Rock-paper-scissors (also known as jan-ken-pon, rochambeau (sometimes spelled roshambo), ching-chang-wulla, and many derived terms^[1]), is a popular two-person hand game. or more commonly, often transliterated in other ways such as jankenpoi, janken-po, etc Hand games are those games which are played using only the Hands of the players

The game is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. Selection methods are common techniques used to determine certain initial settings in games and other activities Coin flipping or coin tossing is the practice of throwing a Coin in the air to resolve a Dispute between two parties or otherwise choose between two alternatives Drawing straws is a Selection method used by a group to choose one person to do a task when no one has volunteered for it However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent. Randomness is a lack of order Purpose, cause, or predictability

Sportspeople often use the game (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Coin flipping or coin tossing is the practice of throwing a Coin in the air to resolve a Dispute between two parties or otherwise choose between two alternatives Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. A live action role-playing game ( LARP) is a form of Role-playing game where the participants physically act out their characters' actions It is also used in some online gambling sites as a form of novelty betting. Online gambling is a general term for Gambling using the Internet

Contents 1 Terminology 2 Cheating 3 Mathematics 3.1 Non-transitivity 3.2 Example of a commutative non-associative magma 3.3 Arrow's impossibility theorem 4 Variations 5 Analogies in nature and computing 5.1 Video games 5.2 Mating strategies 6 Cultural references 6.1 Federal case 6.2 Auction house RPS match 7 Tournaments 7.1 WRPS sanctioned tournaments 7.1.1 World Championship results since 2002 7.1.2 Tour events 7.2 World Series of Roshambo 7.3 USARPS Tournaments 7.4 National XtremeRPS Competition 2007-2008 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Terminology

The exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with "stone" in place of "rock". Non-English-speakers often refer to the game by their words for "rock-paper-scissors" (though not necessarily in that order).

Cheating

A common timing-based tactic on a throw of paper or scissors is to wait until the last possible moment to dupe an opponent into believing that one may actually be throwing a scissors or rock. This is usually regarded as a foul at competitive RPS matches. In competitive RPS, however, a foul can be called on any throw that is revealed after thrower's arm swings past the perpendicular to his torso. In this case, the referee may then assign a throw of rock, or a "forced rock".

Priming is the number of bounces one does before revealing the throw. Another way to cheat is to prime three times to an opponent's twice, so that one sees his opponent's throw without revealing his own. In such cases the round will usually be replayed.

To prevent timing-based cheating, the players may be asked to hold their throwing hands behind their backs and reveal their already-formed throws after the count of three.

Another form of cheating is simpler and harder to detect. The strategy of claiming that your hand is scissors when the opponent claims it is paper. One would hold out their hand making the paper form when one sees your opponent has scissors one would open two fingers but not closing the others claiming that is simply 'how you make your scissors'. Of course it is simple to solve this, a do-over would make it right.

However, before playing, the two playing must decide the count on which they will throw their hands.

Mathematics

Non-transitivity

RPS is also often used as an example of the mathematical concept of non-transitivity. In Mathematics, the term intransitivity is used for related but different properties of Binary relations The property of not being transitive A transitive relation R is one for which a R b and b R c implies a R c. In Mathematics, a Binary relation R over a set X is transitive if whenever an element a is related to an element b A reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive relation on a set is known as a partial ordering, from which notions of "greater" and "less" follow. In Set theory, a Binary relation can have among other properties reflexivity or irreflexivity. In Mathematics, a Binary relation R on a set X is antisymmetric if for all a and b in X, if In Mathematics, a Binary relation R over a set X is transitive if whenever an element a is related to an element b In Mathematics, especially Order theory, a partially ordered set (or poset) formalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering sequencing or arrangement A game option which is "greater" than another is closer to being optimal, but such a notion does not exist in RPS: The relation used to determine which throws defeat which is non-transitive. Rock defeats scissors, and scissors defeat paper, but rock loses to paper. In fact, RPS could be called "intransitive" because A is greater than B, and B is greater than C, yet A is not greater than C.

Example of a commutative non-associative magma

In mathematics, it can be shown that there exist magmas (groupoids) that are commutative but not associative. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and In Abstract algebra, a magma (or groupoid) is a basic kind of Algebraic structure. In Mathematics, commutativity is the ability to change the order of something without changing the end result In Mathematics, associativity is a property that a Binary operation can have One example is given by the operation of RPS. In Mathematics, it can be shown that there exist magmas that are Commutative but not Associative.

