Robert Moses
Robert Moses with a model of his proposed Battery Bridge
Born	December 18, 1888(1888-12-18) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Died	July 29, 1981 (aged 92) West Islip, New York
Cause of death	Heart Disease
Spouse	Mary Sims Moses (?-1965) Mary Grady Moses (1965-1981)

Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 - July 29, 1981) was the "master builder" of mid-20th century New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, New York. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 West Islip is a census-designated place (CDP located is in southwest part of the Town of Islip, Suffolk County New York. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The City of New York Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Westchester County is a primarily Suburban county located in the U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous As the shaper of a modern city, he is sometimes compared to Baron Haussmann of Second Empire Paris, and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban planning in the United States. Georges-Eugène Haussmann ( March 27, 1809 &ndash January 11, 1891) who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Although he never held elected office, Moses was arguably the most powerful person in New York state government from the 1930s to the 1950s. He changed shorelines, built roadways in the sky, and transformed neighborhoods forever. His decisions favoring highways over public transit helped create the modern suburbs of Long Island and influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban planners who spread his philosophies across the nation. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches An urban planner is a professional who works in the field of Urban planning for the purpose of maximizing the effectiveness of a community's land use and infrastructure

Moses' projects were considered by many to be necessary for the region's development. During the height of his powers, New York City participated in the construction of two huge World's Fairs: one in 1939 and the other in 1964. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the The 1939-40 New York World's Fair, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair) was one of the largest The 1964/1965 New York World's Fair was the third major World's Fair to be held in New York City Moses was also in large part responsible for the United Nations' decision to headquarter in Manhattan as opposed to Philadelphia. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə His supporters believe he made the city viable for the 21st century by building an infrastructure that most people wanted and that has endured.

However, his works remain extremely controversial. His critics claim that he preferred automobiles to people, that he displaced hundreds of thousands of residents in New York City, uprooted traditional neighborhoods by building expressways through them, contributed to the ruin of the South Bronx and the amusement parks of Coney Island, caused the departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants Major League baseball teams, and precipitated the decline of public transport through disinvestment and neglect. The South Bronx is a region of the New York City Borough of The Bronx. Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Coney Island is a Peninsula, formerly an island in southernmost Brooklyn, New York City, USA with a Beach on the Atlantic Ocean The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA The San Francisco Giants are a Major League Baseball team based in, that currently play in the National League West Division.

Early life and rise to power

Robert Moses was born on December 18, 1888, to assimilated German–Jewish parents in New Haven, Connecticut. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ He spent the first nine years of his life living at 83 Dwight Street in New Haven, two blocks from Yale University. In 1897, the Moses family moved to New York City^[1], where the family lived on East 46th Street off of Fifth Avenue. ^[2] Moses' father was a successful department store owner and real estate speculator in New Haven. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom In order for the family to move to New York City, he sold his real estate holdings and store, and then retired from business for the rest of his life^[1]. Bella, his mother, was a forceful and brilliant woman, active in the settlement movement, with her own love of building. For the organisations for kibbutzim and moshavim see Settlement movement (Israel The settlement movement was involved in the creation of "settlement

After graduating from Yale University and Wadham College, Oxford, and earning a Ph. Wadham College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, located at the southern end of Parks Road The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the D. in political science from Columbia University, Moses became attracted to New York City reform politics. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. At this time a committed idealist, he developed several plans to rid New York of patronage hiring practices. In Western civilization, Idealism is the philosophy which maintains that the Ultimate nature of reality is ideal or based upon ideas values essences The so-called None went very far, but Moses, due to his intelligence, caught the notice of Belle Moskowitz, a friend and trusted advisor to Al Smith. Belle Moskowitz ( October 5, 1877 &ndash January 2, 1933) was the political advisor to New York Governor and 1928 presidential candidate Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor

Moses rose to power with Smith and set in motion a sweeping consolidation of the New York State government. This centralization allowed Smith to run a government later used as a model for Roosevelt's New Deal federal government. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Moses also received numerous commissions that he carried out extraordinarily well, such as the development of Jones Beach State Park. Jones Beach State Park (colloquially "Jones Beach" is a State park of the U Moses knew the law better than most lawyers and engineering better than most engineers, and quickly became known as "the best bill drafter in Albany". Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Albany is the Capital of the State of New York and the County seat of Albany County. At a time when the public was used to Tammany Hall corruption and incompetence, Moses was seen as a savior of government. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably Shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's inauguration, the federal government found itself with millions of New Deal tax dollars to spend, yet states and cities had few projects ready. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D Moses was one of the few local officials who had projects planned and prepared. For that reason, New York City could count on Moses to deliver to it Works Progress Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and other depression-era funding. The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1939 the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest New Deal agency employing millions of people Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC) was a Work relief program for young men from unemployed families established on March 21, 1933, by U

Influence

At one time, one quarter of Federal construction dollars were being spent in New York, and Moses had 80,000 people working under him. Although he built playgrounds in vast numbers, almost none of those were located in Harlem. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center Similarly, the main aesthetic achievements of Riverside Drive and associated amenities were located south of 125th street, and a pattern of barriers to access for non-white citizens, whether steep stairs or busy highways, appears repeatedly in his public projects. Close associates of Moses claimed that they could keep African Americans from using pools in white neighborhoods by making the water too cold. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. ^[3][4] He actively precluded the use of public transit that would have allowed the non-car-owners to enjoy the elaborate recreation facilities he built. ^[5] After much litigation by private landowners, his highway projects on Long Island followed a circuitous path so as not to cross the properties of wealthy landowners such as J. P. Morgan, Jr., while those same highways demolished numerous working class neighborhoods throughout New York City. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Wealth derives from the old English word "weal" which means "well-being John Pierpont ("Jack" Morgan Jr ( September 7, 1867 — March 13, 1943) was an American banker and Philanthropist Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types

