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Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Etruscan numerals were used by the ancient Etruscans The system was adapted from the Greek Attic numerals and formed the inspiration for the later Roman The system used in classical antiquity was slightly modified in the Middle Ages to produce the system we use today. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean It is based on certain letters which are given values as numerals

Roman numerals are commonly used today in numbered lists (in outline format), clockfaces, pages preceding the main body of a book, chord triads in music analysis, the numbering of movie publication dates, successive political leaders or children with identical names, and the numbering of some sport events, such as the Olympic Games, the Super Bowl, and World Wrestling Entertainment's annual Wrestlemania event. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games professional American football, the Super Bowl is the Championship game of the National Football League (NFL This article is about the WrestleMania PPV series in general for the first WrestleMania itself see WrestleMania (1985.

For arithmetics involving Roman numerals, see Roman arithmetic and Roman abacus. In Mathematics, Roman arithmetic is the use of Arithmetical operations on Roman numerals. The Romans developed the Roman hand Abacus, a portable but less capable base-10 version of the previous Babylonian abacus

Numeral systems by culture
Hindu-Arabic numerals
Indian
Eastern Arabic
Khmer		 Indian family
Brahmi
Thai
East Asian numerals
Chinese
Counting rods		 Japanese
Korean 
Alphabetic numerals
Abjad
Armenian
Cyrillic
Ge'ez		 Hebrew
Greek (Ionian)
Āryabhaṭa
 
Other systems
Attic
Babylonian
Egyptian
Etruscan		 Mayan
Roman
Urnfield
List of numeral system topics
Positional systems by base
Decimal (10)
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
1, 3, 9, 12, 20, 24, 30, 36, 60, more…
v • d • e
Entrance to section LII of the Colosseum, with numerals still visible
Entrance to section LII of the Colosseum, with numerals still visible

Contents

Symbols

Symbol Value
I 1 (one) (unus)
V 5 (five) (quinque)
X 10 (ten) (decem)
L 50 (fifty) (quinquaginta)
C 100 (one hundred) (centum)
D 500 (five hundred) (quingenti)
M 1000 (one thousand) (mille)

Multiple symbols may be combined to produce numbers in between these values, subject to certain rules on repetition. A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language of Cambodia. Most of the positional Base 10 Numeral systems in the world have originated from India, which first developed the concept of positional numerology The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens Thai numerals (เลขไทย are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common Chinese numerals are characters for writing Numbers in Chinese. Counting rods ( Japanese: 算木 sangi are small bars typically 3-14 cm long used by mathematicians for calculation in China, Japan The Korean language has two regularly used sets of numerals a Sino-Korean system and a native Korean system The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values The system of Armenian numerals is a historic Numeral system created using the Majuscules (uppercase letters of the Armenian alphabet. Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. The Āryabhaṭa numeration is a system of numerals based on Sanskrit phonemes. Attic numerals were used by the ancient Greeks, possibly from the 7th century BC Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed Stylus to make a mark on a soft Clay tablet which would be exposed The system of Ancient Egyptian numerals was a Numeral system used in ancient Egypt aka Kemet The Etruscan numerals were used by the ancient Etruscans The system was adapted from the Greek Attic numerals and formed the inspiration for the later Roman The Pre-Columbian Maya civilization used a Vigesimal ( base - twenty) Numeral system. Discovery In 1946 a deposit with more than 250 sickles corresponding to the period 1500-1250 BC was discovered in Frankleben (in the region of Merseburg - Querfurt This is a list of Numeral system topics (and "numeric representations" by Wikipedia page A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a In mathematical numeral systems, the base or radix is usually the number of unique digits, including zero that a positional Numeral The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. Quaternary is the base - Numeral system. It uses the digits 0 1 2 and 3 to represent any Real number. The octal Numeral system, or oct for short is the base -8 number system and uses the digits 0 to 7 In Mathematics and Computer science, hexadecimal (also base -, hexa, or hex) is a Numeral system with a Base 32 or duotrigesimal is a Numeral system with 32 as its base The base - system is a Numeral system with 64 as its base It is the largest power-of-two base that can be represented using single printable ASCII The unary numeral system is the bijective base - 1 Numeral system. Ternary or trinary is the base - Numeral system. Analogous to a " Bit " a ternary digit is known as a trit ( Nonary is a base - Numeral system, typically using the digits 0-8 but not the digit 9 The duodecimal system (also known as base -12 or dozenal) is a Numeral system using twelve as its base. The vigesimal or base - numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten The base - system is a Numeral system with 24 as its base There are 24 hours in a day so our time keeping system includes a base-24 component Base 30 or trigesimal is a positional numeral system using 30 as the Radix. Base 36 is a positional numeral system using 36 as the Radix. Sexagesimal ( base-sixty) is a Numeral system with sixty as the base. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ Mathematics For any number x: x ·1 = 1· x = x (1 is the multiplicative identity V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː This article discusses the number five. For the year 5 AD see 5. X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl This article discusses the number fifty. For the year 50 CE see 50. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː 500 ( five hundred) is the Natural number following 499 and preceding 501. M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm In cases where it may be shorter, it is sometimes allowable to place a smaller, subtractive, symbol before a larger value, so that, for example, one may write IV or iv for four, rather than iiii. Sometimes, especially in medical prescriptions, a final i becomes j, such as iij for 3 or vij for 7. A prescription (℞ is a health-care program implemented by a Physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual This was originally done to prevent forgery. Again, for the numbers not assigned a specific symbol, the above given symbols are combined:

