Robert Falcon Scott
Born	June 6, 1868(1868-06-06) Devon, England
Died	March 29, 1912 (aged 43) Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Education	Naval cadet programme, HMS Britannia
Occupation	Royal Navy officer and Antarctic explorer
Spouse	Kathleen Bruce
Children	Peter Markham Scott, later Sir Peter Scott
Parents	John and Hannah Scott

Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) was a British Royal Naval officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Ross Ice Shelf ( is the largest Ice shelf of Antarctica (an area of roughly 487 000 km² and about 800 km across about the size of France) See also Captain JM Langtry: HMS Britannia's commander from September 23 1841 until December 24 1841 Kathleen Scott Baroness Kennet, born Edith Agnes Kathleen Bruce FRSBS, ( 27 March 1878 - 25 July 1947) was a British Sir Peter Markham Scott, CH, CBE, DSC, FRS, FZS, ( September 14, 1909 – August 29, 1989 The British National Antarctic Expedition 1901&ndash04, generally known as the Discovery Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic The Terra Nova Expedition (1910&ndash1913 officially the British Antarctic Expedition 1910 was led by Robert Falcon Scott who had previously commanded the Discovery During this second venture Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 18 January 1912, to find that they had been preceded by Roald Amundsen's Norwegian party in an unsought "race for the Pole". The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən ( July 16, 1872 – c On their return journey Scott and his four comrades all perished, due to a combination of exhaustion, hunger and extreme cold.

Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition,^[1] Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were limited, and keenly sought after by ambitious officers. It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for the Discovery command, rather than any predilection for polar exploration. History On 16 March 1900, construction on the Discovery began in Dundee, Scotland, by the Dundee Shipbuilders Company ^[2] However, having taken this step, his name became ever after associated with the Antarctic, the field of work to which he remained committed during the final twelve years of his life.

Following the news of his death, Scott became an iconic British hero, a status maintained for more than 50 years. In the closing decades of the twentieth century, however, in a more sceptical age, the legend was reassessed. From a previously unassailable position, Scott became a figure of controversy, with questions raised about his competence and character.

Scott was undoubtedly capable of commanding great personal loyalty. Some were prepared to follow him anywhere, and did so. ^[3] "He wouldn’t ask you to do anything he wasn’t prepared to do himself", said Terra Nova stoker William Burton. Tom Crean, the Irishman who accompanied Scott on both the Discovery and Terra Nova Expeditions, was more effusive: "I loved every hair of his head". ^[4] But his relations with others, including Ernest Shackleton, Lawrence Oates, and his expedition second-in-commands, were less easy. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period Captain Lawrence Edward Grace Oates ( 17 March 1880 – 16 March 1912) was an English Antarctic ^[5] Despite his considerable exploration experience, something of the resourceful amateur remained with him until the end. For example his reluctance to rely on dogs, despite the advice of expert ice travellers such as Nansen, has been cited as a critical factor that lost him the race to the pole and, ultimately, his and his party's lives. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. ^[6]

Map showing the field of work of the Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13, indicating place and date of Scott's death

Early life

Family background

Scott was born on 6 June 1868, the third child and elder son of John and Hannah (nee Cuming) Scott of Stoke Damerel, near Devonport, Devonshire. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Stoke, also referred to by its earlier name of Stoke Damerel, is a Parish, once part of the historical Devonport, England. Devonport, formerly named Plymouth Dock or just Dock, is a district of Plymouth in the English county of Devon, although it was at There were naval and military traditions in the family, Scott's grandfather and four uncles all having served in the army or navy. ^[7] John Scott's prosperity came from a brewery, which he had inherited from his father and which he subsequently sold. ^[8] In later years, when Scott was establishing his naval career, the family would suffer serious financial misfortune, but his early childhood years were spent in comfort. In accordance with the family's tradition the two boys, Robert and Archie, were predestined for careers in the armed services. Robert was educated first in the nursery at home, then for four years at a local day school before being sent to Stubbington House, a cramming establishment preparing candidates for the entrance examinations to the naval training ship HMS Britannia. Cram schools are specialized Schools that train their Students to meet particular goals most commonly to pass the Entrance examinations of High schools See also Captain JM Langtry: HMS Britannia's commander from September 23 1841 until December 24 1841 Having passed these exams Scott, aged 13, began his naval career in 1881, as a cadet. ^[9]

Early naval career

The first of the two HMS Britannias which served as naval training ships between 1859 and 1909. Scott trained on the second, which came into service in 1869.