During the Depression, however, Moses, along with Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, was responsible for the construction of ten gigantic pools under the WPA Program. LaGuardia redirects here For the airport see LaGuardia Airport. The Works Progress Administration (renamed in 1939 the Work Projects Administration; WPA) was the largest New Deal agency employing millions of people Combined, they could accommodate 66,000 swimmers. This extensive social works program is sometimes attributed to the fact that Moses was an avid swimmer himself. One such a pool is McCarren Park Pool in Brooklyn, now dry and used only for special cultural events but scheduled for reopening in 2008. McCarren Park is a public park in New York City, USA. It is located in the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn, and is bordered by Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City.

Moses persuaded Governor Smith and the government of New York City to allow him to hold state and the city governments jobs simultaneously; at one point, he had twelve separate titles, maintaining four palatial offices across the city and Long Island, and actually holding control of all federal appropriations to New York City. For the city itself, he was parks commissioner, and for the state, he was President of the Long Island State Park Commission and Secretary of State of New York (1927–1928), as well as chairman of the New York State Power Commission, responsible for building hydro-electric dams in the Niagara/St. Lawrence region. The Long Island State Park Commission was created in 1924 by the New York State Legislature to build and operate parks and Parkways on Long Island Secretary of State is an official in the State governments of 47 of the 50 states of the United States, as well as Puerto Rico and other U The New York Power Authority (NYPA formerly the Power Authority of the State of New York (PASNY is a New York State public benefit corporation and the largest state-owned The Niagara Frontier refers to the stretch of land south of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and extending westward to Cleveland Ohio.

During the 1920s, Moses sparred with Franklin D. Roosevelt, then head of the Taconic State Park Commission, who favored the prompt construction of a parkway through the Hudson Valley. In the United States, Parkways are defined as follows A type of road A broad landscaped thoroughfare especially: one from which trucks and For the Magazine, see Hudson Valley (magazine Moses succeeded in diverting funds to his Long Island parkway projects (the Northern State Parkway, the Southern State Parkway and the Wantagh State Parkway), although the Taconic State Parkway was later completed as well. The Northern State Parkway (also known as The Northern State) is a long limited-access state Parkway on Long Island in the U The Southern State Parkway (also known as the Southern State or the Southern Parkway) is a long east-west Limited-access highway on Long Island The Wantagh State Parkway (also known as The Wantagh) is a state Parkway on Long Island, New York that links the Ocean Parkway at The Taconic State Parkway (often called the Taconic or the TSP) is a part of the New York State highway system ^[6] Moses is frequently given credit as the father of the New York State Parkway System from these projects. The New York State Parkway System opened its first section in 1908 and was a series of then-high speed (25 Mph) four-lane roads that were created to provide a scenic way in to

As the head of many public authorities, Moses's title as chair gave his entities the flexibility associated with private enterprise, along with the tax-exempt debt capacity associated with government agencies. The inner workings of the authorities were free from public scrutiny, allowing money to be freely allocated to expenses a public government could not sustain. Contrary to his public image, Moses horse-traded and dealt out patronage extensively, building support from construction firms, investment banks, insurance companies, labor unions (and management), and real-estate developers. Calling on these vast reserves of power, Moses quickly developed a reputation for "getting things done" and used his influence to fast-track projects in legislators' home districts, a tactic for which these same lawmakers repaid him by granting money for ever more ambitious projects. He dealt out enough spoils to both political parties to ensure he avoided unwanted attention to his patronage politics.

Triborough Bridge

Part of the Triborough Bridge (left) with Astoria Park and its pool in the center

Robert Moses had power over the construction of all public housing projects, but the one position above all others giving him political power was his chairmanship of the Triborough Bridge Authority. Astoria Park, a park located along the East River in the New York City borough of Queens, contains one of the largest open spaces in Queens Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, doing business as " MTA Bridges and Tunnels " is a division of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority,

The Triborough Bridge, a cluster of three separate spans, connects the Bronx, Manhattan, and Queens. The Triborough Bridge, often simply referred to as the Triboro; officially named the Robert F Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The legal structure of this particular public authority made it impervious to influence from mayors and governors, due to the language in the bond contracts and multi-year appointments of the Commissioners. In Finance, a bond is a Debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt and is obliged to repay the principal and Interest While New York City and New York State were perpetually strapped for money, the bridge's toll revenues amounted to tens of millions of dollars a year. The agency was therefore capable of financing the borrowing of hundreds of millions of dollars, making Moses the only person in New York capable of funding large public construction projects. Toll revenues rose quickly, as traffic on the bridges exceeded all projections. Rather than pay off the bonds, Moses sought other toll projects to build, a cycle that fed on itself.

Battle of Brooklyn Battery Bridge

In the late 1930s a municipal controversy raged over whether an additional vehicular link between Brooklyn and lower Manhattan would be a bridge or a tunnel. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the Bridges can be wider and cheaper but tall ones use more ramp space at landfall than tunnels. A "Brooklyn Battery Bridge" would have destroyed Battery Park and physically encroached on the financial district. Battery Park is a 25-acre (10 hectare public park located at the Battery the southern tip of the New York City borough of Manhattan, facing The bridge was opposed by historical preservationists, Wall Street financial interests and property owners, various high society people, construction unions (since a tunnel would give them more work), the Manhattan borough president, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, and governor Herbert H. Lehman. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Borough President (informally BP, or Beep in slang is an elective office in each of the five boroughs of New York City. LaGuardia redirects here For the airport see LaGuardia Airport. Herbert Henry Lehman (March 28 1878 December 5 1963 was a Democratic Party politician from the U

However, Moses favored a bridge. It could carry more automobile traffic than a tunnel and would also serve as a visible monument. More traffic meant more tolls, and more tolls meant more money and therefore more power for public improvements. A toll bridge is a Bridge over which Traffic may pass upon payment of a fee or toll. LaGuardia and Lehman, as usual, had no money to spend and the federal government, by this point, felt it had given New York enough. Moses, because of his control of Triborough, had money to spend, and he decided his money could only be spent on a bridge.

