Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennines to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers Reno and Sillaro to the north and west. The Reno is a river of Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. It is the tenth longest river in Italy (the sixth longest of those which flow directly into the sea and the The region's major cities include Ravenna, Cesena, Faenza, Forlì, Imola, Rimini and San Marino (a separate nation inside the Romagna historical region). Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Cesena (ancient Caesena) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Faenza is an Italian town and Comune, in the Province of Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, situated 50 km southeast of Bologna. Forlì ( Latin: Forum Livii) is a Comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forlì Imola ( Iômla in the local dialect is a town Comune in the Province of Bologna, located on the Santerno river in the Emilia-Romagna Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains.
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Etymology
The name Romagna is a cognate of Romania, in reference to an Eastern Roman presence (the Exarchate of Ravenna) in the region, in contrary to other parts of Northern Italy under Lombard rule, named Langobardia or Lombardy. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the Related categories Central Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy Northeast Italy The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the
History
Prehistory
A number of archaeological sites in the region, such as Monte Poggiolo, show that Romagna has been inhabited since the Paleolithic age. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either Prehistoric or historic or contemporary and Monte Poggiolo is a hill near Forlì, Italy in the Emilia-Romagna area The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone"
Umbri and Gauls
The Umbri, speaking an extinct Italic language called Umbrian, are the first traceable inhabitants of the region. History and Geography The Umbri are one of the oldest races of indigenous people in Italy ( Pliny, Natural History Vol 3 Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western History and Geography The Umbri are one of the oldest races of indigenous people in Italy ( Pliny, Natural History Vol 3 According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. The Etruscans also dwelt in some portions of Romagna. Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy
In the 5th Century BC, various Gaulish tribes, most notably the Lingones, Senoni and Boii, moved south into Italy, and sacked Rome in 390 BC. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Lingones were a Celtic tribe that originally lived in Gaul in the area of the headwaters of the Seine and Marne rivers The Senones were a Gallic people of Gallia Celtica, who in the time of Julius Caesar inhabited the district which now includes the departments of Boii ( Latin plural singular Boius; Greek) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Battle of the Allia was a battle of the first Gallic invasion of Italy The Senoni utterly subjugated the Umbri and settled in Romagna. The Senoni extended further south to Ancona, with their capital Sena Gallica (Senigallia). Ancona (Ankon is a city and a seaport in the Marche, a region of central Italy, population 101909 (2005 Senigallia or Sinigaglia is a Comune and port town on Italy 's Adriatic coast 25 km by rail north of Ancona in the Marche region The lands formerly inhabited by the Senoni were known as ager Gallicus (Gallic plain) to the Romans. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC
According to the Italian linguist Giacomo Devoto, there are still a number of Celtic substrata in the local dialect. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. In Contact linguistics, a substratum ( lat sub: under + stratum: layer → lower layer) is a Language Emiliano-Romagnolo (also known as Emilian-Romagnolo) is a Romance language mostly spoken in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
Roman Republic
The Gallic predominance in the region was consistently challenged by the Romans. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western In the battle of Telamon, the Romans defeated the joint forces of the Celtic tribes, thus achieving a hegemony over the new province of Cisalpine Gaul centred at Mutina (Modena). The Battle of Telamon was fought between the Roman Republic and an alliance of Gauls in 225 BC. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later Modena (ˈmɔːdena Mòdna in Modenese dialect is a city and a Comune ( Municipality) on the south side of the Po valley, in the
After the Second Punic War, the pro-Carthaginian Lingones and Senoni were expelled. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Lingones were a Celtic tribe that originally lived in Gaul in the area of the headwaters of the Seine and Marne rivers The Senones were a Gallic people of Gallia Celtica, who in the time of Julius Caesar inhabited the district which now includes the departments of To consolidate the Roman rule in the region, Via Aemilia was built from Ariminium (Rimini) to Piacentia (Piacenza), and a series of Roman colonies were founded. Via Aemilia (It Via Emilia) was a trunk Roman road in the north Italian plain running from Ariminum ( Rimini) on the Adriatic coast to Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. Piacenza ( Placentia in Latin and old-fashioned English, Piasëinsa in the local dialect of Emiliano-Romagnolo) is a A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it The most significant ones are Forum Livii (Forlì), Forum Cornelii (Imola), Forum Popili (Forlimpopoli). Forlì ( Latin: Forum Livii) is a Comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forlì Imola ( Iômla in the local dialect is a town Comune in the Province of Bologna, located on the Santerno river in the Emilia-Romagna Forlimpopoli is a commune in the Province of Forlì-Cesena of Italy. After the Social War, the Lex Julia was introduced in 90 BC, and Roman citizenship was granted to all municipia south of the River Po. This article is about the conflict between Rome and her Italian allies between 91 and 88 BC For the Athenian conflict with its allies between 357 and 355 BC see Lex Julia (or Lex Iulia, plural Leges Juliae / Leges Iuliae) are ancient Roman laws introduced by any member of the Julian family Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance A municipium (pl municipia) belonged to the second highest class of Roman cities being The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering
In the first Roman civil war, between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, most cities in the regions supported Marius. List of Civil wars involving Rome. There were several Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late Republic. This article is about the Roman statesman who reorganized the army and was seven times Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c This article is about the Roman statesman who reorganized the army and was seven times Consul As a result, Forum Livii and Caesena were razed to ground, and the region was looted by Sulla's army. Cesena (ancient Caesena) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix ( Latin: L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX (c
During the first triumvirate, the Roman Republic was divided along the infamous Rubicon. See also the First Triumvirate (Argentina which came to power in 1811 The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Rubicon ( Rubicō, Italian: Rubicone) is a 29 km long River in northern Italy. Most of modern Romagna was ruled by Julius Caesar, the notable exception of Ariminium, which is south of the river. Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. In 49 BC, Caesar, who was residing in Ravenna then, led the Legio XIII across the Rubicon and ignited the civil war. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Legio XIII, known after 31 BC as Gemina (the "twin legion" is one of the more historically remarkable Roman legions. The Roman civil war of 49 BC sometimes called Caesar's Civil War, is one of the last conflicts within the Roman Republic.