For large numbers (4000 and above), a bar is placed above a base numeral to indicate multiplication by 1000:

The basic Roman numerals follow a pattern:

Units I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Tens X XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC
Hundreds C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM
Thousands M MM MMM IV V VI VII VIII IX

For very large numbers, there is no standard format, although sometimes a double bar or underline is used to indicate multiplication by 1,000,000. ---- In mathematics Three is the first odd Prime number, and the second smallest prime In mathematics Four is the smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being and. This article discusses the number five. For the year 5 AD see 5. In mathematics Six is the second smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1, 2 and 3. In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a In mathematics 8 is a Composite number, its Proper divisors being 1, 2, and 4. In mathematics Nine is a Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1 and 3. 32 ( thirty-two) is the Natural number following 31 and preceding 33. 45 ( forty-five) is the Natural number following 44 and followed by 46. 5000 ( five thousand) is the Natural number following 4999 and preceding 5001 That means an underlined X (X) is ten million.

Origins

[1]

Although the Roman numerals are now written with letters of the Roman alphabet, they were originally independent symbols. The Etruscans, for example, used I Λ X ⋔ 8 ⊕ for I V X L C M, of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy One folk etymology has it that the V represented a hand, and that the X was made by placing two Vs on top of each other, one inverted. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology. However, the Etrusco-Roman numerals actually appear to derive from notches on tally sticks, which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century. A tally (or tally stick) was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers quantities or even messages Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern

Thus I descends not from the letter I but from a notch scored across the stick. Every fifth notch was double cut (i. e. ⋀, ⋁, ⋋, ⋌, etc. ), and every tenth was cross cut (X), IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII…, much like European tally marks today. Tally marks are an implementation of the Unary numeral system. This produced a positional system: Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies, IIIIΛIII, or the eighth of a longer series of tallies; either way, it could be abbreviated ΛIII (or VIII), as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches. By extension, eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten, which could be abbreviated X, and so was XΛIII. Likewise, number four on the stick was the I-notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ (V), so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ (IV). Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception, but ordinal. In linguistics ordinal numbers are the words representing the rank of a number with respect to some order in particular order or position (i When the tallies were transferred to writing, the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I, V, X.

The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke. Thus 50 was written variously as N, И, K, Ψ, ⋔, etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken-track shape like a superimposed V and I - ᗐ. This had flattened to ⊥ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Likewise, 100 was variously Ж, ⋉, ⋈, H, or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke. The form Ж (that is, a superimposed X and I) came to predominate. It was written variously as >I< or ƆIC, was then abbreviated to Ɔ or C, with C variant finally winning out because, as a letter, it stood for centum, Latin for "hundred".

The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle. Thus 500 was like a Ɔ superposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ — that is, like a Þ with a cross bar,— becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D. It was later identified as the letter D, perhaps as an abbreviation of demi-mille "half-thousand"; this at least was the folk etymology given to it later on.

Meanwhile, 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi. In different traditions it then evolved along several different routes. Some variants, such as Ψ and CD (the latter more accurately a mirror image of a D, which is not supported by Unicode, adjacent to a regular D), were historical dead ends, although folk etymology later identified D for 500 as graphically half of Φ for 1000 because of the CD variant. A third line, ↀ, survives to this day in two variants:

Zero

In general, the number zero did not have its own Roman numeral, but a primitive form (nulla) was known by medieval computists (responsible for calculating the date of Easter). Computus ( Latin for Computation) is the Calculation of the date of Easter in the Christian calendar. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. They included zero (via the Latin word nulla meaning "none") as one of nineteen epacts, or the age of the moon on March 22. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The epact (from Greek epaktai hèmerai = added days is a quantification of the difference between the solar and lunar calendars Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. The first three epacts were nullae, xi, and xxii (written in minuscule or lower case). The first known computist to use zero was Dionysius Exiguus in 525. Dionysius Exiguus ( Dennis the Little or Dennis the Short, meaning humble (c Only one instance of a Roman numeral for zero is known. About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nullae, in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn

Fractions

A triens coin (1/3 or 4/12 of an as). Note the four dots •••• indicating its value.
A triens coin (1/3 or 4/12 of an as). Note the four dots •••• indicating its value.
A semis coin (1/2 or 6/12 of an as). Note the S indicating its value.
A semis coin (1/2 or 6/12 of an as). Note the S indicating its value.

Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers, reflecting how they counted in Latin, they used a duodecimal system for fractions, because the divisibility of twelve (12 = 3×2×2) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1/3 and 1/4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2×5). The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. The duodecimal system (also known as base -12 or dozenal) is a Numeral system using twelve as its base. In Mathematics, a rational number is a number which can be expressed as a Ratio of two Integers Non-integer rational numbers (commonly called fractions In Mathematics, a divisor of an Integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which evenly divides n without In Mathematics, a fraction (from the Latin fractus, broken is a concept of a proportional relation between an object part and the object On coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as, they used a tally-like notational system based on twelfths and halves. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review A dot • indicated an uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis "half". S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine.