Only a lack of a key Federal approval thwarted the bridge scheme. President Roosevelt ordered the War Department to assert that a bridge in that location, if bombed, would block the East River access to the Brooklyn Naval Yard upstream. The East River is a tidal Strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end A dubious claim for a river already crossed by bridges, it nevertheless stopped Moses. In retaliation for being prevented from building his bridge, Moses dismantled the New York Aquarium that had been in Castle Clinton and moved it to Coney Island in Brooklyn where it grew, prospered and added to the attractiveness of this amusement area. The New York Aquarium first opened on December 10, 1896, at Castle Garden in Battery Park, making it the oldest continually operating Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton was once a circular sandstone Fort now located in Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan, New Coney Island is a Peninsula, formerly an island in southernmost Brooklyn, New York City, USA with a Beach on the Atlantic Ocean He also attempted to raze Castle Clinton itself, on a variety of pretenses, and the historic fort's survival was assured only after ownership was transferred to the federal government. Ultimately, Moses was forced to settle for a tunnel connecting Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan, now called the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel. Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel is a Toll road in New York City which crosses under the East River at its mouth connecting the Boroughs of A 1941 publication from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority claimed that the government had forced them to build a tunnel at "twice the cost, twice the operating fees, twice the difficulty to engineer, and half the traffic," though actual engineering studies did not support this conclusion, and a tunnel actually may have held many of the advantages Moses publicly tried to attach to the bridge option.

Post-war city planning

United Nations headquarters in New York City, viewed from the East River. The City of New York The East River is a tidal Strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end The Secretariat tower is on the left and the General Assembly building is the low structure to the right of the tower

Moses' power increased after World War II, when, after the retirement of LaGuardia, a series of politically weak mayors consented to almost all of Moses' proposals. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Named city "construction coordinator", in 1946, by Mayor William O'Dwyer, Moses also became the official representative of New York City in Washington, D.C. Moses was also now given powers over public housing that had eluded him under LaGuardia. William O'Dwyer ( July 11, 1890 &ndash November 24, 1964) was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950 Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local Moses' power grew even more when O'Dwyer was forced to resign in disgrace and was succeeded by Vincent R. Impellitteri, who was more than content to allow Moses to exercise control over infrastructure projects from behind the scenes. Vincent Richard Impellitteri ( February 4, 1900 &ndash January 29, 1987) was an American politician who was the 101st Mayor Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids One of Moses' first steps after Impellitteri took office was killing the development of a city-wide Comprehensive Zoning Plan, underway since 1938, that would have restrained his nearly uninhibited power to build within the city, and removing the existing Zoning Commissioner from power. Impellitteri enabled Moses in other ways, too. Moses was now the sole person authorized to negotiate in Washington for New York City projects. He could now remake New York for the automobile. Before Moses, most housing projects in New York were small scale (like the Queensbridge projects on the Queens side of the Queensboro Bridge). Queensbridge Houses is the largest Public housing development in North America. The Queensboro Bridge, also known as the 59th Street Bridge, is a Cantilever bridge over the East River in New York City that was completed in With Moses, projects grew to be the spartan, featureless skyscrapers now widely associated with public housing. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper By 1959, Moses had built 28,000 apartment units on hundreds of acres. Ironically, in clearing the land for high-rises in accordance with the innovative tower in the park scheme, he sometimes destroyed almost as many housing units as he built. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss

From the 1930s to the 1960s, Robert Moses was responsible for the construction of the Throgs Neck, the Bronx-Whitestone, the Henry Hudson, and the Verrazano Narrows bridges. The Throgs Neck Bridge is a Suspension bridge opened on January 11, 1961 carrying Interstate 295 over the East River where it meets the The Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, colloquially referred to as the Whitestone Bridge or simply the Whitestone is a Suspension bridge that crosses the East River and connects The Henry Hudson Bridge is a Steel arch Toll bridge in New York City across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, a tidal Strait The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked Suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New His other projects included the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Staten Island Expressway, the Cross-Bronx Expressway, the Belt Parkway, the Laurelton Parkway, and many more. The Brooklyn Queens Expressway ( BQE) is an Expressway which runs from southern Brooklyn, New York to the Grand Central Parkway The Staten Island Expressway is a 77 mile (1239 km long highway running through the borough of Staten Island New York in the United States. The Cross Bronx Expressway is a major expressway ( Freeway) in the New York City borough of The Bronx. The Belt Parkway, also known as the Belt System or Circumferential Parkway, is a series of Limited-access highways that form a complete circle around the The Belt Parkway, also known as the Belt System or Circumferential Parkway, is a series of Limited-access highways that form a complete circle around the Federal interest had shifted from parkway to freeway systems, and the new roads mostly conformed to the new vision, lacking the landscaping or the commercial traffic restrictions of the pre-war ones. In the United States, Parkways are defined as follows A type of road A broad landscaped thoroughfare especially: one from which trucks and He was the mover behind Shea Stadium and Lincoln Center, and contributed to the United Nations headquarters. William A Shea Municipal Stadium, usually shortened to Shea Stadium or just Shea (ʃeɪ̪ is a Stadium located in the New York City borough The United Nations Headquarters is a distinctive complex in New York City that has served as the headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1950