In July 1883 Scott passed out of Britannia as a midshipman, seventh overall in a class of 26,^[10] and by October was en route to South Africa to join HMS Boadicea. For the fish called midshipman see Midshipman fish. The rank of midshipman is one of the oldest ranks still in existence The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa He served on several ships during his midshipman years, and it was while stationed in St Kitts, West Indies, that he had his first encounter with Sir Clements Markham, then Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), who would loom large in Scott's later career. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Sir Clements Robert Markham KCB FRS ( 20 July 1830 &ndash 30 January 1916) was an English explorer, author and History Founding members of the Society include Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Francis Beaufort. On this occasion, 1 March 1887, Markham noted that Midshipman Scott's cutter had won that morning's race. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Markham's habit was to “collect” likely young naval officers with a view to their undertaking polar exploration work in the future, and Scott was duly noted. ^[11]

Later that year Scott passed his examinations for Sub-Lieutenant, with four First Class certificates out of five. Sub-Lieutenant is a military rank It is normally a junior officer rank ^[12] His career progressed smoothly, with service on various ships and promotion to Lieutenant in 1889. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services In 1891, after a long spell in foreign waters, he applied for the torpedo course on HMS Vernon, an important career step. Foundation and early history The second ship to be called HMS ''Vernon'' ended her career laid up in Chatham Dockyard as a floating coaling jetty In the summer of 1893, while commanding a torpedo boat, he managed to run it aground, which earned him a mild rebuke. ^[13]

During the research for his dual biography of Scott and Roald Amundsen,^[14] Roland Huntford got wind of a possible scandal in Scott's early naval career, but was unable to pin it down. Roland Huntford (born 1927 is an author principally of biographies of Polar explorers He focuses on the period 1889–90 when Scott was a lieutenant on HMS Amphion. According to him Scott “disappears from naval records” for eight months, from mid-August 1889 until 24 March 1890. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Huntford hints at involvement with a married American woman, of cover-up, and protection from senior officers. David Crane reduces the missing period to eleven weeks, but is unable to throw much more light other than scorning the notion of protection by senior officers, on the grounds that Scott was not important or well-connected enough to warrant this. Documents that may have offered explanations are missing from Admiralty records. ^[15]

In 1894, while serving as Torpedo Officer on the depot ship HMS Vulcan, Scott learned of the financial calamity that had overtaken his family. John Scott, having sold the brewery, invested the proceeds unwisely and lost all his capital. ^[16] He was forced to take a job as a brewery manager in Somerset, but his death in 1897 created a fresh crisis. Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county ^[16] The family – mother and two unmarried daughters – now relied entirely on the service pay of Scott and the salary of younger brother Archie, who had left the army for a post in the colonial service. Archie's own death that same year thrust the whole financial responsibility for the family on to Scott. ^[16]

An ambitious officer, Scott now had an additional weight of domestic responsibility. The main thing that concerned him now was promotion, and the extra income this would bring. ^[17] Early in June 1899 he had a chance encounter in a London street with Sir Clements Markham (now the RGS President), and learned for the first time of a pending Antarctic expedition. It was an opportunity for early command and a chance to distinguish himself. Markham remembered him from St Kitts, and presumably said something encouraging, because a few days later, on 11 June, Scott appeared at the Markham residence and volunteered to lead the expedition. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. ^[11]

Discovery Expedition

Main article: Discovery Expedition

Discovery in 2005 at its home port of Dundee

The National Antarctic Expedition, as it was officially known until its association with the ship, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the Royal Society. The British National Antarctic Expedition 1901&ndash04, generally known as the Discovery Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 It represented a long-cherished dream of Markham's, and it required the deployment of all of his considerable skills and cunning to bring it to fruition under naval command and largely staffed by naval personnel. Scott may not have been Markham's first choice as leader but,^[18] having decided on him, his support remained constant. There were committee battles over the scope of Scott's responsibilities, with the Royal Society pressing to put a scientist in charge of the expedition's programme while Scott merely commanded the ship. Eventually, however, Markham's view prevailed. ^[19] Scott was promoted to the naval rank of Commander^[20] before Discovery sailed for the Antarctic on 31 July 1901. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Despite an almost total lack of Antarctic or Arctic experience within the 50-strong party, there was very little special training in equipment or techniques before the ship set sail. ^[21] Dogs were taken, as were skis, but hardly anyone knew how to use them. Professionalism was considered less praiseworthy, in Markham's view, than "unforced aptitude",^[22] and possibly Scott was influenced by Markham's belief. In the first of the two full years which Discovery spent in the ice this insouciance was severely tested, as the expedition struggled to meet the challenges of the unfamiliar terrain. ^[23] The expedition was not a quest for the Pole, but a long march south was a major objective. This march, undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson, was a physical ordeal which took them to a latitude of 82°17'S, approximately 500 miles (800 km) from the Pole, followed by a harrowing journey home which brought about Shackleton's physical collapse. ^[24]

