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"Rauschenberg" redirects here. For other uses, see Rauschenberg (disambiguation).
Robert Rauschenberg

Born October 22, 1925
Port Arthur, Texas, US
Died May 12, 2008 (aged 82)
Lee County, Florida, US
Nationality American
Field Assemblage
Movement Neo-Dada
Works "Canyon" (1959)

Robert Rauschenberg (born Milton Ernst Rauschenberg; October 22, 1925 – May 12, 2008) was an American artist who came to prominence in the 1950s transition from Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont &ndashPort Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lee County is a County located in the US state of Florida. The county makes up the entirety of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers Florida Metropolitan Statistical Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Neo-Dada is a label applied primarily to the Visual arts describing artwork that has similarities in method or intent to earlier Dada artwork Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. [1][2]

Rauschenberg is perhaps most famous for his "Combines" of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were employed in innovative combinations. While the Combines are both painting and sculpture, Rauschenberg has also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. Papermaking is the process of making Paper, a material which is used ubiquitously today for writing and packaging Rauschenberg had a tendency to pick up the trash that interested him on the streets of New York City and bringing it back to his studio to use it in his works. He claimed he "wanted something other than what I could make myself and I wanted to use the surprise and the collectiveness and the generosity of finding surprises. And if it wasn't a surprise at first, by the time I got through with it, it was. So the object itself was changed by its context and therefore it became a new thing. "[3]

In 1953, Rauschenberg stunned the art world by erasing a drawing by de Kooning. Willem de Kooning (April 24 1904 – March 19 1997 was an Abstract expressionist painter born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands [4] In 1964 Rauschenberg was the first American artist to win the Grand Prize at the Venice Biennale (Mark Tobey and James Whistler had previously won the Painting Prize). The Venice Biennale (Biennale di Venezia also called in English the "Venice Biennial " is a major Contemporary art exhibition that takes place once Mark George Tobey ( December 11, 1890 &ndash April 24, 1976) was an American abstract expressionist Since then he has enjoyed a rare degree of institutional support. Rauschenberg lived and worked in New York City and on Captiva Island, Florida until his death on May 12, 2008, from heart failure. The City of New York Captiva Island is an Island in Lee County in southwest Florida, located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [5]

Contents

Biography

Early life

Robert Rauschenberg, Untitled "combine, 1963.
Robert Rauschenberg, Untitled "combine, 1963.

Rauschenberg was born as Milton Ernst Rauschenberg (he changed his first name as an adult) in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora and Ernest Rauschenberg. Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont &ndashPort Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U [6] His father was of German and Cherokee ancestry and his mother of Anglo-Saxon descent. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact [7][8] His parents were Fundamentalist Christians. Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and [7] Rauschenberg studied at the Kansas City Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris, France, where he met the painter Susan Weil, who later became his wife. The Kansas City Art Institute (KCAI is a private independent four-year college of Fine arts and Design founded in 1885 that has taught many creative students including The Académie Julian was an Art school in Paris, France. Rodolphe Julian established the Académie Julian in 1868 at the Passage Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Susan Weil (born in New York, 1930) is an American artist best known for her experimental three-dimensional paintings which combine figurative illustration with In 1948 Rauschenberg and Weil decided to attend Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Black Mountain College, founded in 1933 near Asheville North Carolina, was known as one of the leading progressive schools in the United States [9][10]

At Black Mountain his painting instructor was the renowned Bauhaus figure Josef Albers, whose strict discipline and sense of method inspired Rauschenberg, as he once said, to do "exactly the reverse" of what Albers taught him. ("House of Building" or "Building School" is the common term for the, a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts and was famous Josef Albers ( March 19 1888 – March 25 1976) was a German artist mathematician and educator whose work both in Europe and in [5]Composer John Cage, whose music of chance occurrences and found sounds perfectly suited Rauschenberg's personality, was also a member of the Black Mountain faculty. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr

From 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students League of New York,[11] where he met fellow artists Knox Martin and Cy Twombly. The Art Students League of New York is an Art school located on West 57th Street in New York City. Knox Martin is an American painter, Sculptor and Muralist. Born in 1923 in Barranquilla, Colombia, he studied at the Cy Twombly (born April 25 1928 is an American artist well known for his large scale freely-scribbled calligraphic style Graffiti paintings on solid fields of [12]

Rauschenberg and the painter Susan Weil were married in the summer of 1950.

