| Roger Wolcott Sperry | |
 Roger Wolcott Sperry
|
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| Born | August 20, 1913 Hartford, Connecticut |
|---|---|
| Died | April 17, 1994 |
| Fields | neuropsychologist |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Doctoral advisor | Paul A. Weiss |
| Known for | split-brain research |
| Notable awards |  1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine |
Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was a neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work with split-brain research. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Neuropsychology is the applied scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the Brain related to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Paul Alfred Weiss ( March 21 1898 - September 8 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in Morphogenesis, Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the Corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the Brain is severed to some degree The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Neuropsychology is the applied scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the Brain related to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors A brain-computer interface (BCI sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal Traumatic brain injury (TBI also called intracranial injury, occurs when Physical trauma injures the Brain. Anatomical regions of the brain are listed vertically following hierarchies that are standard in Neuroanatomy. Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-specialty of clinical Psychology that specialises in the diagnostic assessment and treatment of patients with Brain injury or Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrate underlying Cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS Neuroanatomy is the science for localizing function in the Human brain. Neurophysiology (from Greek grc νεῦρον neuron, "nerve" grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία Phrenology (from Greek: φρήν phrēn, "mind" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" is a defunct field of study once The human brain controls the Central nervous system (CNS by way of the Cranial nerves and Spinal cord, the Peripheral nervous system (PNS Wikipedia articles related to Brain Function Visual system Auditory system Olfactory system Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake Attention is the Cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes ( cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives The executive system is a theorized Cognitive system in Psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related In the fields of Neuropsychology, Personal development and Education, Learning is one of the most important Mental function of humans In Psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store retain and subsequently retrieve information Gross motor coordination addresses the Gross motor skills walking running climbing jumping crawling lifting one's head sitting up etc In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Planning in Organizations and Public policy is both the organizational process of creating and maintaining a Plan; and the psychological process of Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions problem solving has been defined as higher-order Cognitive Thought and thinking are mental forms and Processes respectively ("thought" is both David Joseph Bohm ( December 20 1917, Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania – October 27 1992, London) was an American António Rosa Damásio, GOSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɐ'maziu (ɐ̃'tɔniu dɐ'maziu (b Phineas P Gage (July 9? 1823 – May 21? 1860 was a railroad worker now remembered for his incredible survival of a Traumatic brain injury which destroyed one or both of Norman Geschwind (1926-1984 can be considered the father of modern Behavioral neurology in America Elkhonon Goldberg (b 1946 Riga, Latvia) is a Neuropsychologist and Cognitive neuroscientist known for his work in hemispheric specialization Donald Olding Hebb ( July 22, 1904 &ndash August 20, 1985) was a Canadian Psychologist who was influential in the area of Neuropsychology Kenneth M Heilman is an American Behavioral neurologist. Biography Early life and career Kenneth Heilman was born and raised in Brooklyn Muriel Deutsch Lezak is an American neuropsychologist best known for her book Neuropsychological Assessment, widely accepted as the standard in the field Benjamin Libet ( April 12, 1916 - July 23, 2007) was a researcher in the Physiology department of the University of California Rodolfo R Llinás (b Bogotá, Colombia in 1934 is the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman of the department of Physiology & Neuroscience Alexander Romanovich Luria Александр Романович Лурия ( July 16, 1902 - August 14, 1977) was a famous Soviet Dr Brenda Milner CC FRS (born 15 July 1918, Manchester England) has contributed extensively to the research literature Karl H Pribram (born February 25, 1919 in Vienna Austria) is a professor at Georgetown University and George Mason University Oliver Wolf Sacks, CBE (born July 9, 1933, London is a British Neurologist residing in the United States who has written popular books about KC (Also known as Patient KC) is a famous patient in Neuropsychology who suffers from Anterograde amnesia and temporally graded Retrograde amnesia Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular Brain structure or pathway The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, or simply the Bender-Gestalt test, is a Psychological test first developed by child Neuropsychiatrist Lauretta The Benton Visual Retention Test (or simply Benton Test) is an individually administered test for ages 8-adult that measures Visual perception and Visual memory The Clinical Dementia Rating or CDR is a numeric scale used to quantify the severity of Symptoms of Dementia (i A Continuous Performance Task/Test, or CPT, is a Psychological test which measures a person's sustained and selective Attention and impulsivity The Glasgow Coma Scale or GCS, sometimes also known as the Glasgow Coma Score is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable objective The Hayling and Brixton tests are Neuropsychological tests of Executive function created by psychologists Paul W The lexical decision task is a procedure used in many Psychology and Psycholinguistics experiments The mini-mental state examination ( MMSE) or Folstein test is a brief 30-point questionnaire test that is used to assess Cognition. Demonstration Say aloud the colors of each of these words as fast Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS is a general test of intelligence ( IQ) published in February 1955 as a revision of the Wechsler - Bellevue test The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST is a Neuropsychological test of "set-shifting" i A Johari window is a cognitive psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 in the United States used to help people better understand Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Neuropsychology is the applied scientific discipline that studies the structure and function of the Brain related to specific psychological processes and overt behaviors Neurobiology is the study of cells of the Nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior David Hunter Hubel (born February 27, 1926) was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their Torsten Nils Wiesel (b June 3, 1924) was a Swedish co-recipient with David H The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute. Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the Corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the Brain is severed to some degree
Sperry was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Francis Bushnell and Florence Kraemer Sperry. His father was in banking, and his mother trained in business school. Roger had one brother, Russell Loomis. Their father died when Roger was 11. Afterwards, his mother became assistant to the principal in the local high school.