Moses had direct influence outside the New York area as well. City planners in many smaller American cities hired Moses to design freeway networks for them in the 1940s and early 1950s. Few of these were built; initially postponed for lack of funding, projects still unbuilt by the 1960s were often defeated by the awakening citizen-led opposition movement. The first successful examples of these freeway revolts were in New Orleans. The Freeway Revolts (sometimes expressway revolts) refer to a phenomenon encountered in the United States and Canada and in the 1960s and 1970s where planned New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Original plans for Interstate 10 followed U.S. Route 90 through Uptown, but instead the Interstate through the western part of the city was routed along the Pontchartrain Expressway. Interstate 10 ( I-10) is the southernmost east-west coast-to-coast Interstate highway in the United States. US Route 90 is an east-west United States highway. Despite the "0" in its route number US 90 never was a full coast-to-coast route it has always ended at The Pontchartrain Expressway is a parallel 6-lane section of Interstate 10 and U Following that adjustment was the blocking of New Orleans' Vieux Carre Expressway, an elevated highway that would have sliced through the French Quarter, resulting in an even greater impact on the city's sense of history. The Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway was a controversial mostly-elevated never-built Freeway that would have cut through the French Quarter (Vieux Carré of The French Quarter, also known as Vieux Carré, is the oldest and most famous neighborhood in the city of New Orleans Louisiana. Later, successful freeway revolts that saw highway projects either scaled back or cancelled outright also occurred in Boston, Oregon (see Mount Hood Freeway), San Francisco, San Diego, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Toronto^[7][8] and eventually even Los Angeles. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. US 26svg|100px|right]] The Mount Hood Freeway is a partially completed but never to be finished Freeway alignment of U The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West ^[9]

Car culture

Moses himself never learned to drive^[10], and his view of the automobile was shaped by the 1920s, when the car was thought of as entertainment and not a utilitarian lifestyle. Moses' highways in the first half of the 20th century were parkways, curving, landscaped "ribbon parks," intended to be pleasures to drive in and "lungs for the city". In the United States, Parkways are defined as follows A type of road A broad landscaped thoroughfare especially: one from which trucks and While appearing utopian on its face, some critics contend Moses' vision of towers, cities and parks linked by cars and highways in practice led to the expansion of wholesale ghettos, decay, middle-class urban flight, and blight. Beginning in the 1960s and reaching a peak in the 1990s, public opinion and the ideals of many in the city planning profession shifted away from this strand of car-oriented thought.

Brooklyn Dodgers

Moses is viewed by many as the man directly responsible for the move of the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles California, USA Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Dodger owner Walter O'Malley wanted to build a new stadium to replace the outdated and dilapidated Ebbets Field. Walter Francis O'Malley (October 9 1903 &ndash August 9 1979 was an American The Brooklyn Dodgers proposed domed stadium was to replace Ebbets Field for the Brooklyn Dodgers to allow them to stay in New York City. Ebbets Field was a Major League Baseball park located in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, New York, USA. O'Malley determined the best site for the stadium was on the corner of Atlantic Avenue and Flatbush Avenue in Brooklyn at the end of the Long Island Rail Road. O'Malley pleaded with Moses to help him secure the property in a cost effective manner, but Moses wanted to use the land to build a parking garage. Moses envisioned New York's newest stadium in Flushing Meadows on the site of what would become the World's Fair in Queens. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, often referred to as Flushing Meadow Park or Flushing Meadows Park, is located in northern Queens, New York City O'Malley was vehement in his opposition, but Moses would not be moved on this issue. After the Dodgers left for Los Angeles, and subsequently, The New York Giants to San Francisco, Moses was able to build Shea Stadium in Queens on the site he planned for stadium development. William A Shea Municipal Stadium, usually shortened to Shea Stadium or just Shea (ʃeɪ̪ is a Stadium located in the New York City borough Construction began in October 1961 and the stadium opened in April 1964 to house the National League's New York Mets. "Mets" redirects here For the medical term see Metastasis.

End of the Moses era

View of the New York World's Fair 1964/1965 as seen from the observation towers of the New York State pavilion. The Fair's symbol, Unisphere, is the central image. Unisphere, also known as the globitron is a 12-story high spherical stainless steel representation of the Earth.

Moses's reputation began to wane in the 1960s as public debate on urban planning began to focus on the virtues of intimate neighborhoods and smallness of scale. Around this time, Moses also started picking political battles he could not win. His campaign against the free Shakespeare in the Park received much negative publicity, and his effort to destroy a shaded playground in Central Park to make way for a parking lot for the expensive Tavern-on-the-Green restaurant made him many enemies among the middle-class voters of the Upper West Side. Shakespeare in the Park is a concept used across the world as a form of free public presentation of William Shakespeare's works Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually Tavern on the Green is a Restaurant located in Central Park on the Upper West Side of New York City, in the United States. The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River

