Robert I
King of Scots
Reign	1306–1329
Coronation	1306
Born	July 11, 1274(1274-07-11)
Birthplace	probably Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire
Died	June 7, 1329 (aged 54)
Place of death	Cardross
Buried	Dunfermline Abbey
Predecessor	John
Successor	David II
Consort	i) Isabella of Mar ii) Elizabeth de Burgh
Issue	Marjorie Bruce with Isabella, David, John, Matilda and Margaret with Elizabeth and several illegitimate children
Royal House	Bruce
Father	Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale
Mother	Marjorie, Countess of Carrick

Robert I, King of Scots (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce (Mediaeval Gaelic:Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys; ) was King of the Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲiɾʲˈaːɾʲ is a Registration county, and former administrative county in south-west Scotland, Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Cardross ( Càrdainn Ros in Gaelic) is a large village in Scotland, on the north side of the Firth of Clyde, situated halfway between Dumbarton Dunfermline Abbey is a large Benedictine abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Isabella of Mar (c 1277 – December 1296 modern Scottish Gaelic: Iseabail) was the first wife of Robert Bruce. For her grand-niece see Elizabeth de Burgh 4th Countess of Ulster. Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December 1296 &ndash March 2, 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Robert de Brus 6th Lord of Annandale and Jure uxoris Earl of Carrick (July 1243 - March 1304) was a feudal lord in both Scotland and See also Marjorie Bruce, her granddaughter Marjorie of Carrick (before 1256-1292 was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the Goidelic language used from the 10th to 12th centuries it is therefore a contemporary Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Anglo-Norman language is a term traditionally used to refer to the variety of French used in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles following the The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland.

Although his paternal ancestors were of Scoto-Norman heritage (originating in Brieux, Normandy)^[1], his maternal ancestors were Scottish-Gaels. Robert I King of Scots ( 11 July, 1274 &ndash 7 June, 1329) usually known in modern English as Robert the Bruce ( The term Scoto-Norman (also Scotto-Norman, Franco-Scottish or Franco-Gaelic) is used to described people families institutions and archaeological artifacts Brieux is a Village and commune in the Orne département of north-western France. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. "Mom" "Mum" and "Mommy" redirect here He became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the Kingdom of England. According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings Generation (from the Greek γενεά) also known as procreation, is the act of producing Offspring. The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally He claimed the Scottish throne as a great-great-great-great-grandson of David I of Scotland. David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b

His body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey. Dunfermline Abbey is a large Benedictine abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. Melrose Abbey is a Gothic-style Abbey in Melrose, Scotland. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian Monks on the request His heart was to be taken on crusade eventually to the Holy Land, but only reached Moorish Granada, where it acted as a talisman for the Scottish contingent at the Battle of Teba. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. An amulet ( the Elder|Pliny]] meaning "an object that protects a person from trouble" a close cousin of the talisman (from Arabic The Battle of Teba took place on the 25th August 1330 below the Castello de la Estrella Teba, a small settlement in Andalusia.

Contents 1 Background and Early Life 2 Beginning of the Wars of Independence 3 Coronation as King of Scots 4 From Scone to Bannockburn 5 Bruce and Ireland 6 Diplomacy 7 Death 8 Family and descendants 9 Legends 10 Criticism 11 The Bruce in Fiction 12 Miscellaneous 13 Ancestry 14 Notes 15 References

Background and Early Life

Robert was the first child of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale (d. Robert de Brus 6th Lord of Annandale and Jure uxoris Earl of Carrick (July 1243 - March 1304) was a feudal lord in both Scotland and 1304) and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick, (d. See also Marjorie Bruce, her granddaughter Marjorie of Carrick (before 1256-1292 was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and 1292) ^[2] daughter of Niall, Earl of Carrick. Níall of Carrick was the second man to bear the title Mormaer, or Earl, of Carrick. His mother was by all accounts a formidable woman who, legend would have it, kept Robert Bruce's father captive until he agreed to marriage. From his mother he inherited the Gaelic Earldom of Carrick, and through his father a Royal lineage that would give him a claim to the Scottish throne. For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. Although his date of birth is definitely known^[3], his place of birth is less certain, but it was probably Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire. Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir ʃir̴əxg̊ iɲiɾʲˈaːɾʲ is a Registration county, and former administrative county in south-west Scotland, ^[4]

Very little is known of his youth. He could have been sent to be fostered with a local family, as was the custom. We can presume that Bruce was raised speaking all the languages of his lineage and nation and was almost certainly fluent in Gaelic and Norman French, with literacy in Latin. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Robert's first appearance in history is on a witness list of a charter issued by Alasdair MacDomhnaill, Lord of Islay. Islay (ˈaɪlə Ìle, ˈiːʎə a Scottish Island, known as "The Queen of the Hebrides" ( Banrìgh nan Eilean) is the southernmost His name appears in the company of the Bishop of Argyll, the vicar of Arran, a Kintyre clerk, his father and a host of Gaelic notaries from Carrick. The Isle of Arran ( Scots Gaelic: Eilean Arainn) is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, with an area of 430 km² (167 square Kintyre ( Scottish Gaelic: Cinn Tìre kʲiɲˈtʲiːɾʲə is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the south-west of Argyll and Bute.