Each of these fractions had a name, which was also the name of the corresponding coin:

Fraction Roman Numeral Name (nominative and genitive) Meaning
1/12 • uncia, unciae "ounce"
2/12 = 1/6 •• or : sextans, sextantis "sixth"
3/12 = 1/4 ••• or ∴ quadrans, quadrantis "quarter"
4/12 = 1/3 •••• or :: triens, trientis "third"
5/12 ••••• or :•: quincunx, quincuncis "five-ounce" (quinquae unciae → quincunx)
6/12 = 1/2 S semis, semissis "half"
7/12 S• septunx, septuncis "seven-ounce" (septem unciae → septunx)
8/12 = 2/3 S•• or S: bes, bessis "twice" (as in "twice a third")
9/12 = 3/4 S••• or S:• dodrans, dodrantis
or nonuncium, nonuncii		 "less a quarter" (de-quadrans → dodrans)
or "ninth ounce" (nona uncia → nonuncium)
10/12 = 5/6 S•••• or S:: dextans, dextantis
or decunx, decuncis		 "less a sixth" (de-sextans → dextans)
or "ten ounces" (decem unciae → decunx)
11/12 S••••• or S:•: deunx, deuncis "less an ounce" (de-uncia → deunx)
12/12 = 1 I as, assis "unit"

The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear. The uncia, a Latin word used for a twelfth of anything was a unit of length (equivalent to an inch one-twelfth of a pes or foot and of weight (equivalent to an ounce one-twelfth The sextans was an Ancient Roman Bronze Coin produced during the Roman Republic valued at one-sixth of an as (2 unciae) The quadrans (literally meaning "a quarter" was a low-value Roman Bronze Coin worth one fourth of an as. The triens (plural trientes) was an Ancient Roman Bronze Coin produced during the Roman Republic valued at one-third of an as The semis (literally meaning half was small Roman Bronze Coin that was valued at half an as. The bes was an Ancient Roman Bronze Coin produced during the Roman Republic. The dodrans was an Ancient Roman Bronze Coin produced during the Roman Republic. Five dots arranged like :·: (as on dice faces ⚄) are known as a quincunx from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. For Sir Francis Galton 's machine for demonstrating the Normal distribution named "quincunx" see Bean machine. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant. This article is about the sextant as used for Navigation. For the astronomer's sextant, see Sextant (astronomical.

Other Roman fractions include:

IIII vs. IV

The notation of Roman numerals has varied through the centuries. Originally, it was common to use IIII to represent four, because IV represented the Roman god Jupiter, whose Latin name, IVPPITER, begins with IV. Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. The subtractive notation (which uses IV instead of IIII) has become universally used only in modern times. Subtractive notation is an early form of Positional notation used with Roman numerals as a shorthand to replace four or five characters in a Numeral representing For example, Forme of Cury, a manuscript from 1390, uses IX for nine, but IIII for four. The Forme of Cury, so named by Samuel Pegge, was a roll of Cookery written by the Master Cooks of King Richard II of England. Another document in the same manuscript, from 1381, uses IV and IX. A third document in the same manuscript uses IIII, IV, and IX. Constructions such as IIIII for five, IIX for eight or VV for 10 have also been discovered. Subtractive notation arose from regular Latin usage: the number 18 was duodeviginti or “two from twenty”; the number 19 was undeviginti or "one from twenty". Subtractive notation is an early form of Positional notation used with Roman numerals as a shorthand to replace four or five characters in a Numeral representing The use of subtractive notation increased the complexity of performing Roman arithmetic, without conveying the benefits of a full positional notation system. In Mathematics, Roman arithmetic is the use of Arithmetical operations on Roman numerals. A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a

An inscription on Admiralty Arch, London. The numeral translates to 1910.
An inscription on Admiralty Arch, London. Admiralty Arch is a large office building in London which incorporates an archway providing road and Pedestrian access between The Mall, which extends to The numeral translates to 1910.

Likewise, on some buildings it is possible to see MDCCCCX, for example, representing 1910 instead of MCMX – notably Admiralty Arch in London. Admiralty Arch is a large office building in London which incorporates an archway providing road and Pedestrian access between The Mall, which extends to London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Leader Building in Cleveland, Ohio, at the corner of Superior Avenue and E. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state 6th Street, is marked MDCCCCXII, representing 1912. Another notable example is on Harvard Medical School's Gordon Hall, which reads MDCCCCIIII for 1904. Harvard Medical School ( HMS) is one of the graduate schools of Harvard University and currently the #1 medical school in America as ranked by U In Dubrovnik, Croatia, a commemorative inscription marking the 1000th anniversary of King Tomislav’s coronation (Croatia’s first King), appears as DCCCCXXV - MDCCCCXXV (925 -1925).