Arrow's impossibility theorem

Arrow's impossibility theorem states that if there are at least three options for which to vote, then there is no system of elections which will always satisfy certain "fairness" criteria. In Social choice theory, Arrow’s impossibility theorem, or Arrow’s paradox, demonstrates that no voting system can convert the ranked preferences of individuals A proof of the theorem uses a situation analogous to RPS, where a candidate A would beat candidate B in a two-person contest, B would beat C, and C would beat A. The proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem, stating that no voting system with certain fairness properties is immune to "tactical voting" or a "spoiler effect", uses a similar idea.

Variations

Players have developed numerous cultural and personal variations on the game, from simply playing the same game with different objects, to expanding into five-weapon variants (e. g. "rock-paper-scissors-Spock-lizard")^[2] and those of purely theoretical interest having 25 or more weapons. ^[3][4] With an odd number of choices, each beats half the weapons and loses to half the weapons. No even number of weapons can be made balanced, unless some pairs of weapons result in a draw; there will always be some weapons superior to others. These also lose some of the aesthetic elegance of the game, which is otherwise one of the simplest possible games of skill.

An example of an unbalanced four-weapon game adds "dynamite" as a trump. Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of Nitroglycerin, initially using Diatomaceous earth (kieselgur US Spelling kieselguhr Dynamite, expressed as the extended index finger or thumb, defeats only rock, but is defeated by either scissors or paper. Given that paper performs better than dynamite (it beats anything dynamite will beat, and ties or beats anything dynamite will tie), it is always better to use paper than to use dynamite. In game theory terms, the strategy of "paper" weakly dominates "dynamite". Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, In Game theory, dominance (also called strategic dominance) occurs when one strategy is better than another strategy for one player no matter how that ^[5] A similar variation exists in Greece, adding "pencil", a weapon which beats ("writes on") paper, but is destroyed by rock or scissors.

One popular variant adds "fire" and "water" as potential trumps. Fire will beat any of the standard weapons (rock, paper, scissors), but a player may only throw it once in his entire lifetime. Water may be played as many times as one wishes, but loses to any throw except fire. (Those who adopt this trump depend on its notability and good sportsmanship to enforce the once-per-lifetime rule. )^[6]

A variation found in Indonesia is composed of an earwig, a human, and an elephant. The earwig is able to climb into the elephant's ear and drive it insane, while the human crushes the earwig and the elephant crushes the human. ^[7]

Analogies in nature and computing

Video games

Combat or strategy-based video games often feature RPS-like cycles in their characters' or units' effectiveness against others. These often attempt to emulate cycles in real-world combat (such as where cavalry are effective against archers, archers have an edge over spearmen, and spearmen are strongest against cavalry), or simple elemental trinities such as fire, water and air. Such game mechanics can make a game somewhat self-balancing, by preventing any one simple strategy from dominating gameplay.

Many card-based video games in Japan use the RPS system as their core fighting system, with the winner of each round being able to carry out their designated attack. (A popular game involving an extended RPS strategy is Pokemon, in which attacks have varied effectiveness based on 17 elemental types. )

Mating strategies

Biologist Barry Sinervo from the University of California, Santa Cruz has discovered an RPS evolutionary strategy in the mating behaviour of the side-blotched lizard species Uta stansburiana. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Side-blotched lizards are Lizards of the Genus Uta. They are some of the most abundant and commonly observed lizards in the deserts of western The Common Side-blotched Lizard ( Uta stansburiana) is a species of Side-blotched Lizard common on the Pacific coast of North America, from Males have either orange, blue or yellow throats and each type follows a fixed, heritable mating strategy:^[8]

• Orange-throated males are strongest and do not form strong pair bonds; instead, they fight blue-throated males for their females. Yellow-throated males, however, manage to snatch females away from them for mating.
• Blue-throated males are middle-sized and form strong pair bonds. While they are outcompeted by orange-throated males, they can defend against yellow-throated ones.
• Yellow-throated males are smallest, and their coloration mimics females. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have Under this disguise, they can approach orange-throated males but not the stronger-bonding blue-throated specimens and mate while the orange-throats are engaged in fights.