Roman Empire
After the decisive battle of Actium, Augustus started a century-long era of Pax Romana. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Battle of Actium was the decisive engagement in the Final War of the Roman Republic between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Pax Romana ( Latin for " Roman Peace " was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force All of Cisalpine Gaul had been incorporated into Italy. Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. Around 7 BC, Augustus divided all of Italy into eleven regiones, and most of Romagna (except Rimini) was in the eighth, Aemilia. Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini.
By the beginning of the 3rd Century, Diocletian re-divided the Empire into four prefectures, each divided into dioceses, and into provinces. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate For subsequent types of praefectura, see Prefect. Prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) indicates the office In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Under the new system, Italy was demoted to a mere Imperial province. Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. Modern Romagna was organized into the province of Flaminia et Picenum in the diocese of Italia Annonaria. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa
Steadily Ravenna, which was surrounded by swamps and marshes, prospered and rose in importance, and a classis (fleet) was based at the city. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The Roman Navy ( Latin: Classis, lit "fleet" comprised the naval forces of the Roman state It had developed into a major port on the Adriatic. However, in 330, the capital of the Empire was transferred to Constantinople, so with the fleet that stationed at Ravenna, thus weakened the coastal defence in the Adriatic. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS
Germanic migrations and Exarchate of Ravenna
Stepping into the 5th Century, the incursions of the Germans into the Empire further intesified. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name The Exarchate of Ravenna or of Italy was a centre of Byzantine power in Italy, from the end of the 6th century to 751, when the The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name In 402, Emperor Honorius even moved Western Roman Empire's capital from Mediolanum (Milan) to Ravenna, mainly because of the region's defensive terrain. Flavius Honorius ( September 9, 384 &ndash August 15, 423) was Roman Emperor (393- 395 and then Western Roman Emperor The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Mediolanum, the ancient Milan, was an important Celtic and then Roman centre Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. 8 years later, Alaric I of the Visigoths looted Rome. Alaric I ( Alareiks in the original Gothic; Alarik or Alarich in modern Germanic languages Alaricus in Latin and Alarico The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In 476, Odovacer deposed Romulus Augustus in Ravenna, thus marked an end to the Western Empire. Events By place Western Roman Empire September 4 — Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire Odoacer (435–493 also known as Odovacar (from the Germanic Audawakrs, meaning "watchful of wealth" was a Roman general and the Romulus Augustus (c 461/463 &ndash after 476 sometimes known as Romulus Augustulus ( Little Augustus) was the last Western Roman Emperor reigning from Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern
Encouraged by Emperor Zeno, Theodoric the Great led the Ostrogoths into Italy. Flavius Zeno, original name Tarasicodissa or Trascalissaeus, Byzantine Emperor ( Circa Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late He entered Ravenna and murdered Odoacer in 493, establishing a twofold kingdom of the Romans and Goths. Odoacer (435–493 also known as Odovacar (from the Germanic Audawakrs, meaning "watchful of wealth" was a Roman general and the Events By Place Europe February 25 — Odoacer agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, and is later killed Under the Ostrogoths Italy was partly recovered to its former prosperity.