Calendars and clocks

The Shepherd gate clock with Roman numbers up to XXIII (and 0), in Greenwich
The Shepherd gate clock with Roman numbers up to XXIII (and 0), in Greenwich

Clock faces that are labeled using Roman numerals conventionally show IIII for four o'clock and IX for nine o'clock, using the subtractive principle in one case and not the other. The Shepherd Gate Clock is the Clock mounted on the wall outside the gate of the Royal Greenwich Observatory building in Greenwich, London There are many suggested explanations for this, several of which may be true:

The IIX and one of the IX’s are rotated 180° to form XI and XII. The alternative with IV uses seventeen I's, five V's, and four X's, requiring the clock maker to have several different molds.

Chemistry

As it relates to the nomenclature of inorganic compounds. The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming Inorganic Chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union For example MnO2 should be named manganese(IV) oxide; manganese(IIII) oxide is unacceptable.

XCIX vs. IC

Rules regarding Roman numerals often state that a symbol representing 10n may not precede any symbol larger than 10n+1. For example, C cannot be preceded by I or V, only by X (or, of course, by a symbol representing a value equal to or larger than C). Thus, one should represent the number ninety-nine as XCIX (using decimal places -- 90 (XC) then 9 (IX)), not as the "shortcut" IC.

This problem manifested in such questions as why 1990 was not written as MXM instead of the universal usage MCMXC, or why 1999 was not written simply IMM or MIM as opposed to the universal MCMXCIX.

However, these rules are not universally followed.

Modern Roman numerals are written by expressing each digit separately starting with the left most digit and skipping any digit with a value of zero. To see this in practice, consider the above example of 1990. In Roman numerals 1990 is rendered: 1000=M, 900=CM, 90=XC; resulting in MCMXC. 2008 is written as 2000=MM, 8=VIII; or MMVIII.

Year in Roman numerals

In seventeenth-century Europe, using Roman numerals for the year of publication for books was standard; there were many other places it was used as well. Publishers attempted to make the number easier to read by those more accustomed to Arabic positional numerals. On British title pages, there were often spaces between the groups of digits: M DCC LX I (relating to 1000 700 60 1 or 1761) is one example. This may have come from the French, who separated the groups of digits with periods, as: M. A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the DCC. LXI. or M. DCC. LXI. Notice the period at the end of the sequence; many countries did this for Roman numerals in general, but not necessarily Britain. (Periods were also common on each side of numerals in running text, as in "commonet . iij. viros illos". )

These practices faded from general use before the start of the twentieth century, though the cornerstones of major buildings still occasionally use them. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The cornerstone (or foundation stone) concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation, important since all other stones will Roman numerals are today still used on building faces for dates: 2008 can be represented as MMVIII. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common They are also sometimes used in the credits of movies and television programs to denote the year of production, particularly programs made by the BBC and CBS. Closing credits, inside a Motion picture or Television program come at the end of a movie or show and list all the cast and crew involved in the production CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network.

Modern usage

Roman numbers on stern of Cutty Sark, Greenwich
Roman numbers on stern of Cutty Sark, Greenwich
Bow of Clipper ship Cutty Sark
Bow of Clipper ship Cutty Sark

The Roman number system is generally regarded as obsolete in modern usage, but is still seen in certain institutions to this day. Etymology The ship is named after the cutty sark ( Scots: a short Chemise or Undergarment) Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London,

Below are a few examples of its current use.

There are many other places as well.

Roman numerals remained in common use until about the 14th century, when they were replaced by Arabic numerals (thought to have been introduced to Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises, around the 11th century). The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The use of Roman numerals today is mostly restricted to ordinal numbers, such as volumes or chapters in a book or the numbers identifying monarchs or popes (e. g. Elizabeth II, Benedict XVI, etc. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger ).

Sometimes the numerals are written using lower-case letters (thus: i, ii, iii, iv, etc. ), particularly if numbering paragraphs or sections within chapters, or for the pagination of the front matter of a book.

Undergraduate degrees at British universities are generally graded using I, IIi, IIii, III for first, upper second (often pronounced "two one"), lower second (often pronounced "two two") and third class respectively.

Modern English usage also employs Roman numerals in many books (especially anthologies), movies (e. g. Star Trek and Star Wars), sporting events (e. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded g. the Olympic Games, the Super Bowl, and WWE's WrestleMania), historic events (e. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games professional American football, the Super Bowl is the Championship game of the National Football League (NFL World Wrestling Entertainment Inc ( WWE) is a publicly traded privately controlled integrated media (focusing in Television, Internet, This article is about the WrestleMania PPV series in general for the first WrestleMania itself see WrestleMania (1985. g. World War I, World War II), and computer or videogames (e. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including g. Final Fantasy, King's Quest, Ultima). King's Quest is an Adventure game series made by the American Computer game company Sierra Entertainment The common unifying theme seems to be stories or events that are episodic or annual in nature, with the use of classical numbering suggesting importance or timelessness.

