| Riverina New South Wales | |
 The Murrumbidgee River at Balranald | |
| Population: | 255,881[1] |
| LGA: | Various |
| State District: | Albury, Burrinjuck, Murray-Darling, Murrumbidgee, Wagga Wagga |
| Federal Division: | Farrer, Riverina |
The Riverina is an agricultural region of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia. This is a list of regions in Australia that are not Australian states or territories. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Riverina is distinguished from other Australian regions due to the combination of flat plains, warm to hot climate and an ample supply of water for irrigation. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops This combination has allowed the Riverina to develop into one of the most productive and agriculturally diverse areas of Australia. Bordered on the south by the state of Victoria and on the east by the Great Dividing Range, the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in the Murray and Murrumbidgee drainage zones to their confluence in the west. The Great Dividing Range, also known as the Eastern Highlands, is Australia 's most substantial Mountain range. The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. The Murrumbidgee River is a major river in the state of New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT
Home to Aboriginal groups for over 40,000 years, the Riverina was originally settled by Europeans in the mid-19th century as a pastoral region providing beef and wool to markets in Australia and beyond. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species In the 20th century, the development of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such as rice and wine grapes. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many This is a list of varieties of cultivated Grapes whether used for Wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried ( Raisin, currant, sultana The Riverina has strong cultural ties to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the impetus behind the federation of Australian colonies. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South
Major population and service centres in the Riverina include the cities of Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Wagga Wagga Albury is a city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the Hume Highway on the northern side of the Murray River. Griffith is a city in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Albury and Wagga Wagga are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University, the only local provider of higher education for the region. Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Wagga Wagga is home to two major Australian Defence Force establishments. The Australian Defence Force (ADF is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia
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Geography
The delineation of the Riverina region by government agencies and other bodies varies, but in common usage it generally comprises the agricultural and pastoral areas of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range and in the drainage basin of the snow-fed Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular The Great Dividing Range, also known as the Eastern Highlands, is Australia 's most substantial Mountain range. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. The Murrumbidgee River is a major river in the state of New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT [2] The northern boundary beyond the Riverina is determined by the Lachlan River catchment area and is referred to as the Central West. The Lachlan River is a significant River in central New South Wales, Australia. The Central West region refers to the area west of the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia. Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina borders the state of Victoria. West of the confluence of the Murray and Murrumbidgee is the beginning of the more arid Far West region. Confluence, in Geography, describes the meeting of two or more Bodies of water. The Far West region of New South Wales, Australia refers generally to a fairly flat and low lying area in the western part of the state which is too dry to support
 An eagles nest on The Old Man Plain, an extensive saltbush plain between Hay & Wanganella In general, the Riverina is an alluvial plain formed by deposition carried from the Great Dividing Range by streams between 30,000 to 15,000 years ago. Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia. Wanganella is a village community on the Billabong Creek in New South Wales, Australia. Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The Great Dividing Range, also known as the Eastern Highlands, is Australia 's most substantial Mountain range. [3] The terrain includes rolling hills to the east but then becomes flatter to the west with most of that plain reaching less than 200 metres above sea level. The western Riverina consists largely of featureless saltbush plain. Atriplex ( Á-tri-plex) is a plant Genus of 100-200 Species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache Landform and hydrologyThe geology of the Riverina comprises several troughs and sedimentary basins. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit In geology a trough generally refers to a linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance while being less steep than a trench. The term sedimentary basin is used to refer to any geographical feature exhibiting Subsidence and consequent infilling by sedimentation The western Riverina is presumed to be a continuation of the Ballarat and Bendigo geological zone while eastern sections are underlain by western portions of the Lachlan Fold Belt. The Lachlan Fold Belt ( LFB) or Lachlan Orogen is a geological subdivision of the east part of Australia. There is potential for the Riverina to host several mineral deposit types including coal, petroleum, coal seam methane, gypsum, orogenic gold, Cobar style polymetallic systems, heavy mineral sands and possibly diamonds in these fold belt rocks and basins. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Cobar is a town in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. It is located 711 km (442 miles northwest of Sydney. Primarily used in Chemistry or Mining, polymetal or polymetallic refers to a substance comprised of a combination of different Metals. Heavy mineral Sands are a class of Ore deposit which is an important source of Zirconium, Titanium, Thorium, Tungsten, [3][4] Riverina soils are generally sandy along the river channels, with more saline grey and brown clays found on rarely flooded areas on the perimeter of the floodplain. Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil Salt affected soils are caused by excess accumulation of salts typically most pronounced at the soil surface As the Murrumbidgee passes downstream, the water and soil become more saline. [3] |
 The closed Hampden Bridge over the Murrumbidgee River at Wagga Wagga The new Wiradjuri Bridge is in the background. Hampden Bridge is a wooden Allan Truss bridge over the Murrumbidgee River in Wagga Wagga New South Wales which opened to traffic on 11 November The Murrumbidgee River is a major river in the state of New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT Wagga Wagga The Wiradjuri (many other spellings see below are an Indigenous Australian group of central New South Wales. The Riverina is drained by the large Murray-Darling Basin. The Murray-Darling Basin is 3375km long drains one-seventh of the Australian land mass and is currently by far the most significant agricultural area in Australia Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams include Billabong Creek and the Edward River, an anabranch of the Murray. Billabong Creek is a creek in the Riverina region in New South Wales, Australia. The Edward River is a river in the south west Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. An anabranch is a section of a River or Stream that diverts from the main Watercourse channel (or mainstem) and rejoins the mainstem downstream Much of the water carried by these streams is diverted. In 2001–2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water runoff was diverted, 77% of which was used for irrigation. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops [5] ClimateThe Bureau of Meteorology classify the Riverina in the Hot Dry Zone (with cooler winters) climatic zone. The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Places in this zone can be very hot in the summer months while in the winter, nights can be very cold. [6] Mean daily maximum temperatures in the Riverina range from