Robert Capa
Born	Endre Friedmann October 22, 1913 Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died	May 25, 1954 (aged 40) Thai Binh, State of Vietnam

Robert Capa (Budapest, October 22, 1913 – May 25, 1954) was a 20th century combat photographer who covered five different wars: the Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II across Europe, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the First Indochina War. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Thái Bình city is a City in Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, He documented the course of World War II in London, North Africa, Italy, the Battle of Normandy on Omaha Beach and the liberation of Paris. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Omaha Beach was the Code name for one of the principal landing points of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Capa's younger brother, Cornell Capa, also a photographer, worked to preserve and promote Robert's legacy as well as developing his own identity and style. Cornell Capa ( April 10 1918 - May 23 2008) was a Hungarian - American Photographer, member of Magnum

Contents 1 Career 1.1 Spanish Civil War 1.2 World War II 1.3 First Indochina War and Death 2 Private Life 3 Legacy 4 Bibliography 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Career

Born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary in 1913 as Endre Ernő Friedmann, Capa left the country in 1932 after being arrested because of his political involvement with protestors against the government (his parents had encouraged him to settle elsewhere). Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political,

Capa originally wanted to be a writer; however, he found work in photography in Berlin and grew to love the art. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. In 1933, he moved from Germany to France because of the rise of Nazism (he was Jewish), but found it difficult to find work there as a freelance journalist. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends He adopted the name "Robert Capa" around this time because he felt that it would be recognizable and American-sounding since it was similar to that of film director Frank Capra. Frank Russell Capra ( May 18, 1897 &ndash September 3, 1991) was an Academy Award winning Italian-American Film (In fact, "cápa" is a Hungarian word meaning shark. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. )

Spanish Civil War

From 1936 to 1939, he was in Spain, photographing the horrors of the Spanish Civil War. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of In 1936 he became known across the globe for a photo he took on the Cordoba Front of a Loyalist Militiaman who had just been shot and was in the act of falling to his death. ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. In general a loyalist is one who maintains loyalty to an established government political party or sovereign especially during war or revolutionary change Because of his proximity to the victim and the timing of the capture, there was a long controversy about the authenticity of this photograph. A Spanish historian identified the dead soldier as Federico Borrell García, from Alcoi (Alicante). Federico Borrell García ( January 3, 1912 &ndash September 5, 1936) was the man who appeared in the image The Falling Soldier There is a second photograph showing another soldier who fell on the same spot. ^[1]

Many of Capa's photographs of the Spanish Civil War were, for many decades, presumed lost, but surfaced in Mexico City in the late 1990s. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico ^[2] While fleeing Europe in 1939, Capa had lost the collection, which over time came to be dubbed the "Mexican suitcase". ^[2] Ownership of the collection was transferred to the Capa Estate, and in December, 2007, moved to the International Center of Photography, a museum founded by Capa's younger brother Cornell in Manhattan. The International Center of Photography is a photography museum school and research center located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City ( United Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York ^{[2] [3]}

World War II

At the start of World War II, Capa was in New York City. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The City of New York He had moved there from Paris to look for new work and to escape Nazi persecution. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The war took Capa to various parts of the European Theatre on photography assignments. The European Theatre of Operations ( ETO) was an area of heavy fighting across Europe during World War II, from Nazi Germany's Invasion of Poland He first photographed for Collier's Weekly, before switching to Life after he was fired by the former. Collier's Weekly was an American Magazine founded by Peter Fenelon Collier and published from 1888 to 1957 When first hired, he was a citizen of Hungary, but he was also Jewish, which allowed him to negotiate visas to Europe. He was the only "enemy alien" photographer for the Allies. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. On October 7, 1943, Robert Capa was in Naples with Life reporter Will Lang Jr. and photographed the Naples post office bombing. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William John Lang Jr ( 7 October 1914 – 21 January 1968) was an American journalist and a bureau head for Life The 1943 Naples post office bombing occurred on October 7, 1943, after the U ^[4]

