Robert Underwood Ayres, American-born physicist and economist. His career has focused on the application of physical ideas, especially the laws of thermodynamics, to economics; a long-standing pioneering interest in material flows and transformations (industrial ecology or industrial metabolism); and most recently to challenging held ideas on the economic theory of growth. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Industrial Ecology (IE is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the sustainable combination of environment, Economy and Technology. Industrial metabolism was first proposed by Robert Ayres as ‘‘the whole integrated collection of physical processes that convert raw materials and energy plus labour into Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time
Career
Trained as a physicist at the University of Chicago, University of Maryland, and King's College London (PhD in Mathematical Physics), Ayres has dedicated his entire professional life to advancing the environment, technology and resource end of the sustainability agenda. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The University of Maryland College Park (often referred to as The University of Maryland UMD, UMCP or simply Maryland) is a public research King's College London is a British Higher education institution and co-founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely His major research interests include technological change, environmental economics, "industrial metabolism" and "eco-restructuring". Environmental economics is a subfield of Economics concerned with environmental issues He has worked at the Hudson Institute (1962-67), Resources for the Future Inc (1968) and International Research and Technology Corp (1969-76). The Hudson Institute is an American, non-profit, conservative Think tank founded in 1961 in Croton-on-Hudson New York, by From 1979 until 1992 he was Professor of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, except for two years (and six summers) on leave at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg Austria. Carnegie Mellon University (also known as CMU) is a private Research University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA is an international non-governmental research organization located in Laxenburg, near Vienna, in In 1992 he moved to the international business school INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France as Sandoz (later Novartis) Professor of Environment and Management. Since his formal retirement in 2000 he has been Jubilee Visiting Professor (2000-2001)and king Karl Gustav XVII professor of environmental science (2004-2005) at Chalmers Institute of Technology Gothenburg (Sweden). Chalmers University of Technology or Chalmers tekniska Högskola ( CTH) often Chalmers, is a University in Gothenburg, He is currently an Institute Scholar at IIASA.
He remains an active researcher. He has written or co-authored 17 books, edited or coedited another dozen books, written or co-authored more than 200 journal articles and book chapters not to mention many unpublished reports, on subjects ranging from environmental effects of nuclear war to theoretical economics. But most of his life-work is interdisciplinary. In Academia, Pedagogy, Physical sciences, Earth sciences, Human sciences and Social sciences He was a major pioneer of a new field, sometimes called Industrial Metabolism or Industrial Ecology. Industrial Ecology (IE is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the sustainable combination of environment, Economy and Technology. He has contributed to futures studies, technological forecasting, transportation and energy studies, material flow studies (`dematerialization'),environmental technology, environmental economics, thermodynamics and economics, and the theory of economic growth. Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Environmental economics is a subfield of Economics concerned with environmental issues Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/faculty/profiles/rayres/ Source]
Here taken from one of his books Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm (London: Earthscan, 1998) is a clue to his thinking:
- There is a potential for confusion here between technological progress and "progress" in the more general, even more undefined sense. Along with many others, I have long tended carelessly to equate economic growth with that kind of undefined progress. Though aware of the difference, I nevertheless assumed for convenience that the one is virtually a surrogate for the other. The time has come to try to sort out this confusion.
- In a certain simplistic sense the difference between growth and progress is all too obvious: It is the difference between "more" and "better". In challenging the growth paradigm itself I am not assuming that growth necessarily means "more" physical goods. Far from it, I insist that the true measure of economic output is not the quantity of goods produced, but the quality and value of final services provided to the consumer. What is most wrong about the "growth syndrome" is not its tendency to consume material resources (as Barry Commoner, for instance, assumed). Barry Commoner (born May 28 1917) is an American Biologist, college Professor, and eco-socialist. What is wrong with it is that growth of the kind now occurring in the US and Europe is no longer making people happier or improving their real standard of living.
- It is possible to have economic growth - in the sense of providing better and more valuable services to ultimate consumers - without necessarily consuming more physical resources. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time This follows from the fact that consumers are ultimately not interested in goods per se but in the services those goods can provide. The possibility of de-linking economic activity from energy and materials ("dematerialization") has been one of the major themes of my professional career.
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