| The Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel, Bt |
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| In office August 30, 1841 – June 29, 1846 |
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| Monarch | Victoria |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Succeeded by | The Lord John Russell |
| In office December 10, 1834 – April 8, 1835 |
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| Monarch | William IV |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Wellington |
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
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| In office December 2, 1834 – April 8, 1835 |
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| Monarch | William IV |
| Preceded by | The Lord Denman |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Spring Rice |
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| Born | 5 February 1788 Bury, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 2 July 1850 (aged 62) Westminster, London, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850) was the Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from December 10, 1834 to April 8, 1835, and again from August 30, 1841 to June 29, 1846. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who John Russell 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 &ndash 28 May 1878 known as Lord John Russell before 1861 was an English Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until Thomas Spring Rice 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon, PC, FRS ( 8 February, 1790 - 7 February 1866) was a British Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display He helped create the modern concept of the police force while Home Secretary, oversaw the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party, and repealed the Corn Laws. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Corn Laws were Import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign-grain imports between 1815 and 1846
Biography
Peel was born in Ramsbottom, Bury, Lancashire, England to the industrialist and Member of Parliament Sir Robert Peel. Ramsbottom is a small town on the border of Lancashire and Greater Manchester, England. Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir Robert Peel 1st Baronet, ( 25 April 1750 &ndash 3 May 1830) father of the Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, was a politician and His father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Peel was educated first at Hipperholme Grammar School, then at Harrow School and finally Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a double first in classics and mathematics. Hipperholme Grammar School is an independent Grammar school in Hipperholme (near Halifax) West Yorkshire, England. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as He is also believed to have briefly attended Bury Grammar School. Bury Grammar School is an independent Grammar school in Bury, Greater Manchester, England that has existed since c While living in Tamworth, he is credited with the development of the Tamworth Pig by breeding Irish stock with some local Tamworth pigs. Tamworth is a Town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located 14 miles (22 km north-east of Birmingham Tamworth Pig is among the oldest of Porcine breeds but as with many older breeds of livestock it is not well suited to modern production methods and is listed as "Threatened" Some of his descendants now live in Victoria, Australia and Sheffield including a descendant who teaches in Manchester, England.
Early political career
The young Peel entered politics at the young age of 21 as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary. The term "rotten" or "decayed" borough referred to a parliamentary borough or Constituency in Great Britain and Ireland Cashel is a former United Kingdom parliament constituency in Ireland returning one MP Tipperary ( Irish: Tiobraid Árann, lit "The well of Arra" is the name of a town (pop 4546 in the south-west of County Tipperary, Ireland With a scant 24 voters on the rolls, he was elected unopposed. More importantly, his sponsor for the election (besides his father) was the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peel's political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. The office before 1800 The dominant position of the Lord Lieutenant in the Irish governmental system had been central to the British administration for much of the history of Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c Peel made his maiden speech at the start of the 1810 session, when he was chosen by the Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, to second the reply to the king's speech. A maiden speech is the first speech given by a newly- elected members of a Legislature or Parliament. Spencer Perceval, KC (1 November 1762 &ndash 11 May 1812 was a British statesman and Prime Minister. His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker, Charles Abbot, as "the best first speech since that of William Pitt. Charles Abbot 1st Baron Colchester, PC, FRS ( 14 October 1757 – May 8, 1829) was a British statesman William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. "[1]
For the next decade he occupied a series of relatively minor positions in the Tory governments: Undersecretary for War, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and chairman of the Bullion Committee (charged with stabilizing British finances after the end of the Napoleonic Wars). In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Bullion committee was set up in order to research the possibility of putting Britain onto the Gold standard and how to carry it out The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions He also changed seats twice: first picking up another rotten borough, Chippenham, then becoming MP for Oxford University in 1817. Oxford University was a University constituency electing two members to the British House of Commons, from 1603 to 1950
He later served as MP for Tamworth from 1830 until his death. Tamworth is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. His home was Drayton Manor. Drayton Manor was a British Stately home at Drayton Bassett, in the District of Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. His home Drayton Manor is no longer standing, but it is home to Drayton Manor Theme Park. Drayton Manor Theme Park is a Theme park in the grounds of the former Drayton Manor, near Tamworth in Staffordshire, England.
Home Secretary
Prime Minister 1828-1830
Peel was considered one of the rising stars of the Tory party, first entering the cabinet in 1822 as Home Secretary. The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office As Home Secretary, he introduced a number of important reforms of British criminal law: most memorably establishing the Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act 1829). He also changed the Penal code reducing the number of crimes punishable by death. A penal code is a portion of a State 's Laws defining Crimes and specifying the Punishment. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. He reformed the gaol system, introducing payment for gaolers and education for the inmates.