He saw the outcome of the 'Great Cause' in 1292, which gave the Crown of Scotland to his distant relative, John Balliol, as unjust. With the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 without a male heir the throne of Scotland had become the possession of the three-year old Margaret Maid As he saw it, it prevented his branch of the family from taking their rightful place on the Scottish throne. Soon afterwards, his grandfather, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale—the unsuccessful claimant—resigned his lordship to Robert de Brus, Bruce's father. Robert Bruce 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert de Brus (c1215 &ndash 31 March 1295) 5th Lord of Annandale, was a feudal lord Justice and Constable With the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286 without a male heir the throne of Scotland had become the possession of the three-year old Margaret Maid Robert de Brus had already resigned the Earldom of Carrick to Robert Bruce, his son, on the day of his wife's death in 1292, thus making Robert Bruce the Earl of Carrick. Both father and son sided with Edward I against Balliol. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost

In April 1294, the younger Bruce had permission to visit Ireland for a year and a half, and, as a further mark of King Edward's favour, he received a respite for all the debts owed by him to the English Exchequer. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

In 1295, Robert married his first wife, Isabella of Mar (d. Isabella of Mar (c 1277 – December 1296 modern Scottish Gaelic: Iseabail) was the first wife of Robert Bruce. before 1302) the daughter of Domhnall I, Earl of Mar (d. Domhnall I Earl of Mar - Domhnall mac Uilleim (Donald William's son - was the seventh known Mormaer of Mar, ruling from 1276 until his death somewhere between 1297 after July 1297) by his wife Helen (b. 1246 d. after Feb 1295).

Some sources claim that Helen was the daughter of the Welsh Ruler Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, Prince of North Wales, Llywelyn 'The Great' (1173–1240) and his spouse Joan, Lady of Wales, an illegitimate child of King John of England. Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was born about 1173 the son of Iorwerth ap Owain and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death Joan Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon, (c 1188 &ndash February 2, 1237) was the wife of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Wales and John (24 December 1167 &ndash 19 October 1216 reigned as a King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death However, as both Llywelyn and Joan were dead by 1246, that theory would most likely be incorrect. However, there are suggestions that Helen may have in fact been the daughter of Llywelyn's son Dafydd ap Llywelyn and his Norman wife Isabella de Braose, of the south Wales dynasty of Marcher Lords. Descent Born at Castell Hen Blas Coleshill Bagillt in Flintshire, he was the only son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife Joan (daughter Isabella de Braose (c 1222 &ndash c 1248 was the daughter of William de Braose 10th Baron Abergavenny, and his wife Eva Marshal (daughter of William Marshal A Marcher Lord is the English equivalent of a Margrave (in the Holy Roman empire

Beginning of the Wars of Independence

In August 1296 Bruce and his father swore fealty to Edward I of England at Berwick-upon-Tweed, but in breach of this oath, which had been renewed at Carlisle, the younger Robert joined in the Scottish revolt against King Edward in the following year. An Oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas ( Faithfulness) is a pledge of Allegiance of one person to another Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. Urgent letters were sent ordering Bruce to support Edward's commander, John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, (to whom Bruce was related), in the summer of 1297; but instead of complying, Bruce laid waste the lands of those who adhered to Edward. John de Warenne (1231 &ndash c 29 September 1304 7th Earl of Surrey or Warenne was prominent during the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. On 7 July, Bruce and his friends were forced to make terms by a treaty called the Capitulation of Irvine. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Capitulation of Irvine The first military stand-off of the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Scottish Lords were not to serve beyond the sea against their will, and were pardoned for their recent violence, in return for swearing allegiance to King Edward. The Bishop of Glasgow, James the Steward, and Sir Alexander Lindsay became sureties for Bruce until he delivered his infant daughter Marjorie as a hostage.

Shortly after the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Bruce defected to the Scots; Annandale was wasted and he burned the English-held castle of Ayr. The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. Ayr (Inbhir Àir Mouth of the River Ayr) is a town and port situated on the Firth of Clyde, in south-west Scotland. Yet, when King Edward returned to England after his victory at the Battle of Falkirk, Annandale and Carrick were excepted from the Lordships and lands which he assigned to his followers; Bruce was being treated as a waverer whose allegiance might still be retained. The Battle of Falkirk, ( Blàr na h-Eaglaise Brice in Gaelic which took place on 22 July 1298 was a major engagement in the First War of Scottish Independence. Annandale may refer to Annandale Dumfries and Galloway, a broad glen in Dumfries and Galloway Scotland Annandale has also been Carrick ( Gaelic: A' Charraig, əˈxar̴ɛg̊ʲ is a former comital district of Scotland which today forms part of South Ayrshire.

After William Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland after the Battle of Falkirk, he was succeeded by Robert Bruce and John Comyn as joint Guardians, but they could not see past their personal differences. Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot The Guardians of Scotland were the De facto Heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1286 – 1292 John III Comyn Lord of Badenoch or John "the Red", also known simply as the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306) was a Scottish nobleman As a nephew and supporter of John Balliol, and as someone with his own claim to the Scottish throne, Comyn was Bruce's enemy. In 1299, William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third, neutral Guardian to try and maintain order between Bruce and Comyn. William de Lamberton, sometimes modernized as William Lamberton, (died 20 May 1328) was Bishop of St Andrews from 1297 (consecrated 1298 The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn The following year Bruce finally resigned as joint Guardian and was replaced by Sir Gilbert, 1st Lord de Umfraville (d. Umfraville, the name of an English Baronial family derived from Amfreville in Normandy. before 13 October 1307), Earl of Angus (in right of his mother, Maud, Countess of Angus). Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees

In May 1301, de Umfraville, Comyn and Lamberton also resigned as joint Guardians and were replaced by Sir John de Soules as sole Guardian. Sir John de Soules (or de Soulis or Soules) (d 1310 was Guardian of Scotland from 1301 to 1304 at a crucial period in the Wars of Scottish Independence Soules was appointed largely because he was part of neither the Bruce nor the Comyn camps and was a patriot. He was an active Guardian, and made renewed efforts to have King John returned to the Scottish throne.