This can be summarized as "orange beats blue, blue beats yellow, and yellow beats orange", which is similar to the rules of rock-paper-scissors.

The proportion of each male type in a population is similar in the long run, but fluctuates widely in the short term. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology For periods of 4-5 years, one strategy predominates, after which it declines in frequency as the strategy that manages to exploit its weakness increases. This corresponds to the stable pattern of the game in the replicator dynamics where the dynamical system follows closed orbits around the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium (Sinervo & Lively, 1996; Sinervo, 2001; Alonzo & Sinervo, 2001; Sinervo & Clobert, 2003; Sinervo & Zamudio, 2001). In mathematics the replicator equation is deterministic monotone non-linear and non-innovative game dynamic used in Evolutionary game theory. The dynamical system concept is a mathematical Formalization for any fixed "rule" which describes the Time dependence of a point's position In Game theory, a player's strategy in a game is a complete plan of action for whatever situation might arise this fully determines the player's behaviour In Game theory, the Nash equilibrium (named after John Forbes Nash, who proposed it is a Solution concept of a game involving two or more players in which

Bacteria also exhibit a rock-paper-scissors dynamic when they engage in antibiotic production. The theory for this finding was demonstrated by computer simulation and in the laboratory by Benjamin Kerr, working at Stanford University with Brendan Bohannan (Nature. 2002 Jul 11;418(6894):171-4. ). The antibiotics in question are the bacteriocins - more specifically, colicins produced by Escherichia coli. Bacteriocins are Proteinaceous Toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s Bacteriocins are Proteinaceous Toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s Biologist Benjamin C. Kirkup, Jr. further demonstrated that the colicins were active as E. Bacteriocins are Proteinaceous Toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s coli compete with each other in the intestines of mice, and that the rock-paper-scissors dynamics allowed for the continued competition between antibiotic producing and antibiotic sensitive strains, because antibiotic resistant strains would out-compete the producing strains, providing an environment in which sensitive strains could successfully become established again (Nature. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa 2004 Mar 25;428(6981):412-4. ).

Cultural references

Because of its widespread use, the game has received substantial references in popular culture. Many television series poke fun at particular characters' incompetence at understanding the rules, or show how mischievous characters are often able to "win" the game by inventing new objects which beat all the others.

Federal case

In 2006, Federal Judge Gregory Presnell from the Middle District of Florida ordered opposing sides in a lengthy court case to settle a trivial (but lengthily debated) point over the appropriate place for a deposition using the game of rock-paper-scissors. In Law, a deposition is witness testimony given under oath and recorded for use in court at a later date ^[9] The ruling in Avista Management v. Wausau Underwriters stated:

Upon consideration of the Motion – the latest in a series of Gordian knots that the parties have been unable to untangle without enlisting the assistance of the federal courts – it is ORDERED that said Motion is DENIED. Instead, the Court will fashion a new form of alternative dispute resolution, to wit: at 4:00 P. M. on Friday, June 30, 2006, counsel shall convene at a neutral site agreeable to both parties. If counsel cannot agree on a neutral site, they shall meet on the front steps of the Sam M. Gibbons U. S. Courthouse, 801 North Florida Ave. , Tampa, Florida 33602. Each lawyer shall be entitled to be accompanied by one paralegal who shall act as an attendant and witness. At that time and location, counsel shall engage in one (1) game of "rock, paper, scissors. " The winner of this engagement shall be entitled to select the location for the 30(b)(6) deposition to be held somewhere in Hillsborough County during the period July 11-12, 2006.

– ^[10]

The public release of this judicial order, requiring counsel to resort to a childish game to resolve a dispute, was widely circulated among area lawyers. It served the function of shaming the respective law firms regarding their litigation conduct. Shame is variously an affect emotion cognition state or condition

Auction house RPS match

When Takashi Hashiyama, CEO of a Japanese television equipment manufacturer, decided to auction off the collection of Impressionist paintings owned by his corporation, including works by Cézanne, Picasso and van Gogh, he contacted two leading U. Maspro Denkoh is a Japanese electronics manufacturer Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 S. auction houses, Christie's International and Sotheby's Holdings, seeking their proposals on how they would bring the collection to the market as well as how they would maximize the profits from the sale. Christie's is a leading art business and a fine arts Auction house Sotheby's ( is the world's second oldest Auction house in continuous operation (the oldest being Stockholms Auktionsverk founded in 1674 Both firms made elaborate proposals, but neither was persuasive enough to get Hashiyama’s business. Willing to split up the collection into separate auctions, Hashiyama asked the firms to decide between themselves who would get the Cézanne's "Large Trees Under the Jas de Bouffan", worth $12-16 million.