He resigned as Home Secretary after the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, became incapacitated and was replaced by George Canning. Robert Banks Jenkinson 2nd Earl of Liverpool (7 June 1770 &ndash 4 December 1828 was a British politician and the longest-serving Prime Minister of the George Canning (11 April 1770 &ndash 8 August 1827 was a British statesman and Politician who served as Foreign Secretary and is at present the shortest serving Canning favoured Catholic Emancipation, while Peel had been one of its most outspoken opponents. Catholic Emancipation (Fuascailt na gCaitliceach or Catholic Relief, was a process in Great Britain and Ireland in the late 18th century and early 19th Canning himself died less than four months later and, after the brief premiership of Lord Goderich, Peel returned to the post of Home Secretary under the premiership of his long-time ally the Duke of Wellington. Frederick John Robinson 1st Earl of Ripon PC (1 November 1782 &ndash 28 January 1859 Frederick John Robinson until 1827 The Viscount Goderich Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c During this time he was widely perceived as the number-two in the Tory Party, after Wellington himself.
However, the pressure on the new ministry from advocates of Catholic Emancipation was too great and an Emancipation Bill was passed the next year. For other uses see Bill. A bill is a proposed new law introduced within a Legislature that has not been ratified, adopted Peel felt compelled to resign his seat as MP representing the graduates of Oxford University (many of whom were Anglican clergymen), as he had stood on a platform of opposition to Catholic Emancipation (in 1815 he had, in fact, challenged to a duel the man most associated with emancipation, Daniel O'Connell). A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator Peel instead moved to a rotten borough, Westbury, retaining his Cabinet position. The term "rotten" or "decayed" borough referred to a parliamentary borough or Constituency in Great Britain and Ireland Westbury is a Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Peel's protege Gladstone later emulated Peel by serving as MP for Oxford University from 1847 to 1865, before himself being defeated for his willingness to disestablish the Irish Church.
Police reform
It was at this point that he established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard. "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. New Scotland Yard or Scotland Yard, informally known as The Yard and NSY, is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, responsible The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'Bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'Peelers' (both terms are still used today). Although at first unpopular, they proved very successful in cutting crime in London, and by 1835 all cities in the UK were being directed to form their own police forces—see Policing in the United Kingdom. Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales (administration of Police matters (Actually, the authorities in Stalybridge, Cheshire had set up their own police force some two years earlier and so Peel was aware of this success of "police forces" before he "introduced" them in London. Stalybridge is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Tameside, in Greater Manchester, England Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The city of Glasgow, Scotland had also had its own police force since 1800. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The City of Glasgow Police is the first professional Police force in modern history ) Known as the father of modern policing, Robert Peel developed the Peelian Principles which defined the ethical requirements police officers must follow in order to be effective. Peelian Reform addresses the philosophy that Robert Peel provided to establish an ethical police force His most memorable principle was, "the police are the public, and the public are the police. "
Researchers [Susan A. Lentz and Robert H. Chaires, "The Invention of Peel's Principles: A Study of Policing 'Textbook' History", Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (2007) 69-79] have since concluded that Peel's list of principles was more likely authored by twentieth century policing scholars than by Peel himself. While Peel discussed the spirit of some of the principles in his speeches and other communications, Lentz and Chaires found no proof that he ever actually compiled a formal list.
Whigs in power (1830-1834)
Prime Minister 1830-34
The Middle and Working Classes in England at that time, however, were clamoring for reform, and Catholic Emancipation was only one of the ideas in the air. The Tory ministry refused to bend on other issues and were swept out of office in 1830 in favour of the Whigs. The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to The following few years were extremely turbulent, but eventually enough reforms were passed that King William IV felt confident enough to invite the Tories to form a ministry again in succession to those of Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne in 1834. William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until Charles Grey 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 &ndash 17 July 1845 known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807 was a British William Lamb 2nd Viscount Melbourne, PC, FRS (15 March 1779 &ndash 24 November 1848 was a British Whig Statesman who Peel was selected as Prime Minister but was in Italy at the time, so Wellington acted as a caretaker for the three weeks until Peel's return.