The second year showed improvements in technique and achievement, culminating in Scott's western journey which led to the discovery of the Polar Plateau, and which has been described by one writer as “one of the great polar journeys”. The Antarctic Plateau (often referred to as the Polar Plateau) is a large area of East Antarctica, extending for about a thousand kilometres ^[25]The scientific results of the expedition included important biological, zoological and geological findings. ^[26] Some of the meteorological and magnetic readings, however, were later criticised as amateurish and inaccurate. ^[27]

The Discovery hut at Hut Point

At the end of the expedition it took the combined efforts of two relief ships and liberal use of explosives to free Discovery from the ice. ^[28] Nevertheless Scott could feel satisfied that he was returning in good order, with much to show for his efforts. In contrast to his naivety at the expedition's commencement he was now a seasoned Antarctic traveller, although with many of his prejudices intact. He remained unconvinced that dogs and ski were the keys to efficient ice travel, and continued to laud the British preference for man-hauling (the practice of propelling sledges by manpower, unassisted by animals),^[29] a view he maintained until very late in his Antarctic career. Manhauling, often expressed as man-hauling, means the pulling forward of sledges trucks or other load-carrying vehicles by human power unaided by animals or machines His insistence on Royal Navy formalities made for uneasy relations with the Merchant Navy members of the expedition, most of whom departed with the first relief ship in March 1903. ^[30] However, the question of Scott's relationship with Ernest Shackleton, Third Officer on Discovery and later his polar rival, has been muddied by speculation. The claim that it was personal animosity on Scott's part, rather than Shackleton's physical breakdown, that resulted in the latter being sent home on the supply ship in January 1903 seems largely to have been concocted by Scott's second-in-command, Albert Armitage. Albert Borlase Armitage (born 1864 in Balquhidder, Perthshire; died 31 October 1943 was a Scottish explorer of Antarctica and captain in the ^[31] There would be tensions later between Scott and Shackleton, when their polar ambitions clashed, but mutual civilities were always preserved. ^[32]

Between expeditions

Popular hero

Discovery returned to Britain in September 1904. The expedition had caught the public imagination, and Scott became a popular hero, awarded with a cluster of honours and medals, promoted to the Royal Navy (RN) rank of Captain,^[33] and invited to Balmoral for investiture by King Edward VII as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). Please see Captain (naval for other versions of this naval rank The Royal Victorian Order (RVO is a Dynastic order of knighthood and a house order of chivalry in the Commonwealth realms Created by Queen Victoria ^[34] Scott's next few years were crowded. For more than a year he was occupied with post-expedition duties – public receptions, lectures and the writing of the expedition record The Voyage of the Discovery. In January 1906 he resumed his full-time naval career, first as assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence at the Admiralty and, in August, as Flag-Captain to Rear-Admiral Sir George Egerton on HMS Victorious. Naval intelligence refers to the gathering and distribution of information relevant to a nation's Navy. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy. In the Royal Navy, a flag captain was the captain of an admiral 's Flagship. Technical Characteristics HMS Victorious was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 28 May 1894 and launched on 19 October 1895 ^[35] He was now moving in ever more exalted social circles – a telegram to Markham in February 1907 refers to meetings with the Queen and Crown Prince of Portugal, and a later letter home reports lunch with the Commander-in-Chief and Prince Heinrich of Prussia. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. For the brother of King Frederick II of Prussia see Prince Henry of Prussia (1726-1802 ^[36]

