Roman Forum, Forum Romanum
Image:Image:Forum Romanum panorama.jpg Roman Forum
Location	Regione VIII Forum Romanum
Built in	Unknown Kingdom Era
Built by/for	Unknown builder
Type of structure	Imperial forums
Roman Forum

This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome. The Imperial Fora consist of a series of monumental fora (public squares constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries between 46 See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below) for other forums in Rome and other Roman provincial cities. The Imperial Fora consist of a series of monumental fora (public squares constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries between 46 This page refers to the main forum in the center of Rome See Imperial forums or Other forums in Rome (below for other forums in Rome and

See Forum (Roman) for the type of building. The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city It had a great social importance and was often the scene of diverse activities including political discussions

The Roman Forum, Forum Romanum, (although the Romans called it more often the Forum Magnum or just the Forum) was the central area around which ancient Rome developed, in which commerce and the administration of justice took place. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer JUSTICE is a Human rights and law reform organisation based in the United Kingdom. The communal hearth was also located here. In common historic and modern usage a hearth (Har-th is a Brick - or stone -lined Fireplace or Oven used for Cooking and/or Heating It was built on the site of a past cemetery.

Sequences of remains of paving show that sediment eroded from the surrounding hills was already raising the level of the forum in early Republican times. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Originally it had been marshy ground, which was drained by the Tarquins with the Cloaca Maxima. In Geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of Wetland which is subject Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, also called Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I, was held by ancient tradition to be the fifth King of Rome, said to have reigned The Cloaca Maxima was one of the world's earliest Sewage systems Its final travertine paving, still visible, dates from the reign of Augustus. Travertine is a Sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of Carbonate minerals; typically Aragonite, but often recrystallized to Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was

Structures within the Forum

The ruins within the forum clearly show how urban spaces were utilized during the Roman Age. The Roman Forum includes a modern statue of Julius Caesar and the following major monuments, buildings, and ancient ruins:

Map of central Rome during the Roman Empire, with Forum Holitorium and Forum Boarium shown at bottom middle

Temples

• Temple of Castor and Pollux
• Temple of Saturn
• Temple of Vesta
• Temple of Venus and Roma
• Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
• Temple of Caesar
• Temple of Vespasian and Titus
• Temple of Concord
• Shrine of Venus Cloacina
• Basilicas
• Basilica Aemilia
• Basilica Julia
• Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
• Arches
• Arch of Septimius Severus
• Arch of Titus
• Arch of Tiberius
• Arch of Augustus

Temple of Saturn	Temple of Castor and Pollux	Temple of Vesta	Temple of Venus and Roma
Temple of Antoninus and Faustina	Temple of Concord	Campo Vaccino, by Claude Lorrain	The Roman Forum