His most famous work occurred on June 6, 1944 (D-Day) when he swam ashore with the second assault wave on Omaha Beach. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote Omaha Beach was the Code name for one of the principal landing points of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings He was armed with two Contax II cameras mounted with 50 mm lenses and several rolls of spare film. Contax was a Camera brand noted for its unique and sometimes odd technical innovation and a wide range of Zeiss lenses, noted for their high optical Capa took 106 pictures in the first couple of hours of the invasion. However, a staff member at Life made a mistake in the darkroom; he set the dryer too high and melted the emulsion in the negatives. Only eleven frames in total were recovered. ^[5]

Although a fifteen-year-old lab assistant named Dennis Banks was responsible for the accident, another account, now largely accepted as untrue but which gained widespread currency, blamed Larry Burrows, who worked in the lab not as a technician but as a "tea-boy". Larry Burrows (born May 29, 1926 in London - died February 10, 1971 in Laos) was an English Photographer ^[6] Life magazine printed 10 of the frames in its June 19, 1944 issue with captions that described the footage as "slightly out of focus", explaining that Capa's hands were shaking in the excitement of the moment (something which he denied). Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[7] Capa used this phrase as the title of his alternately hilarious and sad autobiographical account of the war, Slightly Out of Focus.

In 1947 Capa traveled into the Soviet Union with his friend, writer John Steinbeck. John Steinbeck III (February 27 1902—December 20 1968 was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century He took photos in Moscow, Kiev, Tbilisi, Batumi and among the ruins of Stalingrad. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous The humorous reportage of Steinbeck, A Russian Journal was illustrated with Capa's photos. A Russian Journal, published by John Steinbeck in 1948, is an eyewitness account of his travels through the Soviet Union during the early years It was first published in 1948.

In 1947, Capa founded Magnum Photos with Henri Cartier-Bresson, William Vandivert, David Seymour, and George Rodger. Magnum Photos is an international photographic Cooperative owned by its Photographer -members with offices located in New York, Paris Henri Cartier-Bresson ( August 22, 1908 &ndash August 3 2004) was a French Chim (pronounced shim) was the Pseudonym of David Seymour ( November 20, 1911 – November 10, 1956) an George Rodger ( 1908 - 24 July 1995) was a British photojournalist noted for his work in Africa and for taking the first In 1951, he became the president.

First Indochina War and Death

In the early 1950s, Capa traveled to Japan for an exhibition associated with Magnum Photos. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. While there, Life magazine asked him to go on assignment to Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years in the First Indochina War. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, Despite the fact he had sworn not to photograph another war a few years earlier, Capa accepted and accompanied a French regiment with two other Time-Life journalists, John Mecklin and Jim Lucas. John Martin Mecklin (1918-1971 was an American journalist and diplomat On May 25, 1954 at 2:55 p. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) m. , the regiment was passing through a dangerous area under fire when Capa decided to leave his jeep and go up the road to photograph some of the advance. About five minutes later, Mecklin and Lucas heard a loud explosion. Capa had stepped on a landmine. A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person When they arrived on the scene he was still alive, but his left leg had been blown to pieces and he had a serious wound in his chest. Mecklin screamed for a medic and Capa's body was taken to a small field hospital where he was pronounced dead on arrival. He had died with his camera in his hand.

Private Life

In 1934 "André Friedman", as he called himself at that time, met Gerda Pohorylle, a German Jewish refugee. The couple lived in Paris where André taught Gerda photography. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Together they contrived the name and image of "Robert Capa" as a famous American photographer. Gerda took the name Gerda Taro, becoming successful in her own right. Gerda Taro (real name Gerda Pohorylle; 1 August 1910, Stuttgart - 27 July 1937, near Brunete, Spain She traveled with Capa to Spain in 1936 with the intention to document the Spanish Civil War. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of In July 1937 Capa went on a short business trip to Paris while Gerda remained in Madrid. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. She was killed near Brunete during a battle. Brunete is a town outside Madrid, Spain. There was a major battle, fought there during the Spanish Civil War. Capa, who was reportedly engaged to her, was deeply shocked and never married.