In July, King Edward I launched his sixth campaign into Scotland. Though King Edward captured Bothwell and Turnberry Castle, he did little to damage the Scots' fighting ability and, in January 1302 agreed to a nine-month truce. Bothwell is a small town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, that lies on the right bank of the River Clyde, adjacent to Hamilton and nine miles Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. It was around this time that Robert the Bruce submitted to King Edward, along with other nobles, even though he had been on the side of the patriots until now.

There were rumours that Balliol would return to regain the Scottish throne. Soules, who had probably been appointed by King John, supported his return, as did most other nobles, but the return of John as King would lead to the Bruces losing any chance of ever gaining the throne themselves.

However, though recently pledged to support King Edward, it is interesting to note that Robert the Bruce sent a letter to the monks at Melrose Abbey in March 1302 which effectively weakened his usefulness to the English King. Melrose Abbey is a Gothic-style Abbey in Melrose, Scotland. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian Monks on the request Apologising for having called the monks' tenants to service in his army when there had been no national call-up, Bruce pledged that, henceforth, he would "never again" require the monks to serve unless it was to "the common army of the whole realm", for national defence. Bruce also married his second wife that year, Elizabeth de Burgh (d. For her grand-niece see Elizabeth de Burgh 4th Countess of Ulster. 26 October 1327), the daughter of Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, (d. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Richard Óg de Burgh 2nd Earl of Ulster (1259 &ndash 29 July 1326) called The Red Earl, was one of the most powerful Irish nobles of the late 13th and 1326). By Elizabeth he had four children: David II, John (died in childhood), Matilda (who married Thomas Isaac and died at Aberdeen 20 July 1353), and Margaret (who married William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland in 1345). Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold William de Moravia (d 1370 was the 5th Earl of Sutherland. He married Margaret a daughter of King Robert I of Scotland (Bruce and his second wife Elizabeth

In 1303, Edward invaded again, reaching Edinburgh, before marching to Perth. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. John Comyn, who was by now Guardian, could not hope to defeat King Edward's forces. King Edward stayed in Perth till July, then proceeded via Dundee, Brechin and Montrose, to Aberdeen, where he arrived in August. Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council Brechin is a former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Traditionally Brechin is often described as a city because of its cathedral and its status Montrose is a coastal Resort town and former Royal burgh in Angus, Scotland. Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council From here he marched through Moray, before his progress continued to Badenoch, before re-tracing his path back south to Dunfermline. For Badenoch Ontario, see that article Badenoch ( Gaelic: Bàideanach) is a traditional district which today forms part of Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. With the country now under submission, all the leading Scots, except for William Wallace, surrendered to King Edward in February 1304. Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot Terms of submission were negotiated by John Comyn.

The laws and liberties of Scotland would be as they had been in the day of Alexander III, and any that needed alteration would be with the advice of King Edward and the advice and assent of the Scots nobles. Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair; Modern Gaelic Alasdair mac Alasdair) (4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 King of Scots

On 11 June 1304, with both of them having witnessed the heroic efforts of their countrymen during King Edward's siege of Stirling Castle, Bruce and William Lamberton made a pact that bound them, each to the other, in “friendship and alliance against all men. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest ” If one should break the secret pact, he would forfeit to the other the sum of ten-thousand pounds. Though both had already surrendered to the English, the pact indicated their deep patriotism and commitment to their future perseverance for the Scots and their freedom. They now intended to bide their time until the death of the now elderly King of England.

With Scotland defenseless, King Edward set about absorbing her into England. Homage was again obtained from the nobles and the burghs, and a parliament was held to elect those who would meet later in the year with the English parliament to establish rules for the governance of Scotland. For all the apparent participation by Scots in the government, however, the English held the real power. The Earl of Richmond, King Edward's nephew, was to head up the subordinate government of Scotland. The title of Earl of Richmond was created many times in the Peerage of England.

While all this took place, William Wallace was finally captured near Glasgow and executed on August 23, 1305. Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire

Coronation as King of Scots

In September 1305, Edward ordered Robert Bruce to put his castle at Kildrummy, "in the keeping of such a man as he himself will be willing to answer for," suggesting that King Edward suspected Robert was not entirely trustworthy and may have been plotting behind his back, however an identical phrase appears in an agreement between Edward and his lieutenant and life-long friend Aymer de Valence. Kildrummy Castle is a ruined Castle near Kildrummy, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. Aymer de Valence, also known as Aymer de Lusignan or Thelmar de Valence, (c Bruce, as Earl of Carrick and now 7th Lord of Annandale, held huge estates and property in Scotland and a Barony and some minor properties in England and had a claim to the Scottish throne. For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. The Lord of Annandale was a sub-comital lordship in southern Scotland ( Annandale) established by David I of Scotland by 1124 for his follower Robert de Brus He also had a large family to protect. If he claimed the throne, he would throw the country into yet another series of wars, and if he failed, he would be sacrificing everyone and everything he knew.

