

It is unclear precisely when the oath gesture became transformed into a quasi-military salute, though it appears in this role in some Davidian paintings, most famously Jean-Léon Gérôme's popular Ave Caesar! Morituri te salutant (Hail Caesar! They Who Are About to Die Salute You) of 1859. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style Ave Caesar morituri te salutant (lit Hail Caesar, those who are about to die salute you) is traditionally the Latin phrase that the Gladiators Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [1] [2]. At the same time research by Augustin Thierry into the rituals of Gallic and Germanic tribes led to the claim that such gestures were associated with ancient Aryan peoples for whom monarchy was said to be defined more by charismatic prowess than simple inheritance. Augustin Thierry (or Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry May 10, 1795 - May 22, 1856) was a French Historian. The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ^[2] Nordic ideology, which was later embraced by the Nazis, claimed that the leading classes of ancient Greek and Roman culture had originated among Germanic peoples, who had migrated south. The Nordic race was one of the racial categories into which the Europeans were divided by anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century In consequence it was argued that the gesture was Nordic in origin, expressive of the free acclamation of a leader.

By the end of the 19th century, the gesture was recognised as a symbol of communal acclamation, appropriate as a sign of allegiance to be used in several mass movements. A version was adopted as the Olympic salute, with arms raised to the side of the body, as in The Oath of the Horatii. The gesture was also portrayed as a salute in a number of early films about ancient Rome, such as Ben Hur (1907), Nerone (1908), Spartaco (1914) and Cabiria (1914). This page is about the silent film For other uses see Ben-Hur Ben Hur is a 15 minute long 1907 Silent film, the first film version of Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This article is about Giovanni Pastrone 's 1914 silent film for the Federico Fellini film see The Nights of Cabiria.

The Italian nationalist writer and adventurer Gabriele D'Annunzio, who had scripted Cabiria, appropriated the salute with a neo-Imperial meaning when he occupied Rijeka in 1919. Gabriele d'Annunzio ( 12 March 1863 &ndash 1 March 1938) was an Italian Poet, Journalist, Novelist Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[3] It was later taken up by the Italian fascist party to symbolise their claim to have revitalised Italy on the model of ancient Rome. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology In the Italian version the arm was typically raised quite high above the shoulder with the palm bent outwards, in a rhetorical manner similar to Roman imperial statuary. Other fascist groups also adopted versions of the salute, including the German Nazi Party's Hitler salute, in which the arm was raised smartly to the front, at right angles to the chest with the palm turned downwards. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the Under Fascist rule, these salutes were also in use by the general population in Germany and Italy. Achille Starace, the Italian Fascist Party secretary, pushed for measures to make the use of the Roman salute generally compulsory, denouncing hand shaking as effete and foreign. Achille Starace ( August 18 1889 &mdash April 29 1945) was a prominent leader of Fascist Italy prior to and during World The National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista; PNF was an Italian party created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of A handshake is a short Ritual in which two people grasp each other's right or left hand often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands

Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. The Hitler salute (Hitlergruß also known in Germany during World War II as the Deutscher Gruß (literally German Greeting) or in English as the History The Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855-1931 a Baptist minister a Christian Socialist, and the cousin of Socialist Utopian " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the National anthem of the United States of America The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June 1942. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States Flag Code establishes advisory rules for display and care of the Flag of the United States. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

A similar form of an elevated right arm prevailed among certain Catholic youth organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and Germany, e. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. g. the salute of the members of the Grail Movement. The Grail Movement is an organization which originated in Germany in the late 1940s inspired by the work of Oskar Ernst Bernhardt (also known by his Pen name Their using the Roman salute was however ended in the mid-1930s, as confusion far too often arose over whether their salute form in public was an act of tacit support for Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, or not. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. Anti-clerical left-wing publications often used 1920s and early 1930s pictures of bishops and other clergy saluting these Catholic youth movements with the Roman salute, as to imply a "Nazi" or "Fascist" orientation of these bishops and priests, or even the Roman Catholic Church in general. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada

Post-war use

The association with Nazism and Fascism has been so strong that the use of the salute has been rare since the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including There are several exceptions: in Portugal, Mexico and the Republic of China (Taiwan), the salute is still used during the swearing of oaths in inaugurations. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia.

It is also known to be used by the Tamil separatist organization, the LTTE, while saluting their leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. "LTTE" redirects here For the Led Zeppelin bootleg see Listen to This Eddie. Velupillai Prabhakaran (வேலுப்பிள்ளை பிரபாகரன் born November 26, 1954) also known informally as Thambi (தம்பி ^[4]

In 2005, Italian footballer Paolo Di Canio created controversy by using the gesture on several occasions to salute hardcore right-wing S.S. Lazio fans. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Paolo Di Canio (born July 9, 1968) is a retired Italian footballer. Società Sportiva Lazio, ( commonly referred to SS Lazio or simply Lazio, is an Italian professional Sports club most noted for its football Di Canio has also expressed admiration for Mussolini. ^{[5], [6]}

The salute continued to be portrayed as a real feature of Ancient Roman culture in some historical dramas about Rome, such as the 1951 film Quo Vadis and the 1960 film Spartacus. The year 1951 in film involved some significant events Events Sweden - May Britt is scouted by Italian Quo Vadis is an epic 1951 film made by MGM. It was directed by Mervyn LeRoy and produced by Sam Zimbalist, from a Screenplay by The year 1960 in film involved some significant events Events April 20 - for the first time since coming home from military It has been used as such as recently as the 2005 TV series Empire and the HBO TV series Rome. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Empire is a six part Miniseries that first aired on ABC in 2005 Rome is a BAFTA, Golden Globe and Emmy -nominated historical drama Television series co-created by John Milius

Uses in fiction

The salute appears in science fiction dramas, usually to suggest either fascist or imperial Roman characteristics in fictional cultures. The Romulans in the original Star Trek television series (1966–69) are depicted, as their name suggests, as a Roman-like culture. Romulans are an alien species in the Star Trek universe that are related to the Vulcans and are at war or in an uneasy truce with the United Federation of Star Trek is a Science fiction Television series created by Gene Roddenberry that aired from September 8, 1966 through Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. They use an upraised arm, palm down salute in several episodes, such as "The Enterprise Incident". " The Enterprise Incident " is a third season episode of Star Trek The Original Series, first broadcast September 27, 1968

In the video game, Mega Man X4, the fictional military organization, known as the Repliforce, can be seen giving the Roman salute during the early cinematics of the game. Mega Man X4 (ロックマンX4 Rockman X4) is the fourth game in the Mega Man X series

In the Japanese animation series Excel Saga the main heroines are often seen greeting their superior(s) with a Roman Salute, followed by an overly enthusiastic (if somewhat mispronounced) Nazi-era "heil". is a comedy Manga series by Koushi Rikudou, and a TV Anime series directed by Shinichi Watanabe

Footnotes

See also

• Ave
• Clenched fist
• Thumbs-up, Thumbs-down

Vanni is an electoral district in Northern Province Sri Lanka Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ave! or aue! is a Latin phrase used by the Romans as a salutation and Greeting, meaning 'hail' Raised Fist is a Swedish hardcore band formed in 1993. The name "Raised Fist" came as an idea from the Rage Against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 6 by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|People often use gestures during heated or tense arguments such as at this political demonstration

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