In 1943 February Capa met Elaine Justin, the beautiful young wife of actor John Austin. They immediately fell in love and the relationship lasted until the end of the war, although Capa spent most of his time in the frontline. Capa lovingly called the redheaded Elaine "Pinky," and their romance became the topic of his war memoir, Slightly Out of Focus. In 1945, Elaine broke up with Capa and married her friend, Chuck Romine.

Some months later Capa became the lover of actress Ingrid Bergman who was travelling in Europe at the time entertaining American soldiers. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy In December 1945, Capa followed her to Hollywood where he worked for American International Pictures for a short time. American International Pictures was a Film production company formed in April 1956 from American Releasing Bergman tried to persuade him to marry her but Capa didn't want to live in Hollywood. Their troubled romance was immortalized by their mutual friend Alfred Hitchcock in Rear Window. Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 Rear Window is a Suspense film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, based on Cornell Woolrich 's Short story It Had to Be Murder The relationship ended in the summer of 1946 when Capa travelled to Turkey. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Legacy

In order to preserve the photographic heritage of Capa and other photographers, his younger brother, Cornell, founded the International Fund for Concerned Photography in 1966. To give this collection a permanent home he founded the International Center of Photography in New York City in 1974. The International Center of Photography is a photography museum school and research center located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City ( United

The Overseas Press Club created an award in his honor, the Robert Capa Gold Medal. The Overseas Press Club (also referred to by abbreviation as OPC) of America, founded in 1939 in New York City by a group of Foreign correspondents The Robert Capa Gold Medal is an award for "best published photographic reporting from abroad requiring exceptional courage and enterprise" It is given annually to the photographer who provides the "best published photographic reporting from abroad, requiring exceptional courage and enterprise". ^[8]

In 1995, thousands of negatives to photographs that Capa took during the Spanish Civil War were found in three suitcases bequeathed to a Mexico City film-maker from his aunt. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico In 1939, after Capa fled Europe for America during the World War II, these negatives were left behind in a Paris darkroom and they were assumed lost during the Nazi invasion of Paris. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German It is not known how the negatives traveled to Mexico, but apparently Capa asked his darkroom manager, a Hungarian photographer named Imre Weisz, to save his negatives during 1939 and 1940. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jerald R Green, a professor at Queens College, informed by a letter from the Mexican film-maker about this discovery. Queens College, located in Flushing, Queens, New York City, is one of the senior Colleges of the City University of New York. In January 2008, the negatives transferred to the Capa estate, but the Mexican film-maker has asked to remain anonymous. PortalCurrent events International holidays January 1 - New Year's Day January 1 - Independence ^[9]

Bibliography

• Death in the Making, 1938
• The Battle of Waterloo Road, 1941
• Invasion!, 1944
• Slightly Out of Focus, Henry Holt and Co. , New York, 1947
• A Russian Journal, by John Steinbeck and Robert Capa, Viking, New York, 1948
• Robert Capa: Photographs,1996
• Heart of Spain, 1999
• Robert Capa: The Definitive Collection, 2001
• Blood and Champagne: The Life and Times of Robert Capa, 2002

Notes

References

• Whelan, Richard (1985) Robert Capa: a biography Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-52488-8 ;

See also

• Photojournalism

External links

• Robert Capa's Photography Portfolio - Magnum Photos
• Magnum Photos
• [4] "Capa and Taro: Together at Last" The Digital Journalist
• PBS biography and analysis of Falling Soldier authenticity
• On Capa's photography "Falling Soldier" Links compiled by Tidsskriftcentret. Photojournalism is a particular form of Journalism (the collecting editing and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast that creates images in order to tell dk
• Robert Capa's "Lost Negatives"
• Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain, 1936.
• The D-Day photographs of Robert Capa
• A biographical page regarding Capa
• Hultquist, Clayton. “Robert Capa ~ Pictures of War.”
• Photography Temple. “Photographer Robert Capa”
• VNS. May 2004. “Photographers mark Capa’s passing”.
• International Photography Hall of Fame & Museum

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