Bruce, like all his family, had a complete belief in his right to the throne. However his actions of supporting alternately the English and Scottish armies had led to a great deal of distrust towards Bruce among the “Community of the Realm of Scotland”. His ambition was further thwarted by the person of John Comyn. John III Comyn Lord of Badenoch or John "the Red", also known simply as the Red Comyn, (died 10 February 1306) was a Scottish nobleman Comyn had been much more resolute in his opposition to the English, he was the most powerful noble in Scotland and was related to many more powerful nobles both within Scotland and England. He also had a powerful claim to the Scottish throne through both his descent from the ancient Celtic monarchy and through his being the nephew of John Balliol. To neutralise this threat, Bruce invited him to a meeting under truce in Dumfries on 10 February 1306. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead

Bruce attacked Comyn before the high altar of the church of the Greyfriars monastery and fled. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic On being told that Comyn had survived the attack and was being treated, two of Bruce's supporters, Roger de Kirkpatrick and John Lindsay, went back into the church and finished Comyn off. Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick of Closeburn (fl 1300s was a Scottish gentleman, and an associate of Robert the Bruce. Bruce was excommunicated for this crime, which eventually led to the excommunication of the Barons who supported him, and then the excommunication of the entire country. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community ^[5] Realising that the 'die had been cast' and he had no alternative except to become King or a fugitive, Bruce asserted his claim to the Scottish crown. He was crowned King of Scots as Robert I at Scone, near Perth on 25 March, by Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, (alleged by the English to be his mistress) who claimed the right of her family, the Macduff Earl of Fife, to place the Scottish King on his throne. Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Isabella MacDuff Countess of Buchan (Iseabail MacDuibh or Iseabail inghean Dhonnchaidh was a significant figure in the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Earl of Fife or Mormaer of Fife referred to the Gaelic Comital lordship of Fife which existed in Scotland until the early 15th Though now King, Bruce did not yet have a Kingdom, and his efforts to obtain it were unsuccessful until after the death of King Edward I.

From Scone to Bannockburn

In June 1306 he was defeated at the Battle of Methven and in August he was surprised in Strathfillan, where he had taken refuge. The Battle of Methven took place at Methven in Scotland in 1306, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The ladies of his family were sent to Kildrummy in January 1307. Bruce, almost without a follower, fled to Rathlin Island off the northern coast of Ireland. Rathlin Island ( Irish and Scottish Gaelic: Reachlainn, also Reachra in Scottish Gaelic is an Island off the Coast of Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

King Edward I marched north again in the spring. On his way he granted the Scottish estates of Bruce and his adherents to his own followers and published a bill excommunicating Bruce. Bruce's Queen, Elizabeth, his daughter Marjorie, and his sister, Mary, were captured in a sanctuary at Tain, while his brother Niall was executed. Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December 1296 &ndash March 2, 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots Mary Bruce (b c 1282) was a younger sister of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots. Tain ( Gaelic Baile Dhubhthaich, Duthac's town is a former Royal burgh in the Committee area of Ross and Cromarty, in But, on 7 July, King Edward I died, leaving Bruce to now be opposed by his feeble son, Edward II, and the odds turned to Bruce's favour. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death For the play see Edward II (play. For the film see Edward II (film.

Bruce and his followers returned to the Scottish mainland in February in two groups. One, led by himself and his brother Edward landed at Turnberry Castle and began a guerrilla war in southwest Scotland. Edward Bruce ( medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard Bruis / Iomhair Bruis) (c Turnberry Castle is a fragmented ruin on the coast of Kirkoswald parish 6¼ miles north of Girvan in Ayrshire, Scotland. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The other, led by his brothers Thomas and Alexander landed slightly further south in Loch Ryan; but they were soon captured and executed. Loch Ryan ( Gaelic: Loch Rìoghaine, ɫ̪ɔx r̴iːɛɲə is a Scottish Sea loch that acts as an important Natural harbour for shipping In April Bruce won a small victory over the English at the Battle of Glen Trool before defeating Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke at the Battle of Loudoun Hill. The Battle of Glen Trool was a minor engagement in the Scottish Wars of Independence, fought in April 1307. Aymer de Valence 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c 1275 – 23 June, 1324) was a French - English nobleman The Battle of Loudoun Hill was fought in May 1307 between a Scots force led by Robert Bruce and the English commanded by Aymer de Leaving his brother Edward in command in Galloway, he travelled North, capturing Inverlochy and Urquhart Castles, burning Inverness Castle and Nairn to the ground, then unsuccessfully threatening Elgin. Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Inverlochy Castle can refer to two castles in the Fort William area of Scotland Inverlochy Castle Inverlochy Castle is a Castle Urquhart Castle ( Ordnance Survey) sits beside Loch Ness in Scotland along the A82 road, between Fort William and Inverness Inverness Castle sits on a cliff overlooking the River Ness, in Inverness, Scotland. Nairn ( Gaelic: Inbhir Narann) is a town in the Highland council area of Scotland.

