Roman Inquisition - Citizendia

The Roman Inquisition was a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes related to heresy, including sorcery, blasphemy, and witchcraft, as well for censorship of printed literature. Tribunal is a generic term for any body acting judicially whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief Blasphemy is the disrespectful use of the name of one or more gods. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The tribunals covered most of the Italian peninsula and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe, including Avignon, in France. Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Congregation of the Holy Office, one of the original 15 congregations of the Roman Curia created by Pope Sixtus V in 1588, presided over the activity of the local tribunals. A congregation is a type of Dicastery (department with a jurisdiction of the Roman Curia, the central administrative organism of the Catholic Church. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope Pope Sixtus V ( December 13, 1521 &ndash August 27, 1590) born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590 While the Roman Inquisition was originally designed to combat the spread of Protestantism in Italy, the institution outlived its original purpose, and the system of tribunals lasted until the mid 18th century, when the Italian states began to suppress the local inquisitions, effectively eliminating the power of the church to prosecute heretical crimes. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.

The pope appointed one cardinal to preside over the meetings. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. There were usually ten other cardinals who were members of the Congregation, as well as a prelate and two assistants all chosen from the Dominican Order. A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is The Holy Office also had an international group of consultants, experienced scholars of theology and canon law, who advised it on specific questions. A consultor is one who gives council ie a counselor In the Catholic Church, it is a specific title for various advisory positions in the Roman Curia Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches In 1616 these consultants gave their assessment of the propositions that the Sun is immobile and at the center of the universe and that the Earth moves around it, judging both to be "foolish and absurd in philosophy," and the first to be "formally heretical" and the second "at least erroneous in faith" in theology. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 This assessment led to Copernicus's De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium to be placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, until revised and Galileo Galilei to be admonished about his Copernicanism. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, is the seminal work on The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books" was a list of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher It was this same body in 1633 that tried Galileo, condemned him for a "grave suspicion of heresy", and banned all his works.

Among the subjects of this Inquisition were Francesco Patrizi, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella, Girolamo Cardano, Cesare Cremonini, and Galileo Galilei. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Franciscus Patricius ( Italian: Francesco Patrizi da Cherso, Croatian: Frane Petrić; April 25, 1529 &ndash Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian Philosopher best-known as an early proponent of Heliocentrism and Tommaso Campanella ( September 5, 1568 &ndash May 21, 1639) baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was an Italian Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino ( 22 December 1550 - 19 July 1631) was an Italian professor of Natural Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher Of these, only Bruno was executed; Galileo died under house arrest, and Campanella was imprisoned for twenty-seven years. In Justice and Law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or electronic monitoring) is a measure by which The miller Menocchio was also put to the stake on the orders of Pope Clement VIII in 1599. The Friulian miller Menocchio, also known as Domenico Scandella, was born in 1532 in Montereale, twenty-five Not to be confused with Antipope Clement VIII. Pope Clement VIII ( February 24, 1536 &ndash March 3, 1605

The Inquisition also concerned itself with the Benandanti in the Friuli region, but considered them a lesser danger than the Reformation and only handed out light sentences. The Benandanti ("Good Walkers" were an agrarian Fertility cult in the Friuli district of Northern Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries Friuli ( Friulian: The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time

The last notable action of the Roman Inquisition occurred in 1858, in Bologna, when Inquisition agents kidnapped a 6-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, separating him from his family. Edgardo Mortara (August 27 1851 &ndash March 11 1940 was a Jewish boy who became the center of an international controversy when he was seized from his Jewish parents by ^[1] The local inquisitor had learned that the boy was secretly baptised by his nursemaid. Pope Pius IX raised the boy as a Catholic in Rome. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 The boy's father, Momolo Montara, spent years seeking help in all quarters, including internationally, to try to reclaim his son. The case received international attention and fueled the anti-papal sentiments that helped the Italian Nationalism movement. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian ^[2]

References

^ Kertzer, David I. (1997). The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. Knopf. ISBN 0679450319.
^ "The End of the Inquisition". David Rabinovitch, producer, director. Secret Files of the Inquisition. PBS. May 2007. May 2007 is the fifth month of that year It began on a Tuesday and 31 days later ended on a Thursday.