Sports teams can be referred to as the number of players in the squad with Roman numerals. In rugby union, the 1st XV of a particular club would be the 1st and best team the club has, likewise for the XIII in rugby league, and XI for football (soccer), field hockey and cricket. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Field hockey is a Team sport in which players attempt to score goals by hitting the Ball across the pitch with a stick Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries

In chemistry, Roman numerals were used to denote the group in the periodic table of the elements. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is But there was not international agreement as to whether the group of metals which dissolve in water should be called Group IA or IB, for example, so although references may use them, the international norm has recently switched to Arabic numerals. Roman numerals are still used in inorganic chemistry to denote the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges. The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming Inorganic Chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge For example, FeO is iron(II) oxide and Fe2O3 is iron(III) oxide. In contrast, Arabic numerals are used to denote the formal oxidation state (which is not always the same as the oxidation number) of positively or negatively charged atoms. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

In astronomy, the natural satellites or "moons" of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals, at first by order from the center of the planet, as the four Galilean satellites of Jupiter are numbered, and later by order of discovery; e. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study A natural satellite or moon is a Celestial body that Orbits a Planet or smaller body which is called the primary. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei. g. , Callisto was "Jupiter IV" or "J IV". TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Callisto (kəˈlɪstoʊ, or as Greek This is particularly amusing in the case of Callisto, because, as mentioned above, the notation IV was mostly disused by the Romans for its similarity to the first two letters of Jupiter. With recent discoveries—Jupiter currently has 63 known satellites—as well as computerization, this is somewhat disparaged for the minor worlds, at least in computerized listings. Science fiction, and not astronomy per se, has adopted the use for numbering the planets around a star; e. g. , Planet Earth is called "Sol III".

In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone system. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and

In earthquake seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity of an Earthquake.

In music theory, while scale degrees are typically represented with Arabic numerals, often modified with a caret or circumflex, the triads that have these degrees as their roots are often identified by Roman numerals (as in chord symbols). Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works In Music theory, a scale degree is the name of a particular note of a scale in relation to the tonic (the note of the scale that is considered Caret is the name for the symbol ^ in ASCII and some other Character sets Its Unicode code point is U+005E and its ASCII code in hexadecimal is 5E Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable In Music and Music theory, a triad is a three- note chord that can be stacked in thirds Chord notation refers to the written notation for musical chords. See also diatonic functions. A diatonic function, in tonal Music theory, is the specific recognized Roles of Notes or chords in relation to the key. Upper-case Roman numerals indicate major triads while lower-case Roman numerals indicate minor triads, as the following chart illustrates. Lower-case Roman numerals with a degree symbol indicate diminished triads. The degree symbol (° Unicode: U+00B0 HTML: &deg is a typographical symbol or Glyph, that is used to represent degrees of arc (see Generally in Music, a diminished chord ( is a minor chord which has a Diminished fifth in it For example, in the major mode the triad on the seventh scale degree, the leading tone triad is diminished. In Music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales It is made up of seven distinct Notes plus an eighth

Roman numeral I ii iii IV V vi vii°
Scale degree
(major mode)		 tonic supertonic mediant subdominant dominant submediant leading tone
Roman numeral i ii° III iv V VI (b)VII vii°
Scale degree
(minor mode)		 tonic supertonic mediant subdominant dominant submediant subtonic leading tone

In law, the Controlled Substances Act's five drug schedules are represented with Roman numerals. The tonic is the first note of a musical scale in the tonal method of Musical composition. In Music or Music theory, the supertonic is the second degree or note of a Diatonic scale (in other words immediately "above" In Music, the mediant is the third degree of the Diatonic scale, being the "middle" note of the tonic In Music, the subdominant is the technical name for the fourth tonal degree of the Diatonic scale. In Music, the dominant is the Fifth degree of the scale. For example in the C Major scale (white keys on a piano starting with C the In Music, the submediant is the sixth tonal degree of the Diatonic scale. In Music theory, a leading-tone (called the leading- note outside the US is a note or pitch which resolves or "leads" The tonic is the first note of a musical scale in the tonal method of Musical composition. In Music or Music theory, the supertonic is the second degree or note of a Diatonic scale (in other words immediately "above" In Music, the mediant is the third degree of the Diatonic scale, being the "middle" note of the tonic In Music, the subdominant is the technical name for the fourth tonal degree of the Diatonic scale. In Music, the dominant is the Fifth degree of the scale. For example in the C Major scale (white keys on a piano starting with C the In Music, the submediant is the sixth tonal degree of the Diatonic scale. In Music, the subtonic is the lowered seventh degree of the scale, as opposed to the leading tone (vii In Music theory, a leading-tone (called the leading- note outside the US is a note or pitch which resolves or "leads" The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control

Roman numerals often appear in crossword puzzles. For example, "DLII" could be the answer to clues such as "Ovid's 552" or "half of MCIV".

Modern non-English-speaking usage

The above uses are customary for English-speaking countries. Although many of them are also maintained in other countries, those countries have additional uses for Roman numerals which are unknown in English-speaking regions.

The Catalan, the French, the Hungarian, the Portuguese, the Polish, the Romanian, the Russian and the Spanish languages use capital Roman numerals to denote centuries. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages For example, XVIII refers to the eighteenth century, so as to avoid confusion between the 18th century and the 1800s. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system (The Italians also take the opposite approach, basing names of centuries on the digits of the years; quattrocento for example is a common Italian name for secolo XV, the fifteenth century. The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the Italian for '400 or from "millequattrocento" 1400 ) Some scholars in English-speaking countries have adopted the former method.