The opposition reached a crescendo over the demolition of Penn Station, which many attributed to the "development scheme" mentality cultivated by Moses (although the impoverished Pennsylvania Railroad was actually responsible for the demolition). Pennsylvania Station (commonly known as “Penn Station”) is the major intercity rail station and a major Commuter rail hub in New York City The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Railroad, founded in 1846 This casual destruction of one of New York's greatest architectural landmarks helped prompt many city residents to turn against Moses' plans to build a Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have plowed through what is now Greenwich Village and SoHo. The Lower Manhattan Expressway (also known as the Canal Street Expressway or LOMEX) was a controversial plan for an Expressway through lower Manhattan Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan This article is about an area of Manhattan, New York City. For the area in London UK see Soho. This plan and the Mid-Manhattan Expressway both failed politically; to this day no superhighway goes through the heart of the city. The Mid-Manhattan Expressway was a planned (but never built expressway which would have crossed Midtown Manhattan in the vicinity of 30th Street. One of his most vocal critics during this time was the urban activist Jane Jacobs, whose book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was instrumental in turning opinion against Moses's plans; the city government rejected the expressway in 1964. Jane Jacobs, OC, OOnt ( May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006) was an The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, is arguably the most influential book written on Urban planning in the 20th century

Moses' power was further sapped by his association with the 1964 New York World's Fair. The 1964/1965 New York World's Fair was the third major World's Fair to be held in New York City His assumption of aggregate attendance of 70 million people for this event proved wildly optimistic, and generous contracts for fair executives and contractors did not help the economics. His repeated and forceful public denials of the fair's considerable financial difficulties in the face of the evidence eventually provoked press and governmental investigations, which eventually found accounting deceptions. In his organization of the fair, Moses' reputation was tarnished by his disdain for the opinions of others, his high-handed attempts to get his way in moments of conflict by turning to the press, and the fact that the fair was not sanctioned by the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE), the worldwide body supervising such events. The Bureau of International Expositions ( Bureau International des Expositions in French also known popularly by its acronym the B Moses refused to accept BIE requirements, including a restriction against charging ground rents to exhibitors, and the BIE in turn instructed its member nations not to participate. (The United States had already staged the sanctioned Century 21 Exposition in Seattle in 1962. The Century 21 Exposition (also known as the Seattle World's Fair) was a World's Fair held April 21 1962 to October 21 1962 in Seattle Washington, According to the rules of the organization, no one nation could host more than one fair in a decade. ) The major European democracies, as well as Canada, Australia and the Soviet Union were all BIE members and they declined to participate, instead reserving their efforts for the Seattle fair to be used at Expo 67 in Montreal. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or Expo 67 as it was commonly known was the World's Fair held in Montreal, Canada from April 27 to October Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec

After the World's Fair debacle, New York City mayor John Lindsay, along with Governor Nelson Rockefeller, sought to use toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority's (TBTA) bridges and tunnels to cover deficits in the city's then financially ailing agencies, including the subway system. John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth The New York City Subway is a Rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency Moses opposed this idea and fought to prevent it.

Lindsay removed Moses from his post as the city's chief advocate for federal highway money in Washington afterwards, a small victory in what was largely seen as a political misstep.

But Moses could not so easily fend off Rockefeller, the only politician in the state who had a power base independent of him. The legislature's vote to fold the TBTA into the newly-created Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) could technically have led to a lawsuit by the TBTA bondholders, since the bond contracts were written into state law and under Article 1, Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution states may not impair existing contractual obligations, and the bondholders had right of approval over such actions. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA) is a Public benefit corporation responsible for Public transportation in the U Article One of the United States Constitution describes the powers of the legislative branch of the United States government, known as Congress The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States.

However, the largest holder of TBTA bonds, and thus agent for all the others, was the Chase Manhattan Bank, headed then by none other than David Rockefeller, the governor's brother. Chase is the consumer and commercial banking division of JPMorgan Chase. David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch No suit was filed or even discussed. Moses could have directed TBTA to go to court against the action, but having been promised certain roles in the merged authority, Moses in turn declined to challenge the merger.

So, on March 1, 1968, the TBTA was folded into the MTA and Moses gave up his post as chairman of the TBTA. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He eventually became a consultant to the MTA, but its new chairman and the governor froze him out - the promised roles did not materialize, and for all practical purposes Moses was now out of power.

Moses had thought he had convinced Nelson Rockefeller of the need for one last great bridge project, a span crossing Long Island Sound from Rye to Oyster Bay. The Long Island Sound link is a proposed Bridge or Tunnel that would link Long Island to the south with New York or Connecticut to This article is about the town For the city see Rye (city, New York. This article refers to the hamlet. For the town in Nassau County, New York, see Town of Oyster Bay New York. Rockefeller did not press for the project in the late 1960s through 1970, fearing public backlash among suburban Republicans would hinder his re-election prospects. While a 1972 study found the bridge was fiscally prudent and could be environmentally manageable, the anti-development sentiment was now insurmountable and in 1973 Rockefeller cancelled plans for the bridge. In retrospect, NYCroads. com author Steve Anderson writes that leaving densely-populated Long Island completely dependent on access through New York City may not have been an optimal policy decision. ^[11] During the last years of his life, Moses concentrated on his lifelong love of swimming and was an active member of the Colony Hill Country Club, but the biggest attack on his reputation would come after he retired. Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance

Caro

Main article: The Power Broker

Moses' image suffered a further blow in 1974 with the publication of The Power Broker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning biography by Robert A. Caro. The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York is a Pulitzer Prize -winning 1974 Biography of Robert Moses, " New York City The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York is a Pulitzer Prize -winning 1974 Biography of Robert Moses, " New York City The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is a Biographer most noted for his studies of United States political figures Robert Moses Caro's 1,200-page opus (edited from over 3,000 pages long) largely destroyed the remainder of Moses's reputation; essayist Phillip Lopate writes that "Moses' satanic reputation with the public can be traced, in the main, to. Phillip Lopate (born 1943 is an American Film critic, Essayist, Fiction Writer, Poet, and Teacher. . . Caro's magnificent biography. "^[12] For example, Caro described how insensitive Moses was in the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, and how he willfully neglected public transit. The Cross Bronx Expressway is a major expressway ( Freeway) in the New York City borough of The Bronx. Moses's reputation today is in many ways attributable to Caro, whose book not only won a Pulitzer Prize in Biography in 1975, it also won a Francis Parkman Prize, which is awarded by the Society of American Historians, and was named one of the 100 greatest non-fiction books of the twentieth century by the Modern Library. The Modern Library, a current division of Random House Publishers was founded in 1917 by Albert Boni and Horace Liveright.