Transferring operations to Aberdeenshire in late 1307, he threatened Banff before succumbing to a serious illness, probably owing to the hardships of the lengthy campaign. Aberdeenshire or the County of Aberdeen ( Siorrachd Obar Dheathain in Gaelic) is a Registration county of Scotland. Banff ( Gaelic Banbh) and Macduff (Gaelic MacDhuibh) are neighbouring towns situated on Banff Bay, both of which are former Recovering, leaving John Comyn, 3rd Earl of Buchan unsubdued at his rear, Bruce returned West to take Balvenie and Duffus Castles, then Tarradale Castle on the Black Isle. John Comyn Earl of Buchan (died 1308 was a Scottish nobleman and an important opponent of King Robert I of Scotland in the civil war that paralleled the War Balvenie Castle is a ruined Castle near Dufftown in the Moray region of Scotland. Duffus Castle, near Elgin, Moray, Scotland, was a Motte-and-bailey Castle and was in use from c The Black Isle ( Scottish Gaelic an t-Eilean Dubh ən̴̪ tʲelan d̪̊uh is an eastern area of the Highland local government council area Looping back via the hinterlands of Inverness and a second failed attempt to take Elgin, Bruce finally achieved his landmark defeat of Comyn at the Battle of Inverurie in May 1308, then overran Buchan and slaughtered the English garrison at Aberdeen. John Comyn Earl of Buchan (died 1308 was a Scottish nobleman and an important opponent of King Robert I of Scotland in the civil war that paralleled the War The Battle of Inverurie, also known as the Battle of Barra, was fought in May 1308 in the north-east of Scotland. The Harrying of Buchan (aka the Herschip hardship or Rape of Buchan) took place in 1308 during the Wars of Scottish Independence Aberdeen ( pronounced; Aiberdeen Obar Dheathain is Scotland 's third most populous city and one of Scotland's 32 local government council

He then crossed to Argyll and defeated another body of his enemies at the Battle of Pass of Brander and took Dunstaffnage Castle, the last major stronghold of the Comyns. Argyll, Archaically Argyle ( Earra-Ghàidheal in modern Gaelic) is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part The Battle of the Pass of Brander in Scotland forms a small part of the wider struggle known as the Wars of Scottish Independence, and a large part of the civil Dunstaffnage Castle is a partially ruined Castle in Argyll and Bute, western Scotland. ^[6]

In March 1309, he held his first Parliament at St. Andrews, and by August he controlled all of Scotland north of the River Tay. St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. The Tay ( Gaelic: Tatha) is a river starting in the Highlands and flowing down into the centre of Scotland through Perth and The following year, the clergy of Scotland recognised Bruce as King at a general council. The support given to him by the church in spite of his excommunication was of great political importance.

The next three years saw the capture and reduction of one English held castle or outpost after another: Linlithgow in 1310, Dumbarton in 1311, and Perth, by Bruce himself, in January 1312. Linlithgow ( pronounced) ( Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Iucha, Scots Lithgae) is a town and former Royal Burgh in Dumbarton ( Gaelic Dùn Breatainn d̪̊unˈb̊ɾʲɛhd̪̊ɪɲ is a Burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde Perth (Peairt is a town and former Royal burgh in central Scotland. Bruce also made raids into northern England and, landing at Ramsey in the Isle of Man, then laid siege to Castle Rushen in Castletown capturing it on June 21st 1313 to deny the island's strategic importance to the English. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Castle Rushen (Cashtal Rushen is a medieval Castle located in Castletown in the south of the Isle of Man. In the spring of 1314, Edward Bruce laid siege to Stirling Castle, whose Governor, Philip de Mowbray, agreed to capitulate if not relieved before 24 June 1314. Edward Bruce ( medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard Bruis / Iomhair Bruis) (c For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest Philip Mowbray or Philip de Mowbray was a Scottish gentleman and Governor of Stirling Castle in the 14th century Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place In March 1314 Sir James Douglas captured Roxburgh, and Randolph captured Edinburgh Castle. James Douglas may refer to any of the following individuals Scottish noblemen Lords of Angus James Douglas 3rd Earl of Angus (1428-1446 The destroyed Royal burgh of Roxburgh (or Rosbroch) was an important trading Burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray (died 20 July 1332) was Regent of Scotland an important figure in the Scottish Wars of Independence Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the In May Bruce again raided England and subdued the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical

The eight years of exhausting but deliberate refusal to meet the English on even ground have caused many to consider Bruce as one of the great guerrilla leaders of any age. This represented a transformation for one raised as a feudal knight. Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. Bruce secured Scottish independence from England militarily — if not diplomatically — at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising The Battle of Bannockburn ( Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich in Gaelic (24 June 1314 was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence

Freed from English threats, Scotland's armies could now invade northern England. Bruce also drove back a subsequent English expedition north of the border, and launched raids into Yorkshire and Lancashire. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea

Bruce and Ireland

Buoyed by his military successes, Bruce's forces also invaded Ireland in 1315, to free the country from English rule, and to open a second front in the continuing wars with England. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Irish even crowned Edward Bruce as High King of Ireland in 1316. A High King of Ireland ( Ard Rí na hÉireann) is a historical or legendary figure who claimed lordship over the whole of Ireland. Robert later went there with another army to assist his brother.

To go with the invasion, Bruce popularised an ideological vision of a "Pan-Gaelic Greater Scotia" with his lineage ruling over both Ireland and Scotland. This propaganda campaign was aided by two factors. The first was his marriage alliance from 1302 with the de Burgh family of the Earldom of Ulster in Ireland; second, Bruce himself on his mother's side of Carrick, was descended from Gaelic royalty - in Scotland. The title of Earl of Ulster has been created several times in the Peerages of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Thus, lineally and geopolitically, Bruce attempted to support his anticipated notion of a pan-Gaelic alliance between Scottish-Irish Gaelic populations, under his kingship.

This is revealed by a letter he sent to the Irish chiefs, where he calls the Scots and Irish collectively nostra nacio (our nation), stressing the common language, customs and heritage of the two peoples:

“

Whereas we and you and our people and your people, free since ancient times, share the same national ancestry and are urged to come together more eagerly and joyfully in friendship by a common language and by common custom, we have sent you our beloved kinsman, the bearers of this letter, to negotiate with you in our name about permanently strengthening and maintaining inviolate the special friendship between us and you, so that with God's will our nation (nostra nacio) may be able to recover her ancient liberty.

