Robert Henryson was a poet who flourished in Scotland in the period c. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. 1460 – 1500. Counted among the Scots Makars, he lived in Dunfermline and is regarded as one of the most distinctive and innovative poetic voices of the northern renaissance. A makar is a term from Scottish literature for a Poet or Bard, often thought of as royal court poet although the term can be more generally Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in Northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. He was active at a time when Scotland was on a cusp between medieval and renaissance sensibilites and his body of surviving work, written in Middle Scots, amounts to almost exactly 5000 lines. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Middle Scots describes the language of Anglic Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700

Contents 1 Biographical inferences 2 Works 2.1 The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian 2.1.1 List of Fables 2.2 Robene and Makyne 2.3 The Testament of Cresseid 2.4 The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene 2.5 Sum Practysis of Medecyne (and other Short Works) 2.5.1 List of Short Works 3 Language 3.1 Henryson's use of Scots 3.2 Help to read 4 Context (Scotland and Europe) 4.1 Literary sources 4.2 Selected references to events 5 Influence and evaluation 6 Notes and references 7 External links

Biographical inferences

It is usually accepted that Robert Henryson lived in the Royal Burgh of Dunfermline and was attached to its abbey, one of the key religious centres in the kingdom. Dunfermline (Scottish Gaelic Dùn Phàrlain is a town and former Royal Burgh in Fife. Dunfermline Abbey is a large Benedictine abbey in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. A reference to him as schoolmaster in the city means that he probably taught in the abbey's grammar school. Scotland has a long history of universal provision of Public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United ^[1][2][3] Evidence also suggests he was earlier enrolled into the University of Glasgow as a master in 1462 and that he was trained in both arts and canon law. The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Canon law is internal ecclesiastical law governing the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches and the Anglican Communion of churches ^[4] There is no record of where he must have completed his studies but this was probably at a university furth of Scotland and possible candidates include Leuven, Paris and Bologna. The Catholic University of Leuven, or Louvain, was the largest oldest and most prominent university in Belgium. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna UNIBO) is one of the oldest continually operating degree-granting universities in the world A suggestion that he was linked to the Fife branch of the Clan Henderson is not possible to verify. Fife ( Gaelic: Fìobha) is a Council area of Scotland, situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland The Clan Henderson is a Scottish clan with members living throughout the world Almost nothing else is known of him outside of his surviving writing.

No concrete details of his life can be directly inferred from his works but he ordinarily wrote in a familiar tone typically using the first-person which quickly brings the reader into his confidence and gives a notable impression of authentic personality and beliefs. See also First person First-person narrative is a Narrative mode in which a Story is narrated by one character, who explicitly Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true The writing stays rooted in daily life even when the themes are mythological or metaphysical, while the language of his poems is a concise and supple Middle Scots that clearly demonstrates he knew Latin. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Middle Scots describes the language of Anglic Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700 Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Scenes are usually given a deftly evocative Scottish setting that can only come from close connection and observation. His detailed, intimate and realistic approach strongly suggests matters of personal experience and an attitude to actual contemporary events, but the specifics remain elusive in a way that commonly tantalise readers and critics. Much of the intrigue is produced through a cannily controlled use of the proclaimed philosophy of fiction which especially characterises his work. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. ^[5][6]

He may have died in the years 1498 or 1499^[7] but Dunbar's Lament for the Makars contains a couplet that certainly gives the terminus ad quem c. This article is about the Scottish poet for other people of this name see William Dunbar (disambiguation. Terminus post quem and the related terminus ante quem are terms used to give an approximate date for a text 1505:

In Dunfermelyne he^[8] hes done roune

With Maister^[9] Robert Henrysoun

• Listen: Audio (UK) (help·info) [Link under construction. ]

Works

Henryson's surviving works include three major long poems all in narrative genre and each highly regarded for excellence in storytelling, beauty in language and subtlety of intellect. The long poem is a literary genre including all Poetry of considerable length Narrative poetry is Poetry that tells a story The poems may be short or long and the story it relates to may be simple or complex A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Storytelling is the ancient art of conveying events in Words Images and Sounds often by Improvisation or embellishment They are major works of Scottish literature. Scottish literature is Literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. The longest is a tight, intricately structured set of thirteen moral fables in an integrated sequence of 2975 lines. A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are This article is about Latin poems and songs For the Early music group see Sequentia (music group. It is one of the most original and intriguing works in European literature. European literature refers to the Literature of Europe. European literature includes literature in many Languages; among the most important of the modern

In addition there are a handful of short poems. Of these, Robene and Makyne has often been considered the best. The Preiching of the Swallow (from his Morall Fabillis) and the Testament of Cresseid are probably the two works that have received the greatest critical regard to date.

It is probably impossible to put any chronology on his writings, but his Orpheus and Erudices may have been written while he was in Glasgow, and thus an earlier work, since one of its principal sources was contained in the university library. This article deals with the history of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. Internal evidence has been used to suggest that the Morall Fabillis were composed during the 1480s.