Other structures

• Regia, originally the residence of the kings of Rome or at least their main headquarters, and later the office of the Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of Roman religion. This article is about ruins in Architecture; for other meanings see Ruins (disambiguation. The temple of Castor and Pollux is an ancient edifice in the Roman Forum, originally built in gratitude for victory at the Battle The Temple of Saturn ( Latin: Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) is a Monument to the agricultural deity Saturn The Temple of Vesta ( Latin: Aedes Vestae) in the Roman Forum stands between the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Temple of Caesar, The Temple of Venus and Roma (Latin Templum Veneris et Romae) was the largest known temple in Ancient Rome. The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, adapted to the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. The Temple of Caesar ( Aedes Divi Iulii or Templum Divi Iulii) was begun by Augustus in 42 BC after the senate deified The Temple of Vespasian and Titus (Latin - templum divi Vespasiani) is located in Rome at the western end of the Roman Forum between the Temple of For other temples to her see Concordia (Roman goddess#Temples. The Shrine of Venus Cloacina was a small sanctuary on the Roman Forum, in front of the Basilica Aemilia. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman The Basilica Aemilia was a civil Basilica in the Roman forum, in Rome, Italy. The Basilica Julia, was a large ornate public building used for meetings and other official business during the early Roman Empire The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (sometimes known as the Basilica Nova 'new Basilica ' or Basilica Maxentius) was the largest building in A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental Archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war actually used to celebrate a ruler The white marble Arch of Septimius Severus at the northeast end of the Roman Forum is a Triumphal arch dedicated in AD 203 to commemorate the The Arch of Titus is a Pentelic marble Triumphal arch with a single arched opening located on the Via Sacra just to the south-east of the Forum The Arch of Tiberius ("Arcus Tiberi" was built to celebrate the recovery of the Roman standards that had been lost to Germanic tribes by Varus in 9 CE The Arch of Augustus was the triumphal arch of Augustus in the Roman Forum. The Temple of Saturn ( Latin: Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) is a Monument to the agricultural deity Saturn The temple of Castor and Pollux is an ancient edifice in the Roman Forum, originally built in gratitude for victory at the Battle The Temple of Vesta ( Latin: Aedes Vestae) in the Roman Forum stands between the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Temple of Caesar, The Temple of Venus and Roma (Latin Templum Veneris et Romae) was the largest known temple in Ancient Rome. The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is an ancient Roman temple in Rome, adapted to the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. For other temples to her see Concordia (Roman goddess#Temples. Claude Lorrain (also Claude Gellée or Le Lorrain) ( Lorraine, c The Regia is one of the oldest buildings at the Roman Forum. It was originally the residence of the kings of Rome or at least their main headquarters and later
• Rostra, from where politicians made their speeches to the Roman citizens
• Curia Hostilia (later rebuilt as the Curia Julia), the site of the Roman Senate
• Tabularium
• Gemonian stairs
• Clivus Capitolinus was the street that started at the Arch of Tiberius, wound around the Temple of Saturn, and ended at Capitoline Hill. The Rostra or Rostra Vetera was the platform located within the Comitium of the Roman Forum beside the Curia from which Orators Curia Julia, (Latin Curia Iulia) the third named curia or senate house in Ancient Rome was built in 44 BC when Julius Caesar replaced The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. "Tabularium" is the general term for any building containing records The Gemonian Stairs ( Scalae Gemoniae in Latin) were a flight of steps located in the ancient city of Rome. The Via Sacra (Sacred Road is the Main street of Ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important
• Umbilicus Urbi, the designated centre of the city from which and to which all distances in Rome and the Roman Empire were measured
• Milliarium Aureum
• Lapis Niger, a shrine also known as the Black Stone
• Atrium Vestae, the house of the Vestal Virgins
• A processional street, the Via Sacra, linked the Atrium Vetae with the Colosseum. The Umbilicus Urbis of the City of Rome, the designated centre of the city from which and to which all distances in Rome and the Roman Empire were measured is situated The Milliarium Aureum (or Golden Milestone) was a gilded bronze monument erected by the Emperor Augustus Caesar near the Temple of Saturn in the central The Lapis Niger (trans Black Stone) is an ancient Roman shrine in Rome, Italy. The House of the Vestal Virgins (Atrium Vestae was the place where Vestal Virgins lived A procession (via Middle English processioun, French procession, derived from Latin processio, itself from procedere, to go forth advance The Via Sacra (Sacred Road is the Main street of Ancient Rome, leading from the top of the Capitoline Hill, through some of the most important The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio By the end of the Empire, it had lost its everyday use but remained a sacred place.
• Column of Phocas, the last monument built within the Forum
• Tullianum, the prison used to hold various foreign leaders and generals. The Column of Phocas, which was erected before the Rostra in the Roman Forum and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Byzantine emperor Phocas The Mamertine Prison (also referred to as the Tullianum) was a prison ( carcer) located in the Forum Romanum in Ancient Rome.

Excavation and preservation

Campo Vaccino by Herman van Swanevelt. Herman van Swanevelt (1604 Woerden &ndash 1655 Paris) was a Dutch painter from the Baroque era

An anonymous 8th century traveler from Einsiedeln (now in Switzerland) reported that the Forum was already falling apart in his time. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Einsiedeln is a municipality of 13062 in Switzerland in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery the During the Middle Ages, though the memory of the Forum Romanum persisted, its monuments were for the most part buried under debris, and its location was designated the "Campo Vaccino" or "cattle field," located between the Capitoline Hill and the Colosseum. The Capitoline Hill, between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the seven hills of Rome. The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio The return of Pope Urban V from Avignon in 1367 led to an increased interest in ancient monuments, partly for their moral lesson and partly as a quarry for new buildings being undertaken in Rome after a long lapse. Blessed In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon Artists from the late 15th century drew the ruins in the Forum, antiquaries copied inscriptions in the 16th century, and a tentative excavation was begun in the late 18th century.