”

The diplomacy worked to a certain extent, at least in Ulster, where the Scots had some support. The Irish chief, Donal O'Neill, for instance, later justified his support for the Scots to Pope John XXII by saying "the Kings of Lesser Scotia all trace their blood to our Greater Scotia and retain to some degree our language and customs. Pope John (numbering Pope John XXII (1249 &ndash December 4, 1334) born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse) was Pope from 1316 to 1334 "

The Bruce campaign to Ireland was characterised by some initial military success. However, the Scots failed to win over the non-Ulster chiefs, or to make any other significant gains in the south of the island, where people couldn't see the difference between English and Scottish occupation. Eventually it was defeated when Edward Bruce was killed at the Battle of Faughart. The Battle of Faughart, also known as the Battle of Dundalk, was fought on October 14, 1318 between an Anglo-Irish force led by John of Birmingham The Irish Annals of the period described the defeat of the Bruces by the English as one of the greatest things ever done for the Irish nation due to the fact it brought an end to the famine and pillaging brought on the Irish by both the Scots and the English. ^[7]

Diplomacy

Robert Bruce's reign also witnessed some diplomatic achievements. The Declaration of Arbroath of 1320 strengthened his position, particularly vis-à-vis the Papacy. The Declaration of Arbroath was a declaration of Scottish independence, and set out to confirm Scotland 's status as an independent, sovereign History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope John XXII eventually lifted Bruce's excommunication. Pope John (numbering Pope John XXII (1249 &ndash December 4, 1334) born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse) was Pope from 1316 to 1334 In May 1328 King Edward III of England signed the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton, which recognised Scotland as an independent kingdom, and Bruce as its king. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton was a Peace treaty, signed in 1328 between the Kingdoms of England and Scotland.

Death

Robert the Bruce died on 7 June 1329, at the Manor of Cardross, near Dumbarton^[8] He had suffered for some years from what some contemporary accounts describe as an "unclean ailment"; the traditional view is that he died of leprosy, but this is now disputed[4] with syphilis, psoriasis, motor neurone disease and a series of strokes all proposed as possible alternatives. In Western cultures a death mask is a Wax or Plaster cast made of a person's face following Death. Rosslyn Chapel, properly named the Collegiate Church of St Matthew, was founded on a small hill above Roslin Glen as a Roman Catholic collegiate church (with between Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Cardross ( Càrdainn Ros in Gaelic) is a large village in Scotland, on the north side of the Firth of Clyde, situated halfway between Dumbarton Dumbarton ( Gaelic Dùn Breatainn d̪̊unˈb̊ɾʲɛhd̪̊ɪɲ is a Burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Psoriasis (səˈraɪəsɪs ( suh-RI-uh-sus) is a non-contagious disorder which affects the Skin and Joints It commonly causes red scaly The motor neurone diseases (or motor neuron diseases) (MND are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy Motor neurones the cells that control voluntary A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain

His body lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey, but according to a death bed decree Sir James Douglas removed and carried his heart 'against the enemies of the name of Christ' , in Moorish Granada, Spain. Dunfermline Abbey is a large Benedictine abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. See also James Douglas Sir James Douglas (also known as Guid Sir James and the Black Douglas) (1286 &ndash August 25, 1330 The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The decree overrode an earlier written request, dated 13th May 1329 Cardross, that his heart be buried in the monastery at Melrose. Douglas was killed in an ambush whilst carrying out the decree. On realising his imminent death Douglas is said to have thrown the casket containing Bruce's heart ahead of him and shouted "Onward braveheart, Douglas shall follow thee or die. " According to legend (Fordun Annals), the heart was later recovered by Sir William Keith and taken back to Scotland to be buried at Melrose Abbey, in Roxburghshire, following his earlier decree. William Keith may refer to William H Keith Jr (1950- author William Keith (artist (1838–1911 American artist famous for his California Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a Registration county of Scotland.

Family and descendants

Robert Bruce had a large family in addition to his wife Elizabeth and his children. There were his brothers, Edward, Alexander, Thomas, and Neil, his sisters Christina, Isabel (Queen of Norway), Margaret, Matilda, and Mary, and his nephews Donald II, Earl of Mar and Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. Edward Bruce ( medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard Bruis / Iomhair Bruis) (c Christina (or Christian Bruce (b c1273 Seton East Lothian Scotland &ndash 1356/1357 the the second daughter of Robert de Brus jure uxoris Earl of Carrick and Marjorie Isabel Bruce (properly Isabella de Brus or Isobail a Brus, fl Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Mary Bruce (b c 1282) was a younger sister of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots. Domhnall II of Mar (or Donald II of Mar (c 1302 in Saline, Fife &ndash August 11 1332) was Regent of Scotland for just Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray (died 20 July 1332) was Regent of Scotland an important figure in the Scottish Wars of Independence

In addition to his legitimate offspring, Robert Bruce had several illegitimate children by unknown mothers. His sons were Sir Robert (died 12 August 1332 at the Battle of Dupplin Moor); Walter, of Odistoun on the Clyde, who predeceased his father; and Niall, of Carrick, (died 17 October 1346 at the Battle of Neville's Cross). Robert Bruce (died August 11 1332) was an illegitimate son of King Robert I of Scotland and an unknown mother Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid Battle of Dupplin Moor was fought between supporters of the infant David II, the son of Robert the Bruce, and rebels supporting the Balliol claim in Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost The Battle of Neville's Cross took place near Durham, England on October 17, 1346. His daughters were Elizabeth (married Walter Oliphant of Gask); Margaret (married Robert Glen), alive as of 29 February 1364; and Christian of Carrick, who died after 1329, when she was in receipt of a pension. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours

Robert was succeeded by his only legitimate son, the infant David II. Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February

Robert's only child by his first marriage, Marjorie Bruce, married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (1293–1326). Marjorie Bruce or Margaret de Bruce (December 1296 &ndash March 2, 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots Walter Steward (1293 &ndash 9 April 1326 at Bathgate Castle was the 6th hereditary High Steward of Scotland. She died on 2 March 1316, near Paisley, Renfrewshire, after being thrown from her horse while heavily pregnant, but the child survived. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Paisley (Pàislig is a town and former Burgh in the west- Central Lowlands of Scotland. Renfrewshire ( Siorrachd Rinn Friù in Scottish Gaelic) is one of 32 Council areas of Scotland. He was Robert II, who succeeded David II and founded the Stewart dynasty. Marriages and issue His first wife was Elizabeth Mure, by her he had at least ten children King Robert III of Scotland

Bruce's descendants include all later Scottish monarchs (except Edward Balliol whose claim to be a Scottish monarch is debatable) and all British monarchs since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Edward de Balliol (c 1282&ndash1364 was the short-lived King of Scotland during the simultaneous reign of King David II. The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England A large number of families definitely are descended from him^[9] but there is some controversy about some claims. ^[10]

Legends

According to legend, at some point while he was on the run during the winter of 1305-06, Bruce hid himself in a cave on Rathlin Island off the north coast of Ireland, where he observed a spider trying to spin a web. Each time the spider failed, it simply started all over again. Inspired by this, Bruce returned to inflict a series of defeats on the English, thus winning him more supporters and eventual victory. The story serves to explain the maxim: "if at first you don't succeed, try try again. " Other versions have Bruce defeated for the seventh time by the English, then let him watch the spider spin seven webs, fail, then spin an eighth and succeed.

But this legend appears for the first time in only a much later account, "Tales of a Grandfather" by Sir Walter Scott, and may have originally been told about his companion-in-arms Sir James Douglas (the "Black Douglas"). Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout See also James Douglas Sir James Douglas (also known as Guid Sir James and the Black Douglas) (1286 &ndash August 25, 1330 The entire account may in fact be a version of a literary trope used in royal biographical writing. A literary trope (from Greek τρόπος - tropos "turn" related to the root of τρέπω - trepō "to turn to direct A similar story is told, for example, in Jewish sources about King David, and in Persian folklore about the Mongolian warlord Tamerlane and an ant. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among ^[11]

Criticism

On March 21, 2008, Dr. Bruce Durie, academic manager of genealogical studies at the University of Strathclyde, opined in the British daily newspaper The Guardian, "that despite his romantic reputation, Robert the Bruce was an absolute scoundrel". Bruce Durie, BSc PhD FIBiol CBiol FLS FRSA FSAScot (born 1954 is Course Director Genealogical Studies at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland and an The University of Strathclyde (Oilthigh Srath Chluaidh is a university in Glasgow, Scotland. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. "The first thing he did after taking power was destroy Stirling castle and he was a self-serving, vainglorious opportunist who was determined to be king at any cost," Durie added. ^[12].

Scholars of the period might, however, point out that Bruce only slighted Stirling castle to deny it to future English invaders, that he restored the independence of the country by expelling the Occupation government, and that he was a very successful monarch in very difficult circumstances.

The Bruce in Fiction

• The revolt of Robert the Bruce is the topic of the book The King's Swift Rider, written from the view of a young Scot in the revolt.
• In the 1995 film Braveheart, Robert the Bruce is portrayed, somewhat inaccurately, by Scottish actor Angus Macfadyen. Braveheart is a 1995 historical action-drama movie produced and directed by Mel Gibson, who also starred in the title role Angus Macfadyen (born September 21, 1963 is a Scottish Actor. The film showed him taking the field at Falkirk as part of the English army. As is the case with many events in the movie, this is wholly unsubstantiated - Robert the Bruce, though he changed sides many times, never betrayed William Wallace.
• Scottish author Nigel Tranter wrote a well-researched trilogy based on the life of Robert: Robert the Bruce: The Steps to the Empty Throne; Robert the Bruce: The Path of the Hero King; and Robert the Bruce: The Price of the King's Peace. Nigel Tranter OBE ( November 23, 1909 – January 9, 2000) was a Scottish Historian and Author. This has also been published in one volume as The Bruce Trilogy. Nigel Tranter was a Scottish author who wrote many novels based on actual historical events and characters
• Chronicles of the reign of Robert the Bruce (or Robert de Brus) are published in a series titled Rebel King, Hammer of the Scots (2002); Rebel King, The Har'ships (2004); and Rebel King, Bannok Burn (2006). Two more volumes are planned. Historical fiction, but very close to Scottish history, this most comprehensive series on Robert's reign starts in January 1306 and will carry through Robert's death in 1329.

Miscellaneous

Robert The Bruce was portrayed in £1 banknote of Clydesdale Bank, one of the three Scottish banks with right to issue banknotes, from 1981 to 1989. The Clydesdale Bank PLC is a Commercial bank in Scotland, a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank (NAB Group. When Clydesdale Bank discontinued £1 banknotes, Robert The Bruce's portrait was moved into the bank's £20 banknote in 1990 and it has remained there to date.