Caro's depiction of Moses' life gives him full credit for his early achievements, showing, for example, how he conceived and created Jones Beach and the New York State Park system, but he also shows how, as Moses' desire for power came to be more important to him than his earlier dreams, he destroyed more than a score of neighborhoods, by ramming thirteen huge expressways across the heart of New York City and by building huge urban renewal projects with little regard for the urban fabric or for human scale. Yet the author is more neutral in his central premise: the city would have been a very different place -- maybe better, maybe worse -- if Moses had never existed. Other U. S. cities were doing the same thing as New York in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Boston and Seattle, for instance, both built highways straight through their downtown areas. The New York City architectural intelligentsia of the 1940s and 1950s largely believed in such prophets of the automobile as Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe and supported Moses. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier ( October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965) was a Swiss Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (ˈlʊdvɪç miːs faːn dɛʀ ˈʀoːɐ born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies ( March 27, 1886 &ndash August 17, 1969 Many other cities, like Newark, Chicago and St. Louis, also built massive, unattractive public housing projects. Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States and the County seat of Essex County. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.

Caro argues that Moses also demonstrated racist tendencies. ^[13] He, along with other members of the New York city planning commission, were vocal opponents against black war veterans moving into Stuyvesant Town, a Manhattan residential development complex created to house World War II veterans. Peter Cooper Village —Stuyvesant Town is a large private residential development on the East Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City

People had come to see Moses as a bully who disregarded public input, but until the publication of Caro's book, they had not known that he had allowed his brother Paul to spend much of his life in poverty. Paul Moses, who was interviewed by Caro shortly before his death, claimed Robert had exerted undue influence on their mother to change their will in his favour shortly before her death. Caro notes that Paul was on bad terms with their mother over a long period and she may have changed the will of her own accord. Caro suggested that Robert's subsequent treatment of Paul may have been legally justifiable but was morally questionable.

A depiction of Moses at Fordham University, Lincoln Center

Death

Moses died of heart disease on July 29, 1981, at the age of 92 at Good Samaritan Hospital in West Islip, New York. Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 West Islip is a census-designated place (CDP located is in southwest part of the Town of Islip, Suffolk County New York. The title of his New York Times obituary package is both a found poem and a thumbnail sketch of his life and influence: "Robert Moses, Master Builder, Is Dead at 92; Robert Moses, Builder of Road, Beach, Bridge and Housing Projects, Is Dead; Associate of High Officials; The Grand-Scale Approach; Not a Professional Planner; Part of 'Our Crowd'; Into the Orbit of Power; Fur Coat or Underwear?; An Overwhelming Success; Long Court Fights; Drafted Park Legislation; Moses' Tactics Were Both Extolled and Criticized; Badly Beaten in Election; Built to His Own Tastes; A Sampler of Quotations by Moses; The Face of a Region; and How One Man Changed It. An obituary is an attempt to give an account of the texture and significance of the life of someone who has recently died "

Moses was ethnically Jewish, but was raised in a secularist manner inspired by the Ethical Culture movement of the late nineteenth century. Ethical Culture is a nontheistic Religion established by Felix Adler in 1876 He was a convert to Christianity^[14], was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx following services at Saint Peter's Episcopal Church in Bay Shore, New York. This article refers to the Woodlawn Cemetery in the New York City borough of The Bronx Bay Shore is a hamlet (and Census-designated place) located in the town of Islip, County of Suffolk, New York

Legacy and lasting impact

The bridges of Robert Moses are an exemplary and disputed topic in the Social construction of technology. Social construction of technology (also referred to as SCOT) is a theory within the field of Science and Technology Studies (or Technology and society) The main question is, how much ideology and politics can be built into technology and infrastructure such as bridges? (Cf. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Langdon Winner, "Do Artifacts Have Politics?" in Daedalus (journal), Vol. Langdon Winner is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy This article is about the mythological character For other uses see Daedalus (disambiguation. 109, No. 1, Winter 1980, and reactions on that article, e. g. , by Bernward Joerges). Bernward Joerges is a professor at Technical University of Berlin and director of the Metropolitan Research Group Berlin

Robert A. Caro was fortunate enough to be able to interview Moses on seven occasions^[15]. He was also able to conduct 19 interviews with Sidney M. Shapiro, Moses's General Manager,and chief engineer of the Long Island State Park Commission, who worked for Moses for forty years, and was the man who carried out Moses's instructions to build the bridges on his parkways too low for buses^[16]. In his notes on sources Mr. Caro writes: "It is thanks to Shapiro, more than any other source that I came to understand Moses' attitude towards Negroes. . . . "^[17]

For example, the construction of low overpasses on parkways were made purposely too low for buses to clear, and the veto of extension of the Long Island Rail Road to Jones Beach, were to prevent the poor and racial minorities (largely dependent on public transit) from accessing the beach while providing easy car access for wealthier, white groups. In furtherance of this point of view, Caro also notes the provision of numerous park amenities on the West Side highway below 125th Street (the southern boundary of Harlem) versus the provision of few (if any) amenities north of 125th Street. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center Fort Tryon Park and the Cloisters (both of which sit in the northern part of Manhattan Island) were built in Inwood, then a white neighborhood, rather than Harlem which is predominantly black. FortTryonjbjpg|thumb|Fort Tryon]] Fort Tryon Park is a public park located in the Inwood section of the New York City borough of Manhattan The Cloisters is the branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art dedicated to the art and architecture of the European Middle Ages. Inwood is the northernmost neighborhood on Manhattan Island in the New York City Borough of Manhattan.