Shackleton

Ernest Shackleton, Scott's polar rival

By early 1906 Scott had sounded out the RGS about the possible funding of a future Antarctic expedition. ^[37] It was therefore unwelcome news to him that Ernest Shackleton had announced his own plans, to travel to Discovery's old McMurdo Sound base and launch a bid for the South Pole from there. The ice-clogged waters of Antarctica's McMurdo Sound extend about 55 km (35 mi long and wide ^[38] Scott claimed, in the first of a series of letters to Shackleton, that the area around McMurdo was his own "field of work" to which he had prior rights until he chose to give them up, and that Shackleton should therefore work from an entirely different area. ^[39] In this he was strongly supported by Edward Wilson, who appeared to believe that Scott's rights extended to the entire Ross Sea sector. Dr Edward Adrian Wilson ("Uncle Bill" ( 23 July 1872 &ndash 29 March 1912) was a notable English polar explorer NOAA Ross seajpg|thumb|200px|thumb|Ice in the Ross Sea Antarctica]] The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria ^[40] This Shackleton refused to concede. Finally, to end the impasse, Shackleton agreed, in a letter to Scott dated 17 May 1907, to work to the east of the 170°W meridian and therefore to avoid all the familiar Discovery ground. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year ^[39] It was a promise that, in the event, he was unable to keep after his search for alternative landing grounds proved fruitless. He based his Nimrod expedition at Cape Royds in McMurdo Sound, and this breach of agreement strained relations between Scott and Shackleton thereafter. The British Antarctic Expedition 1907&ndash09, otherwise known as the Nimrod Expedition, was the first of three expeditions to the Antarctic led by Ernest Shackleton Cape Royds ( is a dark rock cape forming the west extremity of Ross Island, facing on McMurdo Sound. The ice-clogged waters of Antarctica's McMurdo Sound extend about 55 km (35 mi long and wide ^[41] It has been said that the promise "should never ethically have been demanded",^[40] Scott's intransigence on this matter being compared unfavourably with the generous attitude of Fridtjof Nansen, who gave freely of his advice and expertise to Shackleton, and indeed to all-comers, whether potential rivals or not. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. ^[42]

Marriage

Kathleen and Robert Scott, circa 1908

Scott, who because of his Discovery fame had entered Edwardian society, first encountered Kathleen Bruce early in 1907, at a private luncheon party. Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid Kathleen Scott Baroness Kennet, born Edith Agnes Kathleen Bruce FRSBS, ( 27 March 1878 - 25 July 1947) was a British ^[43] She was a sculptor, socialite and cosmopolitan who had studied under Auguste Rodin^[44] and whose circle included Isadora Duncan, Picasso and Aleister Crowley. Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; November 12 1840–November 17 1917 was a French artist most famous as a sculptor. Isadora Duncan (May 26 1877 &ndash September 14 1927 was an American dancer Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer ^[45] Their initial meeting was brief, but when they met again later that year mutual attraction was obvious. A stormy courtship followed – Scott was not her only suitor and his absences at sea did not assist his cause^[46] – but his persistence was rewarded and, on 2 September 1908, at the Chapel Royal, Hampton Court Palace, the wedding took place. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. ^[47] Their only child, Peter Scott, was born on 14 September 1909. Sir Peter Markham Scott, CH, CBE, DSC, FRS, FZS, ( September 14, 1909 – August 29, 1989 Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[48]

By this time Scott had announced his plans for his second Antarctic expedition. Shackleton had returned, having narrowly failed to reach the Pole,^[49] and this gave Scott the impetus to proceed. On 24 March 1909 he had taken the Admiralty-based appointment of Naval Assistant to the Second Sea Lord which placed him handily in London. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Second Sea Lord and Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command ( 2SL/CNH) commonly just known as the Second Sea Lord ( 2SL) is one of the most senior In December he was released on half-pay,^[50] to take up the full-time command of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910, to be known as the Terra Nova Expedition from its ship, Terra Nova. The Terra Nova Expedition (1910&ndash1913 officially the British Antarctic Expedition 1910 was led by Robert Falcon Scott who had previously commanded the Discovery

Terra Nova

Main article: Terra Nova Expedition

Preparation

It was the expressed hope of the RGS that this expedition would be "scientific primarily, with exploration and the Pole as secondary objects"^[51] but, unlike the Discovery Expedition, neither they nor the Royal Society were in charge this time. The Terra Nova Expedition (1910&ndash1913 officially the British Antarctic Expedition 1910 was led by Robert Falcon Scott who had previously commanded the Discovery The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 In his expedition prospectus Scott stated plainly that its main objective was "to reach the South Pole, and to secure for the British Empire the honour of this achievement". The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. ^[51] Later claims that the race to the pole was lost because Scott refused to compromise the scientific programme^[52] are somewhat undermined by this unequivocal announcement; Scott had, as Markham observed, been “bitten by the Pole mania”. ^[51] Scott took scientific work seriously, as his Discovery record shows, but despite its having “the largest and most efficient scientific staff that ever left England”,^[53] Scott had made it clear that, on this second expedition, the priority lay with the Pole, and with getting there first.

