The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Architecture was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC to the 7th century BC when urpeppeeban life and prosperity recovered The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece This approach is considered reproductive, and sometimes it hinders scholars' understanding and ability to judge Roman buildings by Greek standards, particularly when relying solely on external appearances.
The Romans absorbed Greek influence in many aspects closely related to architecture; for example, this can be seen in the introduction and use of the Triclinium in Roman villas as a place and manner of dining. A triclinium (plural triclinia) is a formal dining room in a Roman building The Romans, similarly, were indebted to their Etruscan neighbors and forefathers who supplied them with a wealth of knowledge essential for future architectural solutions, such as hydraulics and in the construction of arches. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering
Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new (architectural) solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches together with a sound knowledge of building materials, for example, helped enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing structures for public use. Examples include the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, the Pantheon, Rome (largest single span dome for well over a millennium), the basilicas and perhaps most famously of all, the Colosseum. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome A millennium (pl millennia) is a period of Time equal to one thousand Years (from Latin la mille, thousand and la annum The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio They were reproduced at smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some survivals are almost complete, such as the town walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis, or northern Spain. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
Political propaganda demanded that these buildings should be made to impress as well as perform a public function. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The Romans didn't feel restricted by Greek aesthetic axioms alone in order to achieve these objectives. The Culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called In traditional Logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject The Pantheon is a supreme example of this, particularly in the version rebuilt by Hadrian and which still stands in its celestial glory as a prototype of several other great buildings of Western architecture. Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after The same emperor left his mark on the landscape of northern Britain when he built a wall to mark the limits of the empire, and after further conquests in Scotland, the Antonine wall was built to replace Hadrian's Wall. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf Fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the Central belt of Scotland Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman
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The Arch and the Dome
The Roman use of the arch and their improvements in the use of concrete facilitated the building of the many aqueducts throughout the empire, such as the magnificent Aqueduct of Segovia and the eleven aqueducts in Rome itself, such as Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus. An alcazaba (from the Arabic for citadel al-qasbah, القصبة is a Moorish fortification in Spain. Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. An arch is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight (e Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely the Aqueduct bridge is one of the most significant and best-preserved monuments left by the Romans on the Iberian Aqua Claudia ( Latin, literally "the Claudian water" was an Aqueduct which like the Anio Novus was begun by Anio Novus (named after a river Anio at the forty-second mile of the Via Sublacensis from which the water was taken originally is an Aqueduct The same idea produced numerous bridges, such as the still used bridge at Merida.
The dome permitted construction of vaulted ceilings and provided large covered public spaces such as the public baths and basilicas. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. A Vault (French voute Italian volta German Gewölbe Polish sklepienie, Spanish Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Romans based much of their architecture on the dome, such as Hadrian's Pantheon in the city of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla
Art historians such as Gottfried Richter in the 20's identified the Roman architectural innovation as being the Triumphal Arch and it is poignant to see how this symbol of power on earth was transformed and utilised within the Christian basilicas when the Roman Empire of the West was on its last legs: The arch was set before the altar to symbolize the triumph of Christ and the after life. A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman It is in their impressive aqueducts that we see the arch triumphant, especially in the many surviving examples, such as the Pont du Gard, the aqueduct at Segovia and the remains of the Aqueducts of Rome itself. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire, and located in Vers-Pont-du-Gard near Remoulins Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing Their survival is testimony to the durability of their materials and design.
Housing
On a less visible level for the modern observer, ancient Roman developments in housing and public hygiene are impressive, especially given their day and age. Clear examples are baths and latrines which could be either public or private, not to mention developments in under-floor heating, in the form of the hypocaust, double glazing (examples in Ostia Antica) and piped water (examples in Pompeii). A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating. Ostia Antica was the Harbour of Ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in
Possibly most impressive from an urban planning point of view were the multi-story apartment blocks called insulae built to cater for a wide range of situations. In Roman architecture, insulae (singular Insula) were large Apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the Plebs These buildings solely intended as large scale accommodation could reach several floors in height. Although they were often dangerous, unhealthy and prone to fires there are examples in cities such as the Roman port town of Ostia which date back to the reign of Trajan and point to solutions which catered for a variety of needs and markets. Ostia may refer to Ostia Antica, a township and port of ancient Rome Ostia (town, a modern township (also called Ostia Lido or Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who
As an example of this we have the housing on Via della Foce: large scale real estate development made to cater for up-and-coming middle class entrepreneurs. Rather like modern semi-detached housing these had repeated floor plans intended to be easily and economically built in a repetitive fashion. Internal spaces were designed to be relatively low-cost yet functional and with decorative elements reminiscent of the detached houses and villas to which the buyers might aspire in their later years. Each apartment had its own terrace and private entrance. External walls were in "Opus Reticulatum" whilst interiors in "Opus Incertum" which would then be plastered and possibly painted. Some existing examples show alternate red and yellow painted panels to have been a relatively popular choice of interior decor.