In Poland, Russia, and in Portuguese, Romanian and Serbian languages, mixed Roman and Arabic numerals are used to record dates (usually on tombstones, but also elsewhere, such as in formal letters and official documents). Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Just as an old clock recorded the hour by Roman numerals while the minutes were measured in Arabic numerals, the month is written in Roman numerals while the day is in Arabic numerals: 14-VI-1789 is 14 June 1789. The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This is how dates are inscribed on the walls of the Kremlin, for example. The Kremlin Wall Necropolis (Некрополь у Кремлёвской стены is a part of the Kremlin Wall in Moscow overlooking the Red Square This method has the advantage that days and months are not confused in rapid note-taking, and that any range of days or months can be expressed without confusion. For instance, V-VIII is May to August, while 1-V-31-VIII is May 1 to August 31. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne

In Eastern Europe, especially the Baltic nations, Roman numerals are used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Monday is represented by I, which is the initial day of the week. A week (also called sennight or sevennight) is a unit of Time longer than a Day and shorter than a Month. Sunday is represented by VII, which is the final day of the week. The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time. The following example hours-of-operation table would be for a business whose hours of operation are 9:30AM to 5:30PM on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays; 9:30AM to 7:00PM on Tuesdays and Fridays; and 9:30AM to 1:00PM on Saturdays; and which is closed on Sundays.

I 9:30–17:30
II 9:30–19:00
III 9:30–17:30
IV 9:30–17:30
V 9:30–19:00
VI 9:30–13:00
VII —

Since the French use capital Roman numerals to refer to the quarters of the year (III is the third quarter), and this has become the norm in some European standards organisation, the mixed Roman–Arabic method of recording the date has switched to lowercase Roman numerals in many circles, as 4-viii-1961. (ISO has since specified that dates should be given in all Arabic numerals, in ISO 8601 formats. ISO 8601 is an International standard for date and Time representations issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO )

In geometry, Roman numerals are often used to show lines of equal length. Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position

In Romania, Roman numerals are used for floor numbering. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania A storey (spelled story in the USA only floor, deck or level is the level of a Building above (or below the Ground. Likewise apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both an Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number). Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as '138-huis'.

In Poland, Roman numerals are used for ordinals in names of some institutions. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In particular high schools ("V Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Krakowie" - 5th High School in Kraków), tax offices ("II Urząd Skarbowy w Gdańsku" - 2nd Office of Treasury in Gdańsk) and courts ("I Wydział Cywilny Sądu Okręgowego" - District Court, 1st Civil Division) - use Roman numerals. Institutions that use "Instutition nr N" notation always use Arabic numerals. These include elementary ("Szkoła Podstawowa nr 5") and middle schools ("Gimnazjum nr 5").

Roman numerals are rarely used in Asia. The motion picture rating system in Hong Kong uses categories I, IIA, IIB, and III based on Roman numerals. A motion picture rating system categorizes films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex violence substance abuse profanity impudence or other types Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

Alternate forms

Roman Numerals, 16th century
Roman Numerals, 16th century

In the Middle Ages, Latin writers used a horizontal line above a particular numeral to represent one thousand times that numeral, and additional vertical lines on both sides of the numeral to denote one hundred times the number, as in these examples:

The same overline was also used with a different meaning, to clarify that the characters were numerals. 5000 ( five thousand) is the Natural number following 4999 and preceding 5001 Sometimes both underline and overline were used, e.  g. MCMLXVII, and in certain font-faces, particularly Times New Roman, the capital letters when used without spaces simulates the appearance of the under/over bar, e. Times New Roman is a Serif Typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times, in 1931, designed by Stanley g. MCMLXVII, which is often exaggerated when written by hand.

Sometimes 500, usually D, was written as I followed by an apostrophus (which resembles a backwards C, i. e. Ɔ), while 1,000, usually M, was written as CIƆ. This is believed to be a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine the Cs as parentheses). This system has its origins from Etruscan numeral usage. The D and M symbols to represent 500 and 1,000 were most likely derived from IƆ and CIƆ, respectively.

An extra Ɔ denoted 500, and multiple extra Ɔs are used to denote 5,000, 50,000, etc. For example:

Base number   CIƆ = 1,000 CCIƆƆ = 10,000 CCCIƆƆƆ = 100,000
1 extra Ɔ IƆ = 500 CIƆƆ = 1,500 CCIƆƆƆ = 10,500 CCCIƆƆƆƆ = 100,500
2 extra Ɔs IƆƆ = 5,000   CCIƆƆƆƆ = 15,000 CCCIƆƆƆƆƆ = 105,000
3 extra Ɔs IƆƆƆ = 50,000     CCCIƆƆƆƆƆƆ = 150,000

Sometimes CIƆ was reduced to an lemniscate symbol (ↀ) for denoting 1,000. In Algebraic geometry, the word lemniscate refers to any of several figure-eight or ∞ shaped curves of which the best known is the Lemniscate of Bernoulli John Wallis is often credited for introducing this symbol to represent infinity (∞), and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers. John Wallis ( November 23, 1616 - October 28, 1703) was an English mathematician who is given partial credit for the Hyperbole (haɪˈpɝːbəli hye-PER-buh-lee; "HYE-per-bowl" is a mispronunciation comes from Greek "υπερβολή" (meaning exaggeration and is a Similarly, 5,000 (IƆƆ) was reduced to ↁ; and 10,000 (CCIƆƆ) was reduced to ↂ

In medieval times, before the letter j emerged as a distinct letter, a series of letters i in Roman numerals was commonly ended with a flourish; hence they actually looked like ij, iij, iiij, etc. This proved useful in preventing fraud, as it was impossible, for example, to add another i to vij to get viij. This practice is now merely an antiquarian's note; it is never used.