Career

In 1951 Rauschenberg had his first one-man show at the Betty Parsons Gallery[13] and in 1954 Rauschenberg had a second one-man show at the Charles Egan Gallery. Betty Parsons (1900 - 1982 was an American artist and legendary art dealer known for her early promotion of Abstract Expressionism. "The Charles Egan Gallery opened at 63 East 57th Street ( Manhattan) in about 1945 when Charles Egan was in his mid-30's [14]

Rauschenberg's "White Paintings", created in 1951, were exhibited at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in New York during October of 1953; while they contain no images at all, are said to be so exceptionally blank and reflective that their surfaces respond and change in sympathy with the ambient conditions in which they are shown,[15] "so you could almost tell how many people are in the room," as Rauschenberg once commented. The Stable Gallery, originally located on West 58th Street in New York City, USA, was founded in 1953 by Eleanor Ward The White Paintings are said to have directly influenced Cage in the composition of his completely "silent" piece titled 4'33" the following year. 4′33″ ( Four minutes thirty-three seconds) is a three- movement composition by American Avant-garde composer John Cage

In 1952 Rauschenberg began his series of "Black Paintings" and "Red Paintings," in which large, expressionistically brushed areas of color were combined with collage and found objects attached to the canvas. Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an Emotional effect it is a subjective art form A collage (From the coller to glue is a work of formal art primarily in the Visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms thus creating a new whole A found object, in an artistic sense indicates the use of an object which has not been designed for an artistic purpose but which exists for another purpose already These so-called "Combine Paintings" ultimately came to include such heretofore un-painterly objects as a stuffed goat ("Monogram", 1959) and a quilt ("Bed", 1955), breaking down traditional boundaries between painting and sculpture, reportedly prompting one Abstract Expressionist painter to remark, "If this is Modern Art, then I quit!" Rauschenberg's Combines provided inspiration for a generation of artists seeking alternatives to traditional artistic media.

Rauschenberg's approach was sometimes called "Neo-Dada," a label he shared with the painter, close friend, and sometime lover Jasper Johns. Neo-Dada is a label applied primarily to the Visual arts describing artwork that has similarities in method or intent to earlier Dada artwork Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking [16] Rauschenberg's oft-repeated quote that he wanted to work "in the gap between art and life" suggested a questioning of the distinction between art objects and everyday objects, reminiscent of the issues raised by the notorious "Fountain," by Dada pioneer, Marcel Duchamp. Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as Found art For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Marcel Duchamp (maʀsɛl dyˈʃɑ̃ (28 July 1887 &ndash 2 October 1968 was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist At the same time, Johns' paintings of numerals, flags, and the like, were reprising Duchamp's message of the role of the observer in creating art's meaning.

Alternatively, in 1961, Rauschenberg took a step in what could be considered the opposite direction by championing the role of creator in creating art's meaning. Rauschenberg was invited to participate in an exhibition at the Galerie Iris Clert, where artists were to create and display a portrait of the owner, Iris Clert. The Iris Clert Gallery ( Galerie Iris Clert in French was an Art gallery named after its Greek owner and curator Iris Clert. Iris Clert was the owner of the Galerie Iris Clert from 1955 to 1971 Rauschenberg's submission consisted of a telegram sent to the gallery declaring "This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so. "

Robert Rauschenberg, Riding Bikes, Berlin, Germany, 1998.
Robert Rauschenberg, Riding Bikes, Berlin, Germany, 1998. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)

By 1962, Rauschenberg's paintings were beginning to incorporate not only found objects but found images as well - photographs transferred to the canvas by means of the silkscreen process. Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink blocking stencil Previously used only in commercial applications, silkscreen allowed Rauschenberg to address the multiple reproducibility of images, and the consequent flattening of experience that that implies. In this respect, his work is contemporaneous with that of Andy Warhol, and both Rauschenberg and Johns are frequently cited as important forerunners of American Pop Art. For the song by David Bowie, see Andy Warhol (song. Andrew Warhola (August 6 1928 &ndash February 22 1987 known as Andy Warhol Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States.