The houses were unable to reach a decision. Hashiyama told the two firms to play RPS, to decide who would get the rights to the auction, explaining that "it probably looks strange to others, but I believe this is the best way to decide between two things which are equally good".

The auction houses had a weekend to come up with a choice of move. Christie's went to the 11-year-old twin daughters of an employee, who suggested "scissors" because "Everybody expects you to choose 'rock'. " Sotheby's said that they treated it as a game of chance and had no particular strategy for the game, but went with "paper". A game of chance is a Game whose outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device and upon which contestants frequently wager money ^[12]

Christie's won the match, with millions of dollars of commission for the auction house.

Tournaments

WRPS sanctioned tournaments

Starting in 2002, the World Rock Paper Scissors Society (WRPS) standardized a set of rules for international play^[13] and has overseen annual International World Championships. These open, competitive championships have been widely attended by players from around the world and have attracted widespread international media attention. ^{[14][15][16][17][18]} WRPS events are noted for their large cash prizes, elaborate staging, and colourful competitors. ^[19] In 2004, the championships were broadcast on the U. S. television network Fox Sports Net. The Fox Sports Regional Networks, or simply Fox Sports Net (FSN are a collection of cable TV Regional sports networks owned and operated by News

World Championship results since 2002

Year	Host City	Medal	Champion	Gender	Nationality
2002[20]	Toronto		Peter Lovering	Male	Canada
			Moe Asem	Male	Canada
			Dave Ferris	Male	Canada
2003[21]			Rob Krueger	Male	Canada
			Marc Rigaux	Male	Canada
			Patrick Merry	Male	Canada
2004[22]			Lee Rammage	Male	Canada
			Heather Birrell	Female	Canada
			Chris Berggeren	Male	United States
2005[23]			Andrew Bergel	Male	Canada
			Stan Long	Male	United States
			Stuart Waldman	Male	United States
2006[24]			Bob Cooper	Male	Great Britain
			Bryan Bennett	Male	United States
			Tom Smith	Male	United States
2007[25]			Andrea Farina	Female	United States
			David "Maximus" Arnold	Male	United States
			James Doolittle	Male	Canada

Tour events

In addition to the International World Championships the WRPS also endorses or sanctions a year-round series of tournaments world wide. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page "Endorsed" tournaments agree to abide by the WRPS standardized international rules of play and code of conduct, while "Sanctioned" tournaments will net the winner a trip to compete at the International World Championships. Some of the major events of this tour include:

• Roshambo Winery RPS Championships, Healdsburg, California
• RPS Keystone Classic, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• RPS Philadelphia City League Championship Series, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Rocksdam RPS Charity Tournament, Potsdam, New York
• Atlantic Yards Smackdown, Brooklyn, New York
• RPS Australian Championships
• RPS New Zealand Championships
• Norwegian RPS Championships

World Series of Roshambo

Professional poker player Phil Gordon hosts the annual World Series of Roshambo during the World Series of Poker every year. Healdsburg is a city located in Sonoma County, California, USA Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Potsdam New York relates to two locations in Saint Lawrence County New York: Potsdam (town New York Potsdam (village New York Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. For the mayor of Phoenix Arizona see Phil Gordon (politician Philip Stewart Gordon (born July 6, 1970) is an In 2006, Annie Duke outlasted a field of 64 players who paid $500 each to enter the tournament. Annie Duke (born September 13 1965 is a professional Poker player and author First place prize was $10,000. This is the largest buy-in Roshambo event in the world.

USARPS Tournaments

USA Rock Paper Scissors League (USARPS) is the principal rock-paper-scissors league of the United States. The United States of America Rock Paper Scissors League is a national competition league for the hand game Rock paper scissors. It is sponsored by Bud Light. Budweiser is an American-style lager and is one of the most popular beers in the United States. Matti Leshem is the co-commissioner of the USARPS.