All his known writings are listed here:

The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian

Main article: The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian

For the article on this poem, or any of the individual fables, click a link. See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert

List of Fables

• The Prolog and The Taill of the Cok and the Jasp
• The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous
• The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe
• The Taill of how this foirsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith
• The Taill of the Sone and Air of the foirsaid Foxe, callit Father Weir: Alswa the Parliament of fourfuttit Beistis, haldin be the Lyoun
• The Taill of the Scheip and the Doig
• The Taill of the Lyoun and the Mous
• The Preiching of the Swallow
• The Taill of the Wolf that gat the Nek-hering throw the wrinkis of the Foxe that begylit the Cadgear
• The Taill of the Foxe that begylit the Wolf in the schadow of the Mone
• The Taill of the Wolf and the Wedder
• The Taill of the Wolf and the Lamb
• The Taill of the Paddok and the Mous

Robene and Makyne

Main article: Robene and Makyne

A short pastoral work with a ballad-like quality and a theme of rejected love. See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson Robene and Makyne is a short poem by the 15th century Makar Robert Henryson Pastoral, as an adjective refers to the lifestyle of Shepherds and Pastoralists moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. It is a comic poem with subtext that seems to involve religious vows and work enigmatically on a number of levels. Religious vows are the public Vows made by the members of the religious life – cenobitic and eremitic – of the Roman Catholic,

The Testament of Cresseid

Main article: The Testament of Cresseid

Probably Henryson's most highly regarded work among Twentieth century literary critics. The Testament of Cresseid, one of the great works of Northern renaissance Literature, was written by the Scottish poet Robert Henryson The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature.

The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene

Main article: The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene

Sum Practysis of Medecyne (and other Short Works)

Main article: Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works

List of Short Works

• The Annuciation
• Ane Prayer for the Pest
• The Garment of Gud Ladeis and The Bludy Serk
• Sum Practysis of Medecyne
• Against Hasty Credence
• The Thre Deid-Pollis
• The Praise of Age
• The Abbay Walk
• The Ressoning Betwix Aige and Yowth and The Ressoning Betwix Deth and Man

The 20th century Henryson scholar Matthew P McDiarmid also makes reference to another (lost?) poem which begins: On fut by Forth as I couth found. The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene is a poem by the Scottish Northern renaissance poet Robert Henryson that adapts and develops the Greek Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson Sum Practysis of Medecyne and other Short Works consists of a number of short poetic works customarily accredited to the Scottish Poet Robert Henryson The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Matthew P Mcdiarmid was the Scottish scholar essayist and poet ^[10]

Language

Henryson's works are composed in the Scots language of the 15th century. Middle Scots describes the language of Anglic Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700 This was in an age when the use of vernacular languages for literature in many parts of Europe was increasingly taking the place of Latin, the long-established lingua franca across the continent. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely

Henryson's use of Scots

Help to read

Context (Scotland and Europe)

Literary sources

Selected references to events

Influence and evaluation

Robert Henryson is commemorated in Makars' Court, outside The Writers' Museum, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh. The Makars' Court is the paved area next to the Scottish Writers' Museum in Lady Stair's Close in Edinburgh, Scotland. Selections for Makars' Court are made by The Writers' Museum; The Saltire Society; The Scottish Poetry Library. The Saltire Society was established in 1936 to encourage everything that might improve the quality of life in Scotland and restore the country to its proper place The Scottish Poetry Library was founded in 1984 by the poet Tessa Ransford.

Notes and references

External links

• List of further reference works on Robert Henryson
• Robert L. Kindrick, 'The Morall Fabillis: Introduction"
• The Chepman & Myllar Prints digital edition at the National Library of Scotland contain the following works by Henryson:
  • The Praise of Age
  • Orpheus and Eurydice
  • The Want of Wise Men

• The Testament of Cresseid resources at Britain in Print

Robert Henryson
The Morall Fabillis
The Cok and the Jasp | The Twa Myis | Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe | The Confessioun of the Tod | The Parliament of the fourfuttit Beistis | The Scheip and the Doig | The Lyoun and the Mous | The Preiching of the Swallow | The Foxe, the Wolf and the Cadgear | The Schadow of the Mone | The Wolf and the Wedder | The Wolf and the Lamb | The Paddok and the Mous
Other works
The Testament of Cresseid | Orpheus and Erudices | Robene and Makyne | The Annuciation | Sum Practysis of Medecyne | The Bludy Serk | The Garment of Gud Ladeis | Against Hasty Credence | The Praise of Age | The Abbay Walk | The Thre Deid-Pollis | Twa Ressonings | Ane Prayer for the Pest

The National Library of Scotland is the Legal deposit Library of Scotland. See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert See also Robert Henryson The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian is a major sequence of connected poems by the Scottish Makar Robert The Testament of Cresseid, one of the great works of Northern renaissance Literature, was written by the Scottish poet Robert Henryson The Tale of Orpheus and Erudices his Quene is a poem by the Scottish Northern renaissance poet Robert Henryson that adapts and develops the Greek See also Robert Henryson Robene and Makyne is a short poem by the 15th century Makar Robert Henryson

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