Medieval Roman numerals

Most uniquely, during the Middle Ages there came about a unique, more comprehensive shorthand for writing Roman numerals, called today the "medieval Roman numerals. " This system used almost every other letter of the Roman alphabet to stand as abbreviations for more longhand numbers (usually those that consisted of repetitions of the same symbol). They are still listed today in most dictionaries, although through disfavor are primarily out of use. [3]

Modern
number		 Medieval
abbreviation		 Notes
5 A Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.
7 S, Z Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.
11 O
40 F Presumed abbreviation of English forty.
70 S Also could stand for 7, and has same etymology.
80 R
90 N Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90.
150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y's shape.
151 K This unusual abbreviation's origin is unknown; it has also been said to stand for 250.
160 T Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 x 40 = 160.
200 H
250 E
300 B
400 P, G
500 Q Redundant with D, abbreviation for quingenti, Latin for 500.
800 W More properly, the Greek ω, as W was a fairly new creation.
900 ĵ, ↑ Resembled a crooked up arrow.
2000 Z

Modern Roman numerals

Some "modern" Roman numerals, post-Victorian era, are shown below:

Standard Arabic Notes
none 0 N was used at least once (by Bede about 725). Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c
I 1
II 2
III 3
IV 4 IIII is still used on clock and Tarot card faces. Mathematics For any number x: x ·1 = 1· x = x (1 is the multiplicative identity In mathematics Two has many properties in Mathematics. An Integer is called Even if it is divisible by 2 ---- In mathematics Three is the first odd Prime number, and the second smallest prime In mathematics Four is the smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being and. See Calendars and clocks above.
V 5 IIIII was used rarely in the Middle Ages. This article discusses the number five. For the year 5 AD see 5.
VI 6
VII 7
VIII 8 IIX was used rarely in the Middle Ages. In mathematics Six is the second smallest Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1, 2 and 3. In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a In mathematics 8 is a Composite number, its Proper divisors being 1, 2, and 4.
IX 9 10-1
X 10 VV was used rarely in the Middle Ages. In mathematics Nine is a Composite number, its proper Divisors being 1 and 3.
XI 11
XII 12
XIII 13
XIV 14
XV 15
XVI 16
XVII 17
XVIII 18
XIX 19
XX 20
XXI 21
XXV 25
XXX 30
XL 40 50−10
L 50
LX 60
LXIX 69
LXX 70 The abbreviation for the Septuagint
LXXX 80
XC 90 100−10
XCIX 99 As opposed to the "shortcut" way IC seen above. 17 ( seventeen) is the Natural number following 16 and preceding 18. 18 ( eighteen) is the Natural number following 17 and preceding 19. 19 ( nineteen) is the Natural number following 18 and preceding 20. "Twenty" redirects here For the village in England, see Twenty Lincolnshire. 21 ( twenty-one) is the Natural number following 20 and preceding 22. 25 ( twenty-five) is the Natural number following 24 and preceding 26. 30 ( thirty) is the Natural number following 29 and preceding 31. 40 ( forty) is the Natural number following 39 and preceding 41. This article discusses the number fifty. For the year 50 CE see 50. 60 ( sixty) is the Natural number following 59 and preceding 61. 69 ( sixty-nine) is a number following 68 and preceding 70. In mathematics sixty-nine is the twentieth distinct Biprime 70 ( seventy) is the Natural number following 69 and preceding 71. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 80 ( eighty) is the Natural number following 79 and preceding 81. 90 ( ninety) is the Natural number preceded by 89 and followed by 91. 99 ( ninety-nine) is the Natural number following 98 and preceding 100.
C 100 This is the origin of using the slang term "C-bill" or "C-note" for "$100 bill". The United States one hundred-dollar bill ($100 is a denomination of United States currency.
CC 200
CCC 300
CD 400 500−100
D 500
DC 600
DCLXVI 666 Using every symbol except M in descending order gives the beast number. 200 ( two hundred) is the Natural number following 199 and preceding 201. This article is about the number 300 as well as the integers which follow it up to 399 400 ( four hundred) is the Natural number following three hundred ninety-nine and preceding four hundred one 500 ( five hundred) is the Natural number following 499 and preceding 501. 600 ( six hundred) is the Natural number following five hundred ninety-nine and preceding six hundred one In mathematics 666 is the natural number following 665 and preceding 667 The Number of the Beast is a concept from the Book of Revelation of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
DCC 700
DCCC 800
CM 900 1000−100
M 1000
MCDXLIV 1444 Smallest pandigital number (each symbol is used)
MDCLXVI 1666 Largest efficient pandigital number (each symbol occurs exactly once)
MCMXLV 1945
MCMXCVII 1997
MCMXCIX 1999 Shortcuts like IMM and MIM disagree with the rule stated above
MM 2000
MMVIII 2008
MMD 2500
MMM 3000
MV 4000 5000−1000, sometimes MMMM
V 5000
VMDCLXVI 6666 This number uses every symbol up to V once. This article is about the numbers 700 through 799 for each individual number see its section below 800 ( eight hundred) is the Natural number following 799 and preceding 801 900 ( nine hundred) is the Natural number following eight hundred ninety-nine and preceding nine hundred one In Mathematics, a pandigital number is an integer that in a given base has among its significant digits each digit used in the base at least once 2000 ( two thousand) is the Natural number following 1999 and preceding 2001 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 3000 ( three thousand) is the Natural number following 2999 and preceding 3001 4000 ( four thousand) is the Natural number following 3999 and preceding 4001 5000 ( five thousand) is the Natural number following 4999 and preceding 5001 6000 ( six thousand) is the Natural number following 5999 and preceding 6001
X 10000
L 50000
C 100000
D 500000
M 1000000