Public buildings
Roman architecture was sometimes determined based upon the requirements of Roman religion. Ancient Roman religion encompasses the collection of Beliefs and Rituals practised in Ancient Rome in the form of Cult practices For example the Pantheon was an amazing engineering feat created for religious purposes, and its design (the large dome and open spaces) were made to fit the requirements of the religious services. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Some of the most impressive public buildings are the amphitheatres, over 220 being known and many of which are well preserved, such as that at Arles, as well as the progenitor, the Coliseum in Rome. An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 They were used for gladiatorial contests, public displays, public meetings and bullfights, the last of which survives in Spain. Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought Bullfighting or Tauromachy (from Greek ταυρομαχία - tauromachia, "bull-fight" is a traditional spectacle of Spain Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. They are among the most impressive remains of the Roman empire at its height, and many of them still used for public displays and performances. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
Lighthouses
Many lighthouses were built around the Mediterranean and around the shores of their expanding empire, including the Tower of Hercules at A Coruña in northern Spain, a structure which still survives to this day. The Tower of Hercules is an ancient Roman Lighthouse located on a peninsula about 2 A lighthouse is a Tower, building or framework designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses or in older times from a fire and used as an The Tower of Hercules is an ancient Roman Lighthouse located on a peninsula about 2 A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The most spectacular example was the Pharos or Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven wonders of the World, which collapsed during an earthquake many centuries after construction. The lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek:) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC on the Island An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer It was originally built by the Greeks in the 3rd century BC, and served as a model for later Roman examples. A smaller lighthouse at Dover, England also still exists as a ruin about half the height of the original. Dover is a town and major ferry port in the county of Kent, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The light would have been provided by a fire at the top of the structure.
Materials
Innovation started in the first century BC, with the invention of concrete, a strong and readily available substitute for stone. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Tile-covered concrete quickly supplanted marble as the primary building material and more daring buildings soon followed, with great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural The architrave (also called epistyle or door frame) is a moulded or ornamental band framing a rectangular opening The freedom of concrete also inspired the colonnade screen, a row of purely decorative columns in front of a load-bearing wall. In Classical architecture, a colonnade denotes a long sequence of Columns joined by their Entablature, often free-standing as in the famous elliptically In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the floor plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing environment. A floor plan ( floorplan) in Architecture and Building engineering is a Diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms In Geometry, a rectangle is defined as a Quadrilateral where all four of its angles are Right angles A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as Most of these developments are ably described by Vitruvius writing in the first century AD in his work De Architectura. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum De architectura ( Latin: "On architecture" is a treatise on Architecture written by the Roman Architect Vitruvius
Although concrete had been used on a minor scale in Mesopotamia, Roman architects perfected it and used it in buildings where it could stand on its own and support a great deal of weight. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The first use of concrete by the Romans was in the town of Cosa sometime after 273 BC. For the spanish town see Cosa Spain Cosa was a Latin colonia founded under Roman influence in southwestern Ancient Roman concrete (opus cementicium) was a mixture of lime mortar, sand, water, and stones. Lime mortar is a type of mortar. It was used in the construction of the vast majority of brick and stone buildings worldwide from ancient times until the widespread adoption Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to a facing of stones or (more frequently) bricks. When the framework was removed, the new wall was very strong with a rough surface of bricks or stones. This surface could be smoothed and faced with an attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or other coloured stones called revetment. Stucco or render is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water Revetments, or revêtements (following the original French spelling are structures placed on banks or cliffs in such a way as to absorb the energy of incoming water Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less costly than building solid stone buildings. The materials were readily available and not difficult to transport. The wooden frames could be used more than once, allowing builders to work quickly and efficiently.