Aside from the sociological view of Moses' accomplishments, there lies the question of urban destruction and suburban mobilization. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Did Moses's work degrade the quality of life in the inner city? Does increased accessibility from the suburbs improve the quality of life by enabling commuting? Was the general direction of Moses's work a damaging trend which is now being corrected, or a natural part of urban evolution? While Caro and others attributed the urban decay of New York neighborhoods to Moses's aggressive road building, it may be noted cities with far less aggressive postwar highway construction such as Philadelphia and Baltimore suffered similarly negative--or even worse--social trends.

While the overall impact of many of Moses' projects continues to be debated, their sheer scale across the urban landscape is indisputable. The peak of Moses's construction occurred during the economic duress of the Great Depression and despite that era's woes Moses's projects were completed in a timely fashion and have been reliable public works since, which compares favorably to the contemporary delays New York City officials have had redeveloping the Ground Zero site of the former World Trade Center or the technical snafus surrounding Boston's Big Dig project. The term Ground Zero may be used to describe the point on the earth's surface where an explosion occurs The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Big Dig is the unofficial name of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project ( CA/T) a Megaproject that rerouted the ^[18]

Three major exhibits in 2007 prompted a reconsideration of his image among some intellectuals, as they acknowledged the magnitude of his achievements. According to Columbia University architectural historian Hilary Ballon and assorted colleagues, Moses deserves better. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The History of architecture traces the changes in the History of Architecture through various countries and dates They argue that his legacy is more relevant than ever. All around New York State, she says, people take for granted the parks, playgrounds and housing Moses built, now generally binding forces in those areas, even if the old-style New York neighborhood was of no interest to Moses himself. And were it not for Moses’ public infrastructure and his resolve to carve out more space, she argues, New York might not have been able to recover from the blight and flight of the 1970s and ’80s and become the economic magnet it is today, she suggests. ^[19]

"Every generation writes its own history," said Kenneth T. Jackson, a historian of New York City. "It could be that The Power Broker was a reflection of its time: New York was in trouble and had been in decline for 15 years. Now, for a whole host of reasons, New York is entering a new time, a time of optimism, growth and revival that hasn't been seen in half a century. And that causes us to look at our infrastructure", said Jackson. "A lot of big projects are on the table again, and it kind of suggests a Moses era without Moses", he added. ^[20]

Politicians, too, are reconsidering the Moses legacy. In a 2006 speech to the Regional Plan Association on downstate transportation needs, Elliot Spitzer, who would be overwhelmingly elected governor later that year, said a biography of Moses written today might be called At Least He Got It Built. The Regional Plan Association (RPA is an independent not-for-profit regional planning organization founded in 1922 that focuses on recommendations to improve the quality of life and Eliot Laurence Spitzer (born June 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and former politician of the Democratic Party. "That's what we need today. A real commitment to get things done". ^[21]

A testament to the enduring nature of his impact can be found in the various locations and roadways in New York State that bear Moses's name. These include two state parks (one in Massena, New York, the other on Long Island), the Robert Moses Causeway on Long Island, the Robert Moses State Parkway in Niagara Falls, New York, and the Robert Moses Hydro-Electric Dam (source of much of New York City's electricity) also in Niagara Falls. There are two places named Massena in St Lawrence County in the U The Robert Moses Causeway (also known as The Robert Moses) is an long Parkway in Suffolk County New York. The Robert Moses State Parkway is an long north-south Parkway in western Niagara County New York, United States. Niagara Falls is a City in Niagara County, New York, United States. Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant is a hydroelectric Power plant in Lewiston NY near Niagara Falls NY Moses also has a school named after him in North Babylon, New York on Long Island. North Babylon is a hamlet (and Census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. There are other signs of the surviving appreciation held for him by some circles of the public. A statue of Moses was erected next to the Village Hall in his long-time hometown, Babylon Village, New York, in 2003, as well as a bust on the Lincoln Center campus of Fordham University. In the United States, a village hall is the seat of government for Villages It functions much as a City hall does within cities Babylon is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City.

The impact of Robert Moses on the Rockaway Peninsula was almost universally considered positive with his development of Jacob Riis Park and the Marine Parkway Bridge in the 1930s. The Rockaway Peninsula, also known as The Rockaways, is the name of a peninsula of Long Island, most of which is located within the borough of Queens Jacob Riis Park in the New York City borough of Queens, is part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and managed The Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge in New York City (originally Marine Parkway Bridge) is a vertical Lift bridge that crosses Rockaway Inlet The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. However, Moses's construction of the Shore Front Parkway and his large-scale introduction of public housing and large-scale demolition of the bungalow area along Rockaway's beachfront provoked a conservative criticism. Shore Front Parkway is a two-lane beachfront road paralleling the Boardwalk in Rockaway Beach in the New York City borough of Queens Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local

Some facts

• Robert Moses held power while five mayors of New York City were in office: Fiorello H. La Guardia, William O'Dwyer, Vincent Impellitteri, Robert F. Wagner, Jr., and John V. Lindsay