In 535 Justinian I initiated the Gothic War. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian I orders Belisarius to start the reconquest of Italy; Mundus Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or It was fought for 20 years, and bitterly the Ostrogoths were finally subjugated. The peninsula, depopulated and devastated, was ruled by an exarch from Ravenna. This article is about Byzantine governors and ecclesiastical ranks However, Imperial authority was maintained for barely more than a decade. In 578 a new Germanic tribe, namely the Lombards, entered Italy and established their capital at Pavia. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south The Empire can barely defend the region around Ravenna and Rome, connected by a narrow strip of land passing through Perugia, as well as a series of coastal cities. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Perugia is the capital City of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber river and the capital of the Province of Perugia The Imperial frontier retreated to Bologna, and since then the term Romagna was coined, referring the region around Ravenna under "Roman" control. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy
In 727 the Lombard King Liutprand renewed the war against the Byzantines, taking most of Romagna and besieged Ravenna itself. Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his Donation of Sutri, in 728 and his long reign which brought him into a series They were returned to the Byzantines in 730. In 737 the king entered Romagna once more and took Ravenna. The exarch, Eutychius, retook the region in 740, with Venetian assistance. For the Christian martyr St Eutychius see Saint Placidus (martyr. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica Eventually another Lombard king, Aistulf, conquered Romagna and marked an end to the exarchate in 751. Aistulf (749 - d756 was the Duke of Friuli from 744 king of Lombards from 749 and duke of Spoleto from 751
Papal rule
The Romagna was officially ceded to the Papal States by Rudolf I of Germany in 1278. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash However, the Papal control over it remained scanty and often nominal for much of the following centuries. The area was divided among a series of regional lords, like the Ordelaffi of Forlì and the Malatesta of Rimini, many of them naturally adhering to the Ghibelline party in natural opposition to the pro-papal Guelphs. The Ordelaffi were a family of Italian Condottieri and rulers of Forlì in the Late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. Forlì ( Latin: Forum Livii) is a Comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forlì Rimini is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and capital city of the Province of Rimini. The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy The Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting respectively the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy This situation started to change in the late 15th century, when after their return to Rome stronger popes progressively reasserted their authority in the fragemented region. Other powers also seized various part of Romagna, including Venice and most notably the Republic of Florence which expanded up to Forlì and Cervia, building the famous city-fortress of Terra del Sole. Roman origins Florence was founded in 59 BCE as a settlement for former soldiers and was named Florentia, allotted by Julius Caesar to his veterans in Terra del Sole was a town constructed in 1564 for Cosimo I de’ Medici by Baldassarre Lanci of Urbino. The Florentine Romagna remained part of Tuscany until 1920s. ].
In 1500 Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI, carved for himself an ephemeral Duchy of Romagna, but his lands were reabsorbed into the Papal States after his fall. ( September 13, 1475 &ndash March 12, 1507) Duke of Valentinois, and Romagna, Prince of Andria and Venafro Pope Alexander VI ( 1 January 1431 &ndash 18 August 1503) born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja ( The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis divided Romagna between the Farnese, Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, the Este of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio, and the Papal States. The Italian War of 1551 ( 1551 – 1559) sometimes known as the Habsburg-Valois War, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded For the town in Italy with the same name see Farnese (VT. The Farnese family was an influential family in Renaissance Italy. The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III 's illegitimate son "Este" redirects here For the city see Este Italy. For Tolkien's fictional character see Estë. The Duchy of Ferrara is a former sovereign state of northern Italy The Duchy of Modena (in full the Duchies of Modena and Reggio) was a small Italian state that existed from 1452 to
This situation lasted until the French invasion of 1796, who brought tragic feats (massacre of Lugo, robberies, taxes, abolition of the Cesena University) but also innovative ideas in social and political fields. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain, in the autonomous community of Galicia. During the Napoleonic rule Romagna received for the first time a recognition with the creation of the provinces of the Pino (Ravenna) and Rubicone (Forlì). Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. When in 1815 the Congress of Vienna re-established the pre-war situation, secret anti-Papal societies were formed, and riots broke out in 1820, 1830-31 and 1848. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich
This opposition was fuelled by the Mazzinian propaganda and the direct action of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Giuseppe Mazzini ( June 22, 1805, Genoa, Italy - March 10, 1872, Pisa, Italy was an Italian Patriot Garibaldi redirects here for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation. Men like Felice Orsini, Piero Maroncelli and Aurelio Saffi were among the protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento. Not to be confused with Felice della Rovere, who married into the Orsini family Aurelio Saffi ( August 13 1819 &ndash April 10 1890) was an Italian politician active during the period of Italian unification Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian
In a re-united Italy
However, after the unification of Italy Romagna did not receive a separate status by the Savoy monarchs, who were afraid of dangereous destabilizing tendencies in the wake of the popular figures cited before. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian The creation of the quite artificial region of Emilia-Romagna raised the criticism of the Romaniards, including that of Carlo Cattaneo. Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna. Carlo Cattaneo ( June 15, 1801 – February 6, 1869) was an Italian Philosopher, writer and patriot
In the early 20th century the autonomy of Romagna was advocated by Aldo Spallicci, Giuseppe Fuschini, Emilio Lussu and others. Emilio Lussu ( December 4, 1890 - March 5, 1975) was a Sardinian Soldier, Politician and a Writer. A movement proposing separation from Emilia-Romagna was created in the 1990s. Emilia-Romagna is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The capital is Bologna.
See also
- Emilia-Romagna - the administrative region of Italy
- Exarchate of Ravenna
- Lombard Kingdom
- Lombardy
- Italia (Roman province)
External links
- "Other Romagna", a local institution
- La Romagna (in Italian)
- RomagnaOggi.it, a newspaper serving the region online (in Italian)
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