The airline British Caledonian, named a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 (G-BHDI) after Robert the Bruce. British Caledonian came into being in November 1970 when the Scottish Charter airline Caledonian Airways, at the time Britain 's second-largest

Ancestry

16. William de Brus

8. William de Brus 3rd Lord of Annandale (d July 16, 1212) was the second but eldest surviving son of Robert de Brus 2nd Lord of Annandale. Robert de Brus

17. Robert IV de Brus († 1226 x 1233 was a 13th century Lord of Annandale. Christina

4. Robert de Brus

18. Robert Bruce 5th Lord of Annandale (Robert de Brus (c1215 &ndash 31 March 1295) 5th Lord of Annandale, was a feudal lord Justice and Constable David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon

9. Henry died young and four daughters Matilda Ada married Henry de Hastings father of Henry de Hastings 1st Baron Hastings Isobel of Huntingdon

19. Isobel of Huntingdon (1199 &ndash 1251 was the daughter of David of Scotland 8th Earl of Huntingdon. Maude of Chester

2. Robert de Brus

20. Robert de Brus 6th Lord of Annandale and Jure uxoris Earl of Carrick (July 1243 - March 1304) was a feudal lord in both Scotland and Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford

10. Richard de Clare 4th Earl of Hertford (1162 &ndash December 30, 1218) was the son of Roger de Clare 3rd Earl of Hertford and Maud de St Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford and Gloucester

21. Gilbert de Clare 5th Earl of Hertford (1180 &ndash October 25, 1230) was the son of Richard de Clare 4th Earl of Hertford, from whom he inherited Amice Fitz Robert

5. Isabella of Gloucester and Hertford

22. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

11. William Marshal 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 &ndash 14 May 1219) also called William the Marshal (Guillaume le Maréchal was an Anglo Norman soldier Isabel Marshal

23. Isabel Marshal ( 9 October 1200 - 17 January 1240) was a medieval English countess Isabel de Clare

1. Robert I of Scotland

24. Gille Brigte, Lord of Galloway

12. Gille Brigte or Gilla Brigte mac Fergusa of Galloway (†1185 also known as Gillebrigte, Gille Brighde, Gilbridge, Gilbride, etc Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick

6. Donnchad mac Gille Brigte (or alternatively Duncan fils de Gilbert) (died 1250 was the first Mormaer or " Earl " of Carrick Scotland Níall of Carrick

3. Níall of Carrick was the second man to bear the title Mormaer, or Earl, of Carrick. Marjorie of Carrick

28. See also Marjorie Bruce, her granddaughter Marjorie of Carrick (before 1256-1292 was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland

14. Alan FitzWalter (1140 - 1204 was hereditary High Steward of Scotland and a crusader Walter Steward of Dundonald

29. Walter Steward of Dundonald (or Walter Óg) (d 1246 was 3rd hereditary High Steward of Scotland and Justiciar of Scotia. Alesta of Morggán

7. Margaret Stewart

30. Margaret Stewart may refer to Margaret Stewart 4th Countess of Angus (died 1417 second wife of Thomas Earl of Mar and mother of George Douglas 1st Earl Gille Críst, Earl of Angus

15. Gilla Críst of Angus, ruled until 1206 as Mormaer of Angus. He was a son of Gille Brigte of Angus and younger brother of Adam of Angus. Bethóc of Angus

31. Marjorie of Huntingdon

Notes

References

• Barrow, G. W. S. , Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland
• Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950-1350
• Bingham, Charlotte. Robert the Bruce (1998)
• Brown, Christian, Robert the Bruce. A Life Chronicled
• Dunbar, Bt. , Sir Archibald H. , Scottish Kings 1005-1625, Edinburgh, 1899, pps: 126 -141, with copious original source materiéls.
• Loudoun, Darren. Scotlands Brave 2007.
• Macnamee, C. , "The Wars of the Bruces"
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
• Nicholson, R. , Scotland in the Later Middle Ages.
• Geoffrey the Baker's: Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke, ed. Geoffrey the Baker (d c 1360 English chronicler is also called Walter of Swinbroke, and was probably a secular clerk at Swinbrook in Oxfordshire Edward Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889)Adam Aird 2K8 mon the Airds

Robert I of Scotland House of Bruce Born: 11 July 1274 Died: 7 June 1329
Regnal titles
Preceded by Marjorie	Earl of Carrick 1292 – 1314	Succeeded by Edward
Preceded by Robert VI de Brus	Lord of Annandale 1304 – 1312	Succeeded by Thomas Randolph
Vacant Title last held by John Balliol	King of Scots 1306 – 1329	Succeeded by David II

See also Marjorie Bruce, her granddaughter Marjorie of Carrick (before 1256-1292 was countess of Carrick, Scotland, and For the Irish title of the same name see the Earl of Carrick (Ireland. Edward Bruce ( medieval Gaelic: Edubard a Briuis; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard Bruis / Iomhair Bruis) (c Robert de Brus 6th Lord of Annandale and Jure uxoris Earl of Carrick (July 1243 - March 1304) was a feudal lord in both Scotland and The Lord of Annandale was a sub-comital lordship in southern Scotland ( Annandale) established by David I of Scotland by 1124 for his follower Robert de Brus Thomas Randolph 1st Earl of Moray (died 20 July 1332) was Regent of Scotland an important figure in the Scottish Wars of Independence The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February

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