A modern photograph of Scott's old Cape Evans headquarters hut, inundated by snow

Scott did not of course know that he would be in a race for the Pole until he received Amundsen's telegram in Melbourne, in October 1910. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 ^[54] Before this he had set about fashioning the expedition according to his own preferences, without the restraints of a joint committee. In the decisions that he made with regard to the expedition's methods of travel on the ice he showed that his prejudices against dogs had not faded. They were to be merely one element in a complicated transport strategy that also involved horses and motor sledges and much man-hauling. Scott knew nothing of horses, but felt that as they had seemingly served Shackleton well, he ought to use them. ^[55] Dogs expert Cecil Meares was going to Siberia to select the dogs, and Scott ordered that, while he was there, he should deal with the purchase of Manchurian ponies. Cecil Henry Meares (1877-1937 was the chief dog handler and Russian interpreter on the Terra Nova Expedition, the British expedition to Antarctica that took place from Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving ^[56] Meares was not an experienced horse-dealer, and the ponies he chose proved mostly of poor quality, and ill-suited to prolonged Antarctic work. ^[57] Meanwhile Scott spent time in France and Norway, testing motor-sledges, and recruited Bernard Day, from Shackleton's expedition, as his motor expert. ^[58]

First season

The expedition itself suffered a series of early misfortunes, which hampered the first season's work and impaired preparations for the main polar march. On its journey from New Zealand to the Antarctic, Terra Nova was trapped in pack-ice for 20 days,^[59] far longer than other ships had experienced, which meant a late-season arrival and less time for preparatory work before the Antarctic winter. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island One of the motor sledges was lost during its unloading from the ship, disappearing through the sea ice. ^[60] Deteriorating weather conditions and weak, unacclimatised ponies affected the initial depot-laying journey to the extent that the main supply point, One Ton Depot, was laid 35 miles (56 km) north of its planned location at 80°S. ^[61] Six ponies died during this journey. The expedition also learned of the ominous presence of Amundsen, who was camped with a large contingent of dogs in the Bay of Whales, 200 miles (320 km) to their east. The Bay of Whales ( is an iceport indenting the front of Ross Ice Shelf just northward of Roosevelt Island. ^[62]

Despite these trials Scott refused to amend his schedule to deal with the Amundsen threat. ^[63] While acknowledging that the Norwegian's base was closer to the pole and that his experience as a sledge driver was formidable, Scott still had the advantage of travelling over a known route (that pioneered by Shackleton). During the 1911 winter his confidence increased, to the extent of recording, after the return of the Cape Crozier party from their winter journey, that “I feel sure we are as near perfection as experience can direct”. Cape Crozier is the most easterly point of Ross Island in Antarctica, at. ^[64]

Journey to the Pole

The march south began on 1 November 1911, a complex caravan of mixed transport groups (motors, dogs, horses), with loaded sledges, travelling at different rates, all designed to support a final group of four men who would make a dash for the Pole. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Scott had earlier outlined his plans for the southern journey to the entire shore party,^[65] without being specific as to precise roles – no one knew, for instance, who would form the final polar team. There was continuing uncertainty about how he proposed to use the dogs, a variety of different orders being issued which left it unclear whether they were to be saved for future scientific journeys, or were to assist the polar party home. ^[66] The consequence was that his subordinates back at base were confused and uncertain as to how they should act, and failed to use the dogs in a concerted attempt to relieve the returning polar party when the need arose. ^[67]

Roald Amundsen

The southbound party continued, steadily reducing in size as the support teams turned back. By 4 January 1912 the last two four-man groups had reached 87°34'S. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting ^[68] Scott announced his decision: five men (himself, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Laurence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward, the other three (Teddy Evans, William Lashly and Tom Crean) would return. Dr Edward Adrian Wilson ("Uncle Bill" ( 23 July 1872 &ndash 29 March 1912) was a notable English polar explorer Lieutenant Henry Robertson (Birdie Bowers ( July 29, 1883 - March 29, 1912) was one of Robert Falcon Scott 's polar party on the ill-fated Captain Lawrence Edward Grace Oates ( 17 March 1880 – 16 March 1912) was an English Antarctic Petty Officer Edgar Evans ( March 7, 1876 - February 17, 1912) was one of Robert Falcon Scott 's companions on his ill-fated Terra Admiral Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans 1st Baron Mountevans of Chelsea KCB DSO ( October 28, 1881 - August 20, William Lashly (1867 - 1940 was a Royal Navy seaman who was a member of both of Robert Falcon Scott 's Antarctic expeditions ^[69] The chosen group marched on, reaching the Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Amundsen had preceded them by five weeks. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Scott's anguish is palpable from his diary: “The worst has happened”, “All the day dreams must go”, “Great God! This is an awful place”. ^[70]