On return from campaigns in Greece, the general Sulla returned with what is probably the most well-known element of the early imperial period: the mosaic, a decoration of colourful chips of stone inset into cement. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic This tiling method took the empire by storm in the late first century and the second century and in the Roman home joined the well known mural in decorating floors, walls, and grottoes in geometric and pictorial designs. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface A grotto (Italian grotta) is any type of natural or artificial Cave that is associated with modern historic or prehistoric use by humans Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually
Though most would consider concrete the Roman contribution most relevant to the modern world, the Empire's style of architecture, though no longer used with any great frequency, can still be seen throughout Europe and North America in the arches and domes of many governmental and religious buildings. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos
List of buildings, features and types of buildings
- Alyscamps, a necropolis in Arles, France
- Amphitheatre - (List of Roman amphitheatres)
- Antonine Wall, in Scotland
- Aqueduct
- Basilica
- Baths of Trajan
- Baths of Diocletian
- Baths of Caracalla
- Catacombs of Rome
- Colosseum
- Circus Maximus, in Rome, Italy - (Circus (building))
- Curia Hostilia (Senate House), in Rome
- Domus
- Domus Aurea (former building)
- Forum
- Hadrian's Wall
- Hypocaust
- Insulae
- Maison Carrée, in Nimes, France
- mosaics
- Pantheon
- Roman aqueducts
- Roman bridge
- Roman engineering
- Roman lighthouse
- Roman road
- Roman theatre
- Roman villa
- Temple (Roman)
- Thermae
- Tower of Hercules
- Trajan's Column, in Rome
- Triumphal arch
- Tropaeum Traiani
- Hadrian's Villa
See also
- Architectural history
- Architectural style
- Frontinus
- Impluvium
- Naturalis Historia
- Opus
- Pliny the Elder
- Roman brick
- Roman culture
- Roman engineering
- Romanesque architecture
- Vitruvius
External links
- Traianus - Technical investigation of Roman public works
- Housing and apartments in Rome - A look at various aspects of housing in ancient Rome, apartments and villas. The Alyscamps is a large Roman Necropolis, which is a short distance outside the walls of the old town of Arles, France. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An amphitheatre (alternatively amphitheater) is an open-air venue for spectator sports concerts rallies or theatrical performances The remains of at least 320 Amphitheatres have been found widely scattered areas of the Roman Empire. The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf Fortification, built by the Romans across what is now the Central belt of Scotland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Baths of Trajan, begun in AD 104 and dedicated during the Kalends of July in 109, were a massive Roman bathing and The Baths of Diocletian ( Thermae Diocletiani) in Rome were the grandest of the public baths or Thermae built by successive emperors The Baths of Caracalla were Roman public baths or Thermae, built in Rome between AD 212 and 216 during the reign of the Emperor Caracalla The Catacombs of Rome are ancient Catacombs or underground Burial places under or near Rome, Italy, of which there are at least forty some discovered The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio The Circus Maximus ( Latin for greatest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient Hippodrome and mass entertainment Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Roman Circus was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. Curia Julia, (Latin Curia Iulia) the third named curia or senate house in Ancient Rome was built in 44 BC when Julius Caesar replaced A domus was the form of house that wealthy and some Middle class families owned in Ancient Rome and could be found in almost all the major cities of the The Domus Aurea ( Latin for "Golden House" was a large landscaped portico Villa, designed to take advantage of artificially created landscapes The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating. In Roman architecture, insulae (singular Insula) were large Apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the Plebs The Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France is one of the best preserved temples to be found anywhere in the territory of the former Roman Empire. Nîmes ( Provençal Occitan: Nimes in both classical and Mistralian norms is a city in southern France. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome The ancient Romans constructed numerous aqueducts ( Latin aquaeductūs, sing For a list of all known Roman bridges see List of Roman bridges For the railway station in Wales, see Roman Bridge railway station Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts Ancient Roman lighthouses are among the best preserved and best known examples of Lighthouses from Ancient History. The Roman Roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to communicate news The Roman theatre is a theatre building built by the Romans for watching theatrical performances. A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. Fanum At the temples Romans prayed and made Ritual Worship Offerings of a small gift or Animal sacrifices to their Roman This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. The Tower of Hercules is an ancient Roman Lighthouse located on a peninsula about 2 Trajan's Column is a Monument in Rome raised in honour of the Roman emperor Trajan and constructed by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler The Tropaeum Traiani is a monument in Adamclisi, Romania, built in 109 in then Moesia Inferior, to commemorate Roman Emperor 's The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. The History of architecture traces the changes in the History of Architecture through various countries and dates Architectural styles classify Architecture in terms of Form, techniques, Materials, time period region etc Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an The impluvium is the sunken part of the atrium in a Greek or Roman house ( Domus) Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Roman brick is a type of Brick with nominal dimensions of 12" x 4" x 2" (30 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm making it longer and narrower (621 ratio than most Endless such activities were also conducted in other cities under ancient Rome Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum
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