In 1966, Billy Klüver and Rauschenberg officially launched Experiments in Art and Technology (E. Billy Klüver (1927-2004 Johan Wilhelm (Billy Klüver was an electrical engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories who founded Experiments Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT was a non-profit and tax-exempt organization established to develop collaborations between artists and engineers A. T. ) a non-profit organization established to promote collaborations between artists and engineers.

In 1984, Rauschenberg announced his Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange, or ROCI, at the United Nations. This would culminate in a seven year, ten country tour to encourage "world peace and understanding," through Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, Beijing, Lhasa (Tibet), Japan, Cuba, Soviet Union, Berlin, and Malaysia in which he left a piece of art, and was influenced by the cultures he visited. Paintings, often on reflective surfaces, as well as drawings, photographs, assemblages and other multimedia were produced, inspired by these surroundings, and this was considered some of his strongest works. The ROCI venture, supported by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. , went on view in 1991.

In addition to painting and sculpture, Rauschenberg's long career has also included significant contributions to printmaking and Performance Art. Printmaking is the Process of making artworks by Printing, normally on Paper. This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation He also won a Grammy Award for his album design of Talking Heads' album Speaking in Tongues. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Talking head Talking Heads was an American New Wave band formed in 1974 in New York City and active until 1991 Speaking in Tongues is the fifth studio album released by the band Talking Heads; it was released in 1983 As of 2003 he worked from his home and studio in Captiva, Florida. Captiva is a Census-designated place in Lee County, Florida, United States. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the

Personal life

Rauschenberg married the painter Susan Weil in 1950. Susan Weil (born in New York, 1930) is an American artist best known for her experimental three-dimensional paintings which combine figurative illustration with Their only child, Christopher, was born July 16, 1951. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January They divorced in 1953. [1] According to a 1987 oral history by the composer Morton Feldman, after the end of his marriage, Rauschenberg had romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Johns. Morton Feldman (January 12 1926 – September 3 1987 was an American Composer, born in New York City. Cy Twombly (born April 25 1928 is an American artist well known for his large scale freely-scribbled calligraphic style Graffiti paintings on solid fields of Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking [2] An article by scholar Jonathan D. Katz states that Rauschenberg's affair with Twombly began during his marriage to Susan Weil. This article is about a Queer studies professor For the technology writer see Jon Katz. [3]

Rauschenberg died on May 12, 2008 of heart failure after his personal decision to go off life support [17] , on Captiva Island in Florida. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Captiva Island is an Island in Lee County in southwest Florida, located just offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. [18] Rauschenberg is survived by his partner of 25 years, artist Darryl Pottorf[19], his former assistant. [20] Rauschenberg is also survived by his son Christopher Rauschenberg and his sister Janet Begneaud.

Quotes

Robert Rauschenberg, Portrait of Iris Clert
Robert Rauschenberg, Portrait of Iris Clert