A cardinal took measures to drain it again and built the Alessandrine neighborhood over it. But the excavation by Carlo Fea, who began clearing the debris from the Arch of Septimius Severus in 1803, and archaeologists under the Napoleonic regime marked the beginning of clearing the Forum, which was only fully excavated in the early 20th century. Carlo Fea ( Pigna &mdash now in Liguria, 2 February, 1753 - Rome 18 March, 1836) was an Italian Archaeologist

Remains from several centuries are shown together, due to the Roman practice of building over earlier ruins.

Other forums in Rome

The column erected in honour of the Byzantine emperor Phocas, 608: the last addition to the Roman Forum

See also: Category:Forums of Rome

Other fora existed in other areas of the city; remains of most of them, sometimes substantial, still exist. The most important of these are a number of large imperial fora forming a complex with the Forum Romanum: the Forum Iulium, Forum Augustum, the Forum Transitorium (also: Forum Nervae), and Trajan's Forum. The Imperial Fora consist of a series of monumental fora (public squares constructed in Rome over a period of one and half centuries between 46 The Forum of Caesar, also known as Caesaris, is a section of the Forum Romanum in Rome The Forum of Augustus is one of the Imperial forums of Rome built by Augustus. History The forum was built on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia, which ended in 106. The planners of the Mussolini era removed most of the Medieval and Baroque strata and built the Via dei Fori Imperiali road between the Imperial Fora and the Forum. This articles covers the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. There is also:

• The Forum Boarium, dedicated to the commerce of cattle, between the Palatine Hill and the river Tiber,
• The Forum Holitorium, dedicated to the commerce of herbs and vegetables, between the Capitoline Hill and the Servian walls,
• The Forum Piscarium, dedicated to the commerce of fish, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current Roman Ghetto,
• The Forum Suarium, dedicated to the commerce of pork, near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the campus Martius,
• The Forum Vinarium, dedicated to the commerce of wine, in the area now of the "quartiere" Testaccio, between Aventine Hill and the Tiber. The Forum Boarium was the Cattle ''forum venalium'' of Ancient Rome and the oldest forum that Rome possessed Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family The Palatine Hill ( Latin: Collis Palatium or Mons Palatinus) is the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains The Forum Holitorium was the vegetables herbs and oil ''forum venalium'' of early ancient Rome, by the Tiber at the A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however The Servian Wall (in Latin: Murus Servii Tullii) was a defensive barrier constructed around the city of Rome in the early 4th century BC. The Forum Piscarium was the fish ''forum venalium'' of ancient Rome, north of the Roman Forum, between the Sacra Via and the Argiletum Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The Roman (Jewish Ghetto was located in the rione Sant'Angelo, in the area surrounded by today's Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci The Forum Suarium was the pork ''forum venalium'' of early Ancient Rome during the empire, mentioned first in two inscriptions of about 200 AD Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive For the pioneer fortification at Marietta Ohio see Campus Martius Marietta For the park in Detroit Michigan, see Campus Martius Park The Forum Vinarium was the wine ''forum venalium'' of early Ancient Rome, it was located in the area now of the quartiere Testaccio, between Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. The Aventine Hill is one of the seven hills on which ancient Rome was built

Other markets were known but remain unidentifiable due to a lack of precise information on the function of the sites. Among these, the Forum cuppedinis, was known as a general market for many goods.

Comprehensive sites

• Digital Roman Forum, 3D reconstructions of the Roman Forum in ca. 400
• Christian Hülsen: The Roman Forum (at LacusCurtius; Hülsen was one of the principal excavators of the Forum)
• The Roman Forum

Primarily visual

• QTVR fullscreen of Roman Forum by Tolomeus
• Aerial view of Roman Forum. Google Maps. Retrieved on October 14, 2005.
• Forum Romanum (Photo Archive)
• Images of the Forum Romanum
• Map of the Forum in AD 100, blank or labelled

Primarily text

• Forum Romanum (at LacusCurtius; article in Platner's Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)