Last march

The deflated party began the 800-mile (1,300 km) return journey on 19 January. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. "I'm afraid the return journey is going to be dreadfully tiring and monotonous", wrote Scott on the next day. ^[71] However, the party made good progress despite poor weather, and had completed the Polar Plateau stage of their journey, approximately 300 miles (500 km), by 7 February. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince During the following days the 100-mile (160 km) descent of the Beardmore Glacier saw the increasing decline of Edgar Evans, whose condition Scott had noted with concern as early as 23 January. The Beardmore Glacier ( in Antarctica is one of the largest Glaciers in the world with a length exceeding 160 km (100 mi Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor ^[72] A fall on 4 February had left Evans "dull and incapable",^[73] and on 17 February, after a further fall, he died near the glacier foot. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori ^[74] From then on, with 400 miles (670 km) still to travel across the Ross Ice Shelf, the party's prospects steadily worsened, as in deteriorating weather,^[75] handicapped by frost-bite, snow-blindness, hunger and exhaustion, they struggled northward. On 16 March, Oates, whose condition was aggravated by an old war-wound to the extent that he was barely able to travel,^[76] voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death, in the faint hope that this sacrifice would save the others. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king ^[77] After walking a further 20 miles, the three remaining men made their final camp on 19 March, 11 miles (18 km) short of One Ton Depot, but 24 miles (38 km) beyond the original intended location of the depot. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. The next day a fierce blizzard prevented them making any progress. During the next nine days, as their supplies ran out, with frozen fingers, little light, and storms still raging outside the tent, Scott wrote his final words, although he gave up his diary after 23 March, save for a final poignant entry on 29 March. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King ^[78] He left letters to Wilson's mother, Bowers's parents, a string of notables including his former commander Sir George Egerton, his own mother and his wife. He also wrote his "Message To The Public", primarily a defence of the expedition's organisation and conduct in which the party's failure is adduced to weather and other misfortunes, but ending on an inspirational note, with these words:

Scott's party at the South Pole

We took risks, we knew we took them; things have come out against us, and therefore we have no cause for complaint, but bow to the will of Providence, determined still to do our best to the last [. . . ] Had we lived, I should have had a tale to tell of the hardihood, endurance, and courage of my companions which would have stirred the heart of every Englishman. These rough notes and our dead bodies must tell the tale, but surely, surely, a great rich country like ours will see that those who are dependent on us are properly provided for. ^[79]

Scott is presumed to have died on 29 March 1912, possibly a day later. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The positions of the bodies in the tent, when it was discovered eight months later, suggested that Scott was the last of the three to die. ^[80]

Scott's reputation

Glorification

The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Their final camp became their tomb; a high cairn of snow was erected over it, topped by a roughly fashioned cross. ^[81] In January 1913, before Terra Nova left for home, a large wooden cross was made by the ship's carpenters, inscribed with the names of the lost party and Tennyson's line from his poem Ulysses: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", and was erected on Observation Hill overlooking Hut Point. Alfred Tennyson 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892 was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets " Ulysses " is a poem by the Victorian poet Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809–1892 written in 1833 and published in 1842 in Tennyson's well-received second Hut Point Peninsula ( is a long narrow land mass from 2 to 3 Miles (4 ^[82]

Observation Hill, McMurdo Sound, site of the Terra Nova memorial cross

The world was informed of the tragedy when Terra Nova reached Oamaru, New Zealand, on 10 February 1913. History The vicinity of Oamaru features some important archaeological sites Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[83] Within days Scott had become a national icon. ^[84] A fierce nationalistic spirit was aroused; the London Evening News called for the story to be read to schoolchildren throughout the land,^[85] to coincide with the memorial service at St Paul's Cathedral on 14 February. The London Evening News was a newspaper that was first published in August 14 1855. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Boy Scouts Association, asked: “Are Britons going downhill? No!…There is plenty of pluck and spirit left in the British after all. The Scout Association is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognised Scouting association in the United Kingdom Captain Scott and Captain Oates have shown us that”. ^[86] 11-year-old Mary Steel wrote a poem which ended:

Though naught but a simple cross

Now marks those heroes’ grave,

Their names will live forever!