In April 2006, the inaugural USARPS Championship was held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Following months of regional qualifying tournaments held across the US, 257 players were flown to Las Vegas for a single-elimination tournament at the House of Blues where the winner received $50,000. House of Blues (HOB is a corporate chain of music halls and restaurants founded in 1992 by Hard Rock Cafe founder Isaac Tigrett and his friend and investor Dan The tournament was shown on the A&E Network on June 12, 2006. A&E is a cable and Satellite television network with headquarters in Manhattan and offices in Stamford, Atlanta, Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

At the first USARPS Championship, Dave "The Drill" McGill defeated Robert "Fast Twitch" Twitchel to win the tournament. In addition, Jason "King of the Morning" Wood won a best-of-500 marathon to earn a brand new car.

The $50,000 2007 USARPS Tournament took place at the Las Vegas Mandalay Bay in May 2007 and was covered by RawVegas.tv and will also be airing on ESPN later this year. RawVegastv was first launched on January 19 2007 and is the first venture for Raw Networks LLC a Las Vegas-based Internet Television studio that creates and produces ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to The winner was Jamie Langridge from Odessa, Texas and he went home with the Bud Light Trophy and $50,000.

National XtremeRPS Competition 2007-2008

The XtremeRPS National Competition^[26] is a US nationwide RPS competition with Preliminary Qualifying contests starting in January 2007 and ending in May 2008, followed by regional finals in June and July 2008. The national finals will be held in Des Moines in August 2008, with a chance to win up to $5,000.

Notes

References

• Alonzo, Suzanne H. & Sinervo, Barry (2001): Mate choice games, context-dependent good genes, and genetic cycles in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology 49(2-3): 176–186. doi:10.1007/s002650000265 (HTML abstract)
• Culin, Stewart (1895): Korean Games, With Notes on the Corresponding Games at China and Japan. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (evidence of nonexistence of rock-paper-scissors in the West)
• Gomme, Alice Bertha (1894, 1898): The traditional games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 2 vols. Alice Bertha Gomme, Lady Gomme, born Merck ( 4 January 1853, London - 5 January 1938, London) was (more evidence of nonexistence of rock-paper-scissors in the West)
• Opie, Iona & Opie, Peter (1969): Children's Games in Street and Playground Oxford University Press, London. Peter Mason Opie (1918 &ndash 1982 and Iona Archibald Opie (born Iona Archibald, 1923 -) were a husband-and-wife team of Folklorists who applied modern (Details some variants on rock-paper-scissors such as 'Man, Earwig, Elephant' in Indonesia, and presents evidence for the existence of 'finger throwing games' in Egypt as early as 2000 B. C. )
• Sinervo, Barry (2001): Runaway social games, genetic cycles driven by alternative male and female strategies, and the origin of morphs. Genetica 112-113(1): 417-434. doi:10. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. 1023/A:1013360426789  (HTML abstract)
• Sinervo, Barry & Clobert, Jean (2003): Morphs, Dispersal Behavior, Genetic Similarity, and the Evolution of Cooperation. Science 300(5627): 1949-1951. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific doi:10.1126/science.1083109 (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
• Sinervo, Barry & Lively, C. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. M. (1996): The Rock-Paper-Scissors Game and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature 380: 240-243. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 doi:10.1038/380240a0 (HTML abstract)
• Sinervo, Barry & Zamudio, K. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. R. (2001): The Evolution of Alternative Reproductive Strategies: Fitness Differential, Heritability, and Genetic Correlation Between the Sexes. Journal of Heredity 92(2): 198-205. PDF fulltext
• Sogawa, Tsuneo (2000): Janken. Monthly Sinica 11(5). [Article in Japanese]
• Walker, Douglas & Walker, Graham (2004): The Official Rock Paper Scissors Strategy Guide. Fireside. (RPS strategy, tips and culture from the World Rock Paper Scissors Society).

External links

• Switzerland Interplanetary Rock Paper Scissors Championship
• USA Rock Paper Scissors League
• XtremeRPS National Competition 2007-2008
• Roshambo Winery's Annual Championships
• PRPS Format, Rules and Strategy
• World Rock Paper Scissors Society
• How to win at RPS
• Programming Challenge (C, C++ and C#) for Rock, Scissors and Paper
• Stanford University's RoshamBot, an artificial intelligence RPS player
• Abrams, Michael (2004-07-05). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Throwing for The Gold. Pursuits. Forbes FYI. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Retrieved on 2007-04-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)

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