First term as Prime Minister (1834-1835)
This new Tory Ministry was a minority government, however, and depended on Whig goodwill for its continued existence. The Cabinet See also Conservative Government 1834-1835, for a complete list of officeholders in the government As his statement of policy at the general election of January 1835, Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto. The Tamworth Manifesto was a political Manifesto issued by Sir Robert Peel in 1834 in Tamworth, which is widely credited by historians as having The issuing of this document is often seen as one of the most crucial points at which the Tories became the Conservative Party. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. In it he pledged that the Conservatives would endorse modest reform, but the Whigs instead formed a compact with Daniel O'Connell's Irish Radical members to repeatedly defeat the government on various bills. Daniel O'Connell ( 6 August 1775 &ndash 15 May 1847) ( Dónal Ó Conaill) known as The Liberator, or The Emancipator Eventually Peel's ministry resigned out of frustration and the Whigs under Lord Melbourne returned to power. The only real achievements of Peel's first administration was a commission to review the governance of the Church of England. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican This ecclesiastical commission being the forerunner of the Church Commissioners. The Church Commissioners is a body managing the historic property assets of the Church of England. A further achievement was a rapid gain in seats in the House of Commons which was around 100 seats in the 100 days Peel's Ministry lasted.
Leader of the Opposition (1835-1841)
In May 1839, he was offered another chance to form a government, this time by the new monarch, Queen Victoria. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland However, this too would have been a minority government and Peel felt he needed a further sign of confidence from his Queen. Lord Melbourne had been Victoria's confidant for several years, and many of the higher posts in Victoria's household were held by the wives and female relatives of Whigs; there was some feeling that Victoria had allowed herself to be too closely associated with the Whig party. Peel therefore asked that some of this coterie be dismissed and replaced with their Conservative counterparts, provoking the so-called Bedchamber Crisis. The Bedchamber crisis (May 1839 is the unofficial name for the 'crisis' that took place under Queen Victoria during a change of Her Majesty's government Victoria refused to change her household, and despite pleadings from the Duke of Wellington, relied on assurances of support from Whig leaders. Peel refused to form a government, and the Whigs returned to power.
Second term as Prime Minister (1841-1846)
Factory Act
Peel finally had a chance to head a majority government following the election of July 1841. The Cabinet See also Conservative Government 1841-1846, for a complete list of officeholders in the government His promise of modest reform was held to, and the second most famous bill of this ministry, while "reforming" in 21st century eyes, was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The Factory Act 1844 acted more against these industrialists than it did against the traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the landed gentry, by restricting the number of hours that children and women could work in a factory, and setting rudimentary safety standards for machinery. The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile Landed gentry is a term traditionally applied in Britain to those people of a certain type and education who possess land in the form of country estates often (but Interestingly, this was a continuation of his own father's work as an MP, as the elder Robert Peel was most noted for reform of working conditions during the first part of the 19th century.
In 1843 Peel was the target of a failed assassination attempt; a criminally-insane Scottish woodsman named Daniel M'Naghten stalked him for several days before accidentally killing Peel's personal secretary Edward Drummond instead. Daniel M'Naghten (pronounced and sometimes spelled McNaughton) (1813 – 1865 was a Scottish woodturner Edward Drummond ( March 30 1792 &ndash January 25 1843) was a British Civil servant, and was Personal Secretary to several
Corn Laws and after
Prime Minister 1846-52, 1865-66
The most notable act of Peel's second ministry, however, was the one that would bring it down. This time Peel moved against the landholders by repealing the Corn Laws, which supported agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports. The Corn Laws were Import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn prices against competition from less expensive foreign-grain imports between 1815 and 1846 This radical break with Conservative protectionism was triggered by the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). At first sceptical of the extent of the problem, Peel reacted slowly to the famine. As realisation dawned, however, he hoped that ending the Corn Laws would free up more food for the Irish. Though he knew repealing the laws would mean the end of his ministry, Peel decided to do so. Yet many historians believe that Peel merely used the Irish Famine as an excuse to repeal the Corn Laws and because he had been an intellectual convert to free trade since the 1820s. Blake points out that if Peel were convinced that total repeal was necessary to stave off the famine, he would have enacted a bill that brought about immediate temporary repeal, not permanent repeal over a three-year period of gradual tapering-off of duties. His own party failed to support the bill, but it passed with Whig and Radical support on 29 June 1846. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display A following bill was defeated as a direct consequence, however, and Peel resigned.