An accurate way to write large numbers in Roman numerals is to handle first the thousands, then hundreds, then tens, then units. 50000 ( fifty thousand) is the number that comes after 49999 and before 50001
Example: the number 1988.
One thousand is M, nine hundred is CM, eighty is LXXX, eight is VIII.
Put it together: MCMLXXXVIII.

Unicode

Unicode has a number of characters specifically designated as Roman numerals, as part of the Number Forms range from U+2160 to U+2183. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's For example, MCMLXXXVIII could alternatively be written as ⅯⅭⅯⅬⅩⅩⅩⅧ. This range includes both upper- and lowercase numerals, as well as pre-combined glyphs for numbers up to 12 (Ⅻ or XII), mainly intended for the clock faces for compatibility with large East-Asian character sets such as JIS X 0213 that provide these characters. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they JIS X 0213 is a Japanese Industrial Standard defining coded character sets for encoding the characters used in Japan The pre-combined glyphs should only be used to represent the individual numbers where the use of individual glyphs is not wanted, and not to replace compounded numbers. Additionally, glyphs exist for alternate forms of 1000, 5000, and 10000.

Table of Roman numerals in Unicode
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+2160 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ Ⅶ Ⅷ Ⅸ Ⅹ Ⅺ Ⅻ Ⅼ Ⅽ Ⅾ Ⅿ
U+2170 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ ⅳ ⅴ ⅵ ⅶ ⅷ ⅸ ⅹ ⅺ ⅻ ⅼ ⅽ ⅾ ⅿ
U+2180 ↀ ↁ ↂ Ↄ ↄ ↅ ↆ ↇ ↈ

The characters in the range U+2160–217F are present only for compatibility with other character set standards which provide these characters. In discussing Unicode and the UCS many often refer to compatibility characters For ordinary uses, the regular Latin letters are preferred. Displaying these characters requires a program that can handle Unicode and a font that contains appropriate glyphs for them. In Typography, a typeface is a set of one or more Fonts designed with stylistic unity each comprising a coordinated set of Glyphs A typeface usually comprises

Games

After the Renaissance, the Roman system could also be used to write chronograms. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Chronogram is also a magazine published in the Hudson Valley of New York featuring politics and art It was common to put in the first page of a book some phrase, so that when adding the I, V, X, L, C, D, M present in the phrase, the reader would obtain a number, usually the year of publication. The phrase was often (but not always) in Latin, as chronograms can be rendered in any language that utilises the Roman alphabet.

Mnemonic devices

There are several mnemonics that can be useful in remembering the Roman numeral system. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember

The following mnemonics recall the order of Roman numeral values above ten, with L being 50, C being 100, D being 500, and M being 1000.

A longer mnemonic helps to recall the order of Roman numerals from large to small.

References

  1. ^ Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Translated by David Bellos, E. F. Harding, Sophie Wood, Ian Monk. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
  2. ^ W. I. Milham, Time & Timekeepers (New York: Macmillan, 1947) p. 196
  3. ^ Capelli, A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912.

External links

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters
JavaScript is a Scripting language most often used for Client-side web development tags please moot on the talk page first! --> In Computing, C is a general-purpose cross-platform block structured ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7- Bit character code from which several national standards are derived The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2500 years before emerging as one of the dominant Writing systems in use today Palaeography, palæography ( British) or paleography ( American) (from the Greek grc παλαιός palaiós, Variants of the Latin alphabet are used by the Writing systems of many languages throughout the world A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Unicode as of version 51 defines the following ranges for encoding the Latin alphabet and derived characters See also Mapping of Unicode characters List of Latin letters. Basic alphabet Extensions and ligatures Letters with diacritics Digraphs trigraphs and tetragraphs

Dictionary

Roman numerals

-noun

  1. (uncountable) The system of numerals using Roman numerals.
  2. Plural form of Roman numeral.
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