Oh England, Land of the Brave!^[86]

The survivors of the expedition were suitably honoured on their return, with polar medals and promotions for the naval personnel. ^[87] In place of the knighthood that might have been her husband's had he survived, Kathleen Scott was granted the rank and precedence of a widow of a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George This did not amount to Scott being posthumously knighted, and it did not entitle her to call herself "Lady Scott", although both of these claims are sometimes erroneously made. ^[88] In 1922 she married Edward Hilton Young, later Lord Kennet (she becoming Lady Kennet), and remained a doughty defender of Scott's reputation until her death, aged 69, in 1947. Edward Hilton Young 1st Baron Kennet, GBE ( 20 March 1879 &ndash 11 July 1960) was a British politician and writer ^[89]

Amundsen heard of Scott's death while lecturing in the United States. “I would gladly forgo any honour or money if thereby I could have saved Scott his terrible death”, he is reported as saying. ^[90] He did forgo some honour anyway, in the English-speaking world at least. Scott was much the better wordsmith of the two, and the story that spread throughout the world was largely that told by him, with Amundsen's victory reduced in the eyes of many to an unsporting stratagem. ^[91] Even before Scott's death was known, Amundsen's feat was reportedly the object of a sneer from RGS President Lord Curzon, at a meeting held supposedly to honour the polar victor, prompting Amundsen to resign his honorary RGS fellowship. George Nathaniel Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC ( 11 January 1859 &ndash 20 March ^[92]

The response to Scott's final plea on behalf of the dependents of the dead was enormous by the standards of the day. The Mansion House Scott Memorial Fund closed at £75,000 (2008 approximation £3. 5 million). This was not equally distributed; Scott's widow, son, mother and sisters received a total of £18,000. Wilson's widow got £8,500 and Bowers's mother £4,500 . Edgar Evans's widow, children and mother received £1,500 between them. ^[93]

In the dozen years following the disaster more than 30 monuments and memorials were set up in Britain alone. These ranged from simple relics (Scott's sledging flag in Exeter Cathedral) to the foundation of the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge. The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI is a centre for research into the Polar regions and Glaciology worldwide The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Many more were established in other parts of the world. ^[94] The popularity of the 1948 film Scott of the Antarctic showed that the public perception of Scott as hero had continued into the post-war era. Scott of the Antarctic is a 1948 Film about Robert Falcon Scott 's ill-fated expedition to be the first to the South Pole in The US scientific base at the South Pole, founded in 1957, is called the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, to honour the memories of both polar conquerors. Description and history The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is the southernmost continually inhabited place on the planet

Modern reaction

Scott's "Message to the Public" begins: “The causes of the disaster are not due to faulty organisation but to misfortune”. ^[79] This chimed with the prevailing image of heroic endeavour thwarted at the last by sheer bad luck, and was broadly unquestioned for half a century. In fact, Scott's diaries, even in their edited published form, contain repeated references to errors of organisation or judgement for which he accepts responsibility,^[95] but these tended to be overlooked or disregarded. Any unease at the public version, expressed by relatives of Scott's dead companions, was kept private. ^[96]

Memorial window in Binton Church, Warwickshire, one of four panels. This one depicts the cairn erected over the site of Scott's last tent.

The catalyst that finally altered the public's perception of Scott was Roland Huntford's 1979 joint biography Scott and Amundsen, reissued as The Last Place on Earth in 1985 and tied into a serialised television docudrama. Roland Huntford (born 1927 is an author principally of biographies of Polar explorers Two post-war biographies of Scott, by Reginald Pound (1966) and Elspeth Huxley (1977), had contained criticisms but had not questioned his heroism. Elspeth Joscelin Huxley (née Grant ( July 23, 1907 - January 10, 1997) was a Polymath, Writer, Journalist, By contrast Huntford's book attacks Scott's competence and character, blames him for all the failures of the Terra Nova Expedition and for the deaths of his comrades, and sums him up as a ”heroic bungler”. ^[97] The television version reinforces this image, with added fictional sequences designed to discredit Scott. ^[98] The extent of Huntford's practical experience of snow and ice conditions, and his credentials for criticising Scott on technical matters of polar travel, is challenged by Ranulph Fiennes,^[99] who also draws attention to Huntford's expressed prejudices, including his personal hatred of Scott. Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes 3rd Baronet OBE (born 7 March 1944) usually known as Ranulph (Ran Fiennes, is a British ^[100] The power of television, however, is such as to imprint a negative impression of Scott in the public mind, especially among later generations for whom the legend is ancient history. ^[101] Writing in the shadow of Huntford, Francis Spufford asserts that, like Sir John Franklin^[102] before him, Scott “probably died of incompetence”. Sir John Franklin, FRGS ( April 16, 1786 &ndash June 11, 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and More harshly, he goes on: “Scott doomed his companions, then covered his tracks with rhetoric”. ^[103]