Prime Minister 1868, 1874-80
As an aside in reference to the Repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. In the age of laissez-faire, government taxes were small, and subsidies or direct economic interference were almost non-existent. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” That subsidies were actually given was very much out of character for the political times; Peel's successor, Lord John Russell, received more criticism than Peel on Irish policy. John Russell 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 &ndash 28 May 1878 known as Lord John Russell before 1861 was an English The repeal of the Corn Laws was more political than humanitarian. Peel's support for free trade could already be seen in his 1842 and 1845 budgets; in late 1842 Graham wrote to Peel that "the next change in the Corn Laws must be to an open trade" while arguing that the government should not tackle the issue. Sir James Robert George Graham 2nd Baronet ( 1 June 1792 &ndash 25 October 1861) was a British Statesman. [2] Speaking to the cabinet in 1844, Peel argued that the choice was maintenance of the 1842 Corn Law or total repeal. [3] Whatever the intentions, in the end the repeal of the Corn Laws had little effect on the situation in Ireland.
The historian Boyd Hilton argues that Peel knew from 1844 that he was going to be deposed as Conservative leader--many of his MPs had taken to voting against him and the rupture within the party between liberals and paternalists which had been so damaging in the 1820s, but masked by the issue of reform in the 1830s was brought to the surface over the Corn Laws. Hilton's hypothesis is that Peel wished to actually be deposed on a liberal issue so that he might later lead a Peelite/Whig/Liberal alliance.
Later career and death
He did retain a hard core of supporters however, known as Peelites, and at one point in 1849 was actively courted by the Whig/Radical coalition. The Peelites were a breakaway faction of the British Conservative Party, and existed from 1846 to 1859. He continued to stand on his conservative principles, however, and refused. Nevertheless, he was influential on several important issues, including the furtherance of British free trade with the repeal of the Navigation Acts. The English Navigation Acts were a series of Laws which restricted the use of foreign Shipping and trade between England (later the Kingdom of Great Peel was a member of the committee which controlled the House of Commons Library, and on 16 April 1850 was responsible for passing the motion that controlled its scope and collection policy for the rest of the century. The House of Commons Library is the library and information resource of the lower house of the British Parliament. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link
Peel was thrown from his horse while riding up Constitution Hill in London on 29 June 1850, the horse stumbled on top of him and he died three days later on July 2 at the age of 62. Constitution Hill is a road in the City of Westminster in London. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival His Peelite followers, led by Lord Aberdeen and William Gladstone, went on to fuse with the Whigs as the Liberal Party. George Hamilton-Gordon 4th Earl of Aberdeen KG KT FRS PC (28 January 1784&ndash14 December 1860 styled Lord Haddo from 1791 The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party
Family
Peel married Julia, youngest daughter of General Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet, in 1820. General Sir John William Floyd 1st Baronet Floyd ( 22 February 1748 - 10 January 1818) was a British Cavalry officer They had five sons and two daughters. Four of his sons gained distinction in their own right. His eldest son Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865. Sir Robert Peel 3rd Baronet GCB ( 4 May 1822 &ndash 9 May 1895) was a British politician The office before 1800 The dominant position of the Lord Lieutenant in the Irish governmental system had been central to the British administration for much of the history of His second son Sir Frederick Peel was a politician and railway commissioner. Sir Frederick Peel ( October 26, 1823 – June 6, 1906) second son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, was educated at His third son Sir William Peel was a naval commander and recipient of the Victoria Cross. Captain Sir William Peel VC KCB ( 2 November 1824 &ndash 27 April 1858) was an English recipient of the Victoria See below the section "Separate Commonwealth awards" Note that since His fifth son Arthur Wellesley Peel was Speaker of the House of Commons and created Viscount Peel in 1895. Arthur Wellesley Peel 1st Viscount Peel, PC ( 3 August, 1829 &ndash 24 October, 1912) was a British politician Earl Peel is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1929 for the Conservative Party politician William Wellesley Peel 2nd Viscount Peel His daughter Julia married the 6th Earl of Jersey. George Augustus Frederick Child Villiers 6th Earl of Jersey ( April 4 1808 &ndash October 24 1859) was an English peer, the son Julia, Lady Peel, died in 1859.
In Memory of Sir Robert Peel
Peel Tower Monument, this tower was built on top of Holcombe Hill in Ramsbottom, Bury. Parliament Square is a square outside the northwest end of the Palace of Westminster in London. See Peel tower for the generic structure The memorial tower to Sir Robert Peel high above Ramsbottom was planned and erected Ramsbottom is a small town on the border of Lancashire and Greater Manchester, England. Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of
There is a statue of Sir Robert Peel outside the Robert Peel public house in Bury town centre, the town where Peel was born.