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Marlena Donohue. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday "Rauschenberg's Signature on the Century", Christian Science Monitor, 28 November, 1997. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday  "Rauschenberg's mammoth career retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (and other New York sites) from Sept. Retrospective (from Latin retrospectare, "look back" generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place This article refers to the Guggenheim's landmark New York museum 19 to Jan. 7, 1998… along with longtime friends pre-Pop painter Jasper Johns and the late conceptual composer John Cage, Rauschenberg pretty much defined the technical and philosophic art landscape and its offshoots after Abstract Expressionism. Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. " 
  2. ^ Robert Rauschenberg in "The Century's 25 Most Influential Artists" (html). ARTnews, May 1999 issue. ARTnews (originally published as American Art News) is an art Magazine, founded in 1902 and claiming a circulation of more than 200000  “Born with the name Milton Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, Robert Rauschenberg became one of the major artists of his generation and is credited along with Jasper Johns of breaking the stronghold of Abstract Expressionism. Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont &ndashPort Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Abstract expressionism was an American post– World War II Art movement. Rauschenberg was known for assemblage, conceptualist methods, printmaking, and willingness to experiment with non-artistic materials—all innovations that anticipated later movements such as Pop Art, Conceptualism, and Minimalism. Conceptualism is a Doctrine in Philosophy intermediate between Nominalism and realism that says universals exist only within the Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Conceptualism is a Doctrine in Philosophy intermediate between Nominalism and realism that says universals exist only within the Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features ”
  3. ^ Rosetta Brooks (December/January 2005), Rosetta Brooks Interviews Robert Rauschenberg, Modern Painters, <http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/9117/rosetta-brooks-interviews-robert-rauschenberg/>. Retrieved on 28 April 2008 
  4. ^ Robert Rauschenberg Dead at 82, ARTINFO, May 13, 2008, <http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/27557/robert-rauschenberg-dead-at-82/>. Retrieved on 14 May 2008 
  5. ^ a b Franklin Bowles Galleries. Robert Rauschenberg (html). FranlinkBowlesGallery. com.  “Significantly, given his use of print media imagery, he was also the first living American artist to be featured by Time magazine on its cover. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and ”
  6. ^ http://www.theledger.com/article/20080513/BREAKING/788208543
  7. ^ a b http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987259,00.html
  8. ^ http://www.museumofthegulfcoast.org/Content/Personalities/Notable_People/Robert_Rauschenberg
  9. ^ Kotz, Mary Lynn (2004). Rauschenberg: Art and Life. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. The City of New York Harry N Abrams Inc is a book publishing company in New York City, New York founded in 1949 by Harry Nathan Abrams to publish high-quality art and illustrated books ISBN 978-0810937529.  
  10. ^ Rauschenberg: Art and Life (html). Publishers Weekly. Publishers Weekly, aka PW, is an American weekly trade News magazine targeted at Publishers Librarians  “Rauschenberg, enfant terrible of American modernism in the 1950s and '60s, is now an ambassador for global good will. L'enfant terrible (Terrible child (also spelled enfant terrible) is a French term for a child who is terrifyingly candid by saying embarrassing things to adults Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 ROCI (Rauschenberg Overseas Cultural Interchange), an organization he founded in 1984, sponsors art exhibits and fosters cross-cultural collaborations with the aim of promoting world peace.
    "… his boyhood escape from the conformity of the oil town of Port Arthur, Texas, his formative years at Black Mountain College, his political activism in the service of civil rights and peace, and above all, his restless experimentation blurring the boundaries of painting, sculpture, photography and printmaking. Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont &ndashPort Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Black Mountain College, founded in 1933 near Asheville North Carolina, was known as one of the leading progressive schools in the United States
    "… the varied facets of Rauschenberg's output, including his color drawings for Dante's Inferno, his sets for Merce Cunningham's dances, the cardboard-box constructions and the sensual fabric collages and mud sculptures inspired by a 1975 trip to India. See also Merce Cunningham (born April 16, 1919 in Centralia Washington, United States is an American Dancer and choreographer India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ”
  11. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/arts/design/14rauschenberg.html?ex=1368504000&en=d3a4d36bf153bbf4&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
  12. ^ Walter Hopps, Robert Rauschenberg: The Early 1950's, ISBN-10: 0940619075
  13. ^ The New York Times, May 14, 1951.
  14. ^ Stuart Preston, The New York Times, December 19, 1954.
  15. ^ Ed Krcma (17 October 2006 lecture at The Lion, Stoke Newington Church Street). Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Stoke Newington Church Street is a road in north London in the borough of Hackney. From Evacuation to Fullness: Rauschenberg in the ‘50s (html). Stammtisch Forum.  “…rather than thinking of them [the 1951 White Paintings] as destructive reductions, it might be more productive to see them, as John Cage did, as hypersensitive screens – what Cage suggestively described as ‘airports of the lights, shadows and particles. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> John Milton Cage Jr ’ In front of them, the smallest adjustments in lighting and atmosphere might be registered on their surface. ”
  16. ^ 365gay.com. "Pop Artist Robert Rauschenberg Dies." May 13, 2008. Accessed May 13, 2008.
  17. ^ Ella Nayor,"The Pine Island Eagle,: "Bob Rauschenberg, art giant, dead at 82," May 13, 2008
  18. ^ "Robert Rauschenberg, American Artist, Dies at 82", New York Times, May 13, 2008. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the  "Robert Rauschenberg, the irrepressibly prolific American artist who time and again reshaped art in the 20th century, died on Monday night at his home on Captiva Island, Fla. He was 82. " 
  19. ^ Ella Nayor,"The Pine Island Eagle,: "Bob Rauschenberg, art giant, dead at 82," May 13, 2008
  20. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/arts/design/14rauschenberg.html?pagewanted=3&adxnnlx=1210698565-hvBJ6NkSAK%20HAbOxAodC6w

External links

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