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Roderick M. Chisholm (born Seekonk, Massachusetts in 1916; died Providence, Rhode Island in 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, and the philosophy of perception. Seekonk is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States, on the Rhode Island border Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science The question of free will The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes and Symbols depend on the world internal and external to the perceiver He received his Ph.D. at Harvard University under Clarence Irving Lewis and Donald C. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Clarence Irving Lewis ( April 12, 1883 Stoneham Massachusetts - February 3, 1964 Cambridge Massachusetts) usually Williams, and taught at Brown University. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League.

Chisholm's first major work was Perceiving (1957). His epistemological views were summed up in a popular text, Theory of Knowledge, which appeared in three very different editions (1966, 1977, and 1989). His masterwork was Person and Object, its title deliberately contrasting with W. V. O. Quine's Word and Object. Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25 1908 Akron, Ohio &ndash December 25 2000 (known to intimates as "Van" Chisholm was a metaphysical Platonist in the tradition of Bertrand Russell and a rationalist in the tradition of Russell, G. E. Moore, and Franz Brentano; he objected to Quine's anti-realism, behaviorism, and relativism. Platonism is the Philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it Bertrand Arthur William Russell 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970 was a British Philosopher, Historian In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 "GE Moore" redirects here For the cofounder of Intel see Gordon Moore. Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano (January 16 1838 &ndash March 17 1917 was an influential German philosopher and psychologist whose influence In Philosophy, the term anti-realism is used to describe anyposition involving either the denial of an objective Reality of Entities of a certain Behaviorism or Behaviourism, also called the learning perspective (where any physical action is a behavior is a philosophy of Psychology based on the Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. He defended the possibility of empirical knowledge by appeal to a priori epistemic principles whose consequences include that it is more reasonable to trust your senses and memory in most situations than to doubt them. His theory of knowledge was also famously "foundationalist" in character: all justified beliefs are either "directly evident" or supported by chains of justified beliefs that ultimately lead to beliefs that are directly evident. He also defended a controversial theory of volition called "agent causation" much like that of Thomas Reid. Thomas Reid ( April 26, 1710 – October 7, 1796) Scottish Philosopher, and a contemporary of David Hume, was He argued that free will is incompatible with determinism, and believed that we do act freely; this combination of views is known as libertarianism. Libertarianism is a philosophical position in Metaphysics with respect to Free will and Determinism. He developed a highly original theory of first person thought according to which the things we believe are properties, and believing them is a matter of self-attributing them. (A similar view was developed independently by David Kellogg Lewis, and enjoys considerable popularity, although it is now known mainly through Lewis's work. David Kellogg Lewis ( September 28, 1941  &ndash October 14, 2001) is considered to have been one of the leading philosophers of the latter ) Chisholm was also famous for defending the possibility of robust self-knowledge (against the skeptical arguments of David Hume), and an objective ethics of requirements similar to that of W. D. Ross. In ordinary usage skepticism or scepticism ( Greek 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to look about to consider see also spelling differences David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Sir (William David Ross KBE ( 15 April 1877 &ndash 5 May 1971) was a Scottish philosopher known for work in Chisholm's other books include The Problem of the Criterion, Perceiving, "The First Person" and A Realist Theory of the Categories, though his numerous journal articles are probably better known than any of these.

Chisholm read widely in the history of philosophy, and frequently referred to the work of Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and even Continental philosophers (although the use he made of this material has sometimes been challenged). Nonetheless, he greatly respected the history of philosophy, in the face of a prevailing indifference among analytic philosophers. Chisholm translated some work by Brentano and by Husserl, and contributed to the post-1970 renaissance of mereology. In Mathematical logic, mereology is a collection of axiomatic First-order theories dealing with parts and their respective wholes

Chisholm greatly influenced a number of his graduate students and colleagues, including Richard Taylor, Jaegwon Kim, Keith Lehrer, R. Richard Taylor is the name of Richard Taylor (colonel (1744&ndash1829 Father of Zachary Taylor Richard Taylor (general Jaegwon Kim (born 1934 in Daegu, Korea (now in South Korea) is a Korean born American Philosopher currently working at Keith Lehrer (born January 10, 1936) is the Regent's Professor emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Arizona with an affiliation with C. Sleigh, Ernest Sosa, Fred Feldman, Terence Penelhum, Selmer Bringsjord, Dean Zimmerman and Bernard K. Ernest Sosa is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. Fred Feldman (born Newark New Jersey, 1941 is an American Philosopher who specializes in Ethical theory. Selmer Bringsjord is the chair of the Department of Cognitive Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Symonds.

Contents

Direct attribution theory of reference

Chisholm argued for the primacy of the mental over linguistic intentionality, as suggested in the title of Person and Object (1976) that was deliberately contrasted with Quine's Word and Object (1960). The term intentionality is often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" In this regard, he defended the direct attribution theory of reference in The First Person (1981). He argues that we refer to things other than ourselves by directly attributing properties to them, and that we indirectly or relatively attribute properties to them by directly attributing properties to ourselves. Suppose the following bed scene:

(1) a man M is in bed B with a woman W, namely, M-B-W, or
(2) a woman W is in bed B with a man M, namely, W-B-M.

If I were M and "U" were W, then I could directly attribute to myself the property (1) or M-B-W, while indirectly to "U" the property (2) or W-B-M, thereby referring to "U". That is, to say (1) is relatively to say (2), or to explicate M-B-W is to implicate W-B-M.

His idea of indirect attribution (1981) is relevant to John Searle's "indirect speech act" (1975) and Paul Grice's "implicature" (1975), in addition to entailment. John Rogers Searle (born July 31 1932 in Denver Colorado) is an American Philosopher and the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University Speech act is a technical term in Linguistics and the Philosophy of language. Herbert Paul Grice ( March 13, 1913, Birmingham, England - August 28, 1988, Berkeley California) usually publishing under Implicature is a technical term in the linguistic branch of Pragmatics coined by Paul Grice. In Logic, entailment (or Logical implication) is a relation between sentences of a formal language such that if A is a set of sentences and B is a sentence

Selected bibliography

References

External links

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