There is a small statue of Sir Robert Peel on Winckley Square in Preston city centre. Winckley Square is situated near the centre of Preston, Lancashire, England, at the west end of Avenham. Preston ( ˈprɛstən is a city and local government district in Lancashire, England, located on the River Ribble.
A British steamer named SS Sir Robert Peel, based in Canada, was burned by American forces on May 29, 1838, at the height of American-Canadian tensions over the Caroline Affair. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Caroline Affair was a series of events beginning in 1837 that strained relations between the United States and Britain.
There is a statue of Peel in Piccadilly gardens in Manchester, England
A statue of Peel stands in Montrose town centre. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Montrose is a coastal Resort town and former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland.
The Regional Municipality of Peel (originally Peel County) in Ontario, Canada is named for Sir Robert Peel.
Peel Street (rue Peel in French), is a street in Montreal, and from that comes the name of nearby Metro station. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The Montreal Metro is a Rubber-tired metro system and the main form of Public transportation in the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada Peel is a station on the Green Line of the Metro rapid transit system operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM
The Sir Robert Peel Hotel ("The Peel") is a Gay Bar on Peel Street in Collingwood, Victoria Melbourne Australia. Collingwood is an Inner city Suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
The Sir Robert Peel Hospital in Tamworth. Tamworth is a Town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located 14 miles (22 km north-east of Birmingham
The Sir Robert Peel statue located in Tamworth town centre.
A small monument in the center of the town of Dronfield (Derbyshire)
The Sir Robert Peel public house in Kingston-Upon-Thames (Surrey). Dronfield is a Town in North East Derbyshire, England Geography Situated between Sheffield and Chesterfield It is an establishment popular for it's live music and famed for its live strip shows.
Tamworth-raised musician Julian Cope sings "the king and queen have offered me the estate of Robert Peel" on the song 'O King of Chaos', from his 1984 LP Fried. Tamworth is a Town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located 14 miles (22 km north-east of Birmingham Julian Cope (born Julian David Cope on 21 October, 1957) is an English rock Musician, Author, Antiquary Fried was the second solo album by Julian Cope. Bill Drummond 's 1986 album The Man replied in kind to "Bill Drummond
The Peel River in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia is named after Sir Robert Peel. For the Canadian River in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, see Peel River (Canada The Peel River is a river Tamworth is a city in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Peel High School in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia is named after Sir Robert Peel. Peel High School is a Co-educational, Public High school, located in Tamworth, a city in the New England region of New South Tamworth is a city in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Statue of Robert Peel in George square, Glasgow, Scotland
Sir Robert Peel's governments
- First Peel Ministry (1834–1835)
- Second Peel Ministry (1841–1846)
See also
- M'Naghten's Case
- List of Acts of Parliament during the First Peel Ministry
- List of Acts of Parliament during the Second Peel Ministry
Notes
- ^ Gash, Mr. The Cabinet See also Conservative Government 1834-1835, for a complete list of officeholders in the government The Cabinet See also Conservative Government 1841-1846, for a complete list of officeholders in the government Daniel M'Naghten (pronounced and sometimes spelled McNaughton) (1813 – 1865 was a Scottish woodturner This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1820-1839 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the years 1840-1859 Secretary Peel, 59-61; 68-69.
- ^ Quoted in Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 362.
- ^ Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 429.
References
- Cooke Taylor, William (1851). William Cooke Taylor, Writer Journalist Historian and Anti-Corn Law propagandist Life and times of Sir Robert Peel. London: Peter Jackson.
- Gash, Norman (1961). Norman Gash (born 1912 is a renowned historian famous for his biography/analysis of Sir Robert Peel. Mr. Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. New York: Longmans.
- Gash, Norman (1972). Norman Gash (born 1912 is a renowned historian famous for his biography/analysis of Sir Robert Peel. Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0874711320.
- Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page
- Stephen, Sir Leslie and Sir Sidney Lee (editors). The Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to 1900. Volume XV Owens-Pockrich. Oxford University Press.
External links
- "Peel the empiricist": a review by Ferdinand Mount of Douglas Hurd's Peel biography in the TLS, 22/08/07
- More about Sir Robert Peel on the Downing Street website.
- www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk Biography of Sir Robert Peel
- www.victorianweb.org Biography of Sir Robert Peel
- www.victorianweb.org An overview of the career of Sir Robert Peel
Offices held
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peel, Robert |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 5 February 1788 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Bury, Lancashire, England |
| DATE OF DEATH | 2 July 1850 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Westminster, London, England |
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