Sperry went to Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut, where he was a star athlete in several sports, and did well enough academically to win a scholarship to Oberlin College. William H Hall High School is a four-year public high school located in West Hartford, Connecticut. "West Hartford" redirects here For the unincorporated community in Vermont, see West Hartford, Vermont. Oberlin College is a private Liberal arts college in Oberlin Ohio. At Oberlin, he was captain of the basketball team, and he also took part in varsity baseball, football, and track; he received his bachelor's degree in English in 1935 and a master's degree in psychology in 1937. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and He received his Ph. D. in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1941, supervised by Paul A. Weiss. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Paul Alfred Weiss ( March 21 1898 - September 8 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in Morphogenesis, Sperry then did post-doctoral research with Karl Lashley at Harvard University. Karl Spencer Lashley (1890–1958 born in Davis West Virginia, was an American Psychologist and Behaviorist well-remembered for his influential contributions
In 1942, he began work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology, then a part of Harvard University. The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, located in Atlanta Georgia at Emory University, is one of eight national Primate research centers funded by He left in 1946 to become an assistant professor, and later associate professor, at the University of Chicago. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. In 1952, he became the Section Chief of Neurological Diseases and Blindness at the National Institutes of Health. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. In 1954, he accepted a position as a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) where he performed his most famous experiments with his then student Michael Gazzaniga. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Michael S Gazzaniga (born December 12 1939) is a professor of Psychology at the University of California Santa Barbara, where he heads the
Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the brain were largely undifferentiated and interchangeable. In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired.
In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY [1]. The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with intractable grand mal seizures, involves severing the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The corpus callosum is a structure of the Mammalian Brain in the longitudinal fissure that connects the left and right Cerebral hemispheres It also facilitates Sperry and his colleagues these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness. In his words, each hemisphere is
indeed a conscious system in its own right, perceiving, thinking, remembering, reasoning, willing, and emoting, all at a characteristically human level, and . . . both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel
—Roger Wolcott Sperry, 1974
This research contributed greatly to understanding the lateralization of brain function. A Longitudinal fissure separates the Human brain into two distinct Cerebral hemispheres connected by the Corpus callosum. In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science. The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in Science and Engineering who have made important
In 1949, Sperry married Norma Gay Deupree. They had one son, Glenn Michael, and one daughter, Janet Hope.
Bibliography
- "The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition. " Quart. Rev. Biol. 20: 311-369 (1945)
- "Regulative factors in the orderly growth of neural circuits. " Growth Symp. 10: 63-67 (1951)
- "Cerebral organization and behavior. " Science 133: 1749-1757 (1961)
- "Chemoaffinity in the orderly growth of nerve fiber patterns and connections. " Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 50: 703-710 (1963)
- "Interhemispheric relationships: the neocortical commissures; syndromes of hemisphere disconnection. " (with M. S. Gazzaniga, and J. E. Bogen) In: P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bruyn (Eds. ), Handbook Clin. Neurol (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. ) 4: 273-290 (1969)
- "Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres. " In: F. Schmitt and F. Worden (Eds. ), Third Neurosciences Study Program (Cambridge: MIT Press) 3: 5-19 (1974)
- "Mind-brain interaction: mentalism, yes; dualism, no. " Neuroscience 5: 195-206. Reprinted in: A. D. Smith, R. Llanas and P. G. Kostyuk (Eds. ), Commentaries in the Neurosciences (Oxford: Pergamon Press) pp. 651-662 (1980)
- "Science and moral priority: merging mind, brain and human values. " Convergence, Vol. 4 (Ser. ed. Ruth Anshen) New York: Columbia University Press (1982)
References
- Bogen, J E (Sep 1999). Roger Wolcott Sperry (20 August 1913-17 April 1994). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143 (3): 491-500. PMID 11624452.
- Hamilton, C R (Oct 1998). Paths in the brain, actions of the mind: Special issue in honor of Roger W. Sperry. Neuropsychologia 36 (10): 953-4. PMID 9845044.
- Voneida, T J (1997). Roger Wolcott Sperry, 20 August 1913-17 April 1994. Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society (Great Britain) 43: 461-70. PMID 11619982.
- Miller, J G (Oct 1994). Roger Wolcott Sperry. Born August 20, 1913--died April 17, 1994. Behavioral science 39 (4): 265-7. PMID 7980367.
- Trevarthen, C (Oct 1994). Roger W. Sperry (1913-1994). Trends Neurosci. 17 (10): 402-4. PMID 7530876.
- Hubel, D (May 1994). Roger W. Sperry (1913-1994). Nature 369 (6477): 186. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 8183336.
- Girstenbrey, W (Dec 1981). [The different faces of the hemispheres. The presentation of the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology 1981 to the neurobiologists Sperry, Hubel and Wiesel]. Fortschr. Med. 99 (47-48): 1978-82. PMID 7035316.
- Ottoson, D (Oct 1981). [Sperry has given us a new dimension on views of the higher functions of the brain]. Lakartidningen 78 (43): 3765-73. PMID 7033697.
External links
- Obituary at The National Academies Press
- Nobelprize.org biography
- Roger W. Sperry - Autobiography
- The Roger W. Sperry Site <-- Currently hacked.
- PBS page for him
- Tributes to Sperry in Humankind Advancing, Vol.5, No.1 (21 January 1994)
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