Fiennes, Scott's chief contemporary champion as well as Huntford's principal antagonist, claims to use logic based on his personal experiences as an explorer to reconstruct the events of the Terra Nova Expedition. ^[104] In his 2003 biography of Scott, which he asserts is an unbiased account, he maintains a robust and unapologetic defence. He draws attention to the political motives (from Right and Left respectively, according to Francis Spufford)^[105] underlying Huntford's and TV scriptwriter Trevor Griffiths's attacks, and casts doubts on the credibility of much of Huntford's evidence. Trevor Griffiths (born 4 April 1935 in Ancoats, Manchester) is an English Dramatist. ^[106] Another fairly recent book, Susan Solomon's The Coldest March, provides new information about the weather encountered by the polar party in February and March 1912, and makes the case that they were killed: "not primarily by human error but by this unfortunate and unpredictable turn of meteorological events". ^[107]

However, a long-term Huntford effect was perhaps reflected in the BBC's 2002 100 Greatest Britons nominations, in which Ernest Shackleton was eleventh, while Scott was fifty-fourth. ^[108] One hundred years after their rivalry, Shackleton's bravura and charisma define a modern Britain which has "shaken off the straitjacket of class prejudice"^[109] and appears securely established in the nation's affections as "a hero for our time, a man who, like millennial Britain, has learned to crave the winning (even when it doesn’t) rather than just the playing of the game". ^[109] By contrast, Captain Scott, with his aura of heroic failure, is out of fashion. ^[110]

Notes and references

Sources

• Scott's Last Expedition Vols I and II Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1913 (Vol I is Scott's diary, edited by Leonard Huxley) OCLC 1522514
• Cherry-Garrard, Apsley:The Worst Journey in the World: Antarctic 1910-13 1965 edition, pub. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Apsley George Benet Cherry-Garrard ( 2 January 1886 &ndash 18 May 1959) was an English explorer of Antarctica. Penguin Travel Library, Harmondsworth, Middlesex (UK), 1970, ISBN 0 14 009501 2 OCLC 16589938
• Crane, David: Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage, and Tragedy in the Extreme South Harper Collins, London, 2005 ISBN 978 0 00 715068 7 OCLC 60793758
• Fiennes, Ranulph: Captain Scott Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2003 ISBN 0 340 82697 5 OCLC 52695234
• Huntford, Roland: The Last Place on Earth Pan Books edition, London, 1985 ISBN 0 330 82697 5 OCLC 12976972
• Huntford, Roland: Shackleton Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1985 ISBN 0 340 25007 0 OCLC 13108800
• Jones, Max: The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott's Antarctic Sacrifice Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK), 2003 ISBN 0 19 280483 9 OCLC 59303598
• Preston, Diana: A First Rate Tragedy: Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions Constable (pb edition), London, 1999 ISBN 0 09 479530 4 OCLC 59395617
• Riffenburgh, Beau: Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907-09 British Antarctic Expedition Bloomsbury Publishing (pb edition), London, 2005 ISBN 0 7475 7553 4 OCLC 56659120
• Solomon, Susan: The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition Yale University Press, London, 2001 ISBN 0300089678 OCLC 45661501
• Spufford, Francis: I May Be Some Time: Ice and the English Imagination Faber & Faber (pb edition), London, 1997 ISBN 0 571 17951 7 OCLC 41314703

Further reading

• Coleman, E C: The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: From Franklin to Scott Tempus Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire (UK), 2007 ISBN 0752442074 OCLC 72868468
• Huxley, Elspeth: Scott of the Antarctic Wiedenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1977 ISBN 0297774376 OCLC 3618208
• Pound, Reginald: Scott of the Antarctic World books, London, 1966 OCLC 4960723

External links

• Dennis Rawlins (2002), "Scott's Navigational Math", DIO, volume 2, number 2, pages 74ff. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes 3rd Baronet OBE (born 7 March 1944) usually known as Ranulph (Ran Fiennes, is a British The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Roland Huntford (born 1927 is an author principally of biographies of Polar explorers The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Dennis Rawlins ( 1937 Baltimore Maryland, US &ndash is an American astronomer historian and publisher (Refutes charges that Scott's navigation was inferior to or essentially differed from Amundsen's. )
• The Voyages of Captain Scott, available at Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works