• Moses held power while seven Governors of New York were in office: Alfred E. Smith, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Herbert H. Lehman, Charles Poletti, Thomas E. Dewey, W. Averell Harriman and Nelson A. Rockefeller

• Numerous public works bear Moses's name. LaGuardia redirects here For the airport see LaGuardia Airport. William O'Dwyer ( July 11, 1890 &ndash November 24, 1964) was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950 Vincent Richard Impellitteri ( February 4, 1900 &ndash January 29, 1987) was an American politician who was the 101st Mayor Robert Ferdinand Wagner Jr, usually known as Robert F Wagner Jr John Vliet Lindsay ( November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Politician who served as a member of the Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor Herbert Henry Lehman (March 28 1878 December 5 1963 was a Democratic Party politician from the U Charles Poletti ( July 2, 1903 August 8, 2002) was the Governor of New York in 1942 Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth On Long Island: the Robert Moses Causeway, and Robert Moses State Park - Long Island. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches The Robert Moses Causeway (also known as The Robert Moses) is an long Parkway in Suffolk County New York. Robert Moses State Park - Long Island is a State park which is located in the State of New York. Also, at Niagara Falls: the Robert Moses Power Dam, and Robert Moses State Parkway follows the Niagara Gorge to Lewiston, New York and beyond. The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario The Niagara Falls are massive Waterfalls on the Niagara River, straddling the international border separating the Canadian province of Ontario Lewiston is a village in Niagara County, New York, United States.

• In 1945, Moses received a LL. D. from Bates College. Bates College is a private liberal arts college located in Lewiston Maine, in the United States.

• In 1934, Moses ran unsuccessfully for the office of Governor of New York, against incumbent Herbert H. Lehman. Herbert Henry Lehman (March 28 1878 December 5 1963 was a Democratic Party politician from the U

• In 1970, Fordham University dedicated a statue to Moses at the Lincoln Center campus.

• Also in 1934, Moses received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Hundred Year Association of New York, founded in 1927 is a Non-profit organization in New York City aimed at recognizing and rewarding dedication and service "

• Robert Moses had the Central Park Zoo built for Al Smith--the former governor, and president of the Empire State Building--who lived near the park on the Upper East Side. Alfred Emanuel Smith Jr, known in private and public life as Al Smith, ( December 30, 1873 - October 4, 1944) was elected Governor Moses gave Smith a night key, and the elderly former king of Irish New York would go down to the Central Park Zoo by himself to talk to the animals. Smith loved to spend hours in the zoo after hours, "and he would switch on the lights as he entered each one, to the surprise of its occupants, and talk softly to them. . . And if one of the zoo’s less dangerous animals was sick or injured, Smith would enter its cage and stand for a while stroking its head and commiserating with it. ” [Caro, 382]

See also

• Car culture
• Modernist architecture
• The Death and Life of Great American Cities
• Transportation in New York City
• Urban sprawl
• Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

Further reading

• Caro, Robert A., The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York, New York: Knopf, 1974. Over the course of the 20th century the Automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into the De facto standard for passenger Transport This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs, is arguably the most influential book written on Urban planning in the 20th century The transportation system of New York City is a cooperation of complex systems of infrastructure Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area Federal Power Commission v Tuscarora Indian Nation, was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court which determined that the Federal Power Commission was Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is a Biographer most noted for his studies of United States political figures Robert Moses The Power Broker Robert Moses and the Fall of New York is a Pulitzer Prize -winning 1974 Biography of Robert Moses, " New York City hardcover: ISBN 0-394-48076-7, Vintage paperback: ISBN 0-394-72024-5
• Berman, Marshall, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity, New York: Viking Penguin, 1988. Marshall Berman (born 1940 is an American Marxist Humanist writer and philosopher All That Is Solid Melts into Air (ISBN 0-860-91785-1 is an academic text written by Marshall Berman between 1971 and 1981 and published in New York in
• Jameson W. Doig, "Regional Conflict in the New York Metropolis: The Legend of Robert Moses and the Power of the Port Authority," Urban Studies Volume 27, Number 2 / April 1990 pp 201-232
• Kenneth T. Jackson and Hillary Ballon, eds. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York (W. W. Norton, 2007)
• Lewis, Eugene, Public Entrepreneurship : toward a theory of bureaucratic political power--the organizational lives of Hyman Rickover, J. Edgar Hoover, and Robert Moses, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1980.
• Rodgers, Cleveland, Robert Moses, Builder for Democracy, New York: Holt, 1952.
• Krieg, Joann P. Robert Moses: Single-Minded Genius, Interlaken, New York: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, 1989.
• Moses Robert. Public works: A dangerous trade. McGraw Hill. 1970. Autobiography

References

External links

• Robert A. Caro's Jan. 5, 1998 New Yorker article on Robert Moses and the writing of The Power Broker
• New Yorker review by Paul Goldberger Feb, 5, 2007
• Robert Moses's reply to The Power Broker
• New York Times Obituary
• Online letters of Moses
• Expansive Public Parks, Beaches and Travel Routes Created by Robert Moses for Long Island, New York. iLongIsland.com
• 1973 audio interview of Robert Moses by Don Swaim of CBS Radio, RealAudio at Wired for Books.org
• Robert A. Caro talks to Richard D. Heffner about Robert Moses on the Open Mind, 1998
• "The Triborough Bridge: Robert Moses and the Automobile Age" exhibit at the New York Transit Museum (through April 2008)
• "Robert Moses and the Modern City" exhibit February 2007 thru May 2007 at 3 New York City museums
• "Looking Back at Moses" a trio of New York museums explores the voluminous works of controversial urban planner Robert Moses
• Photographs from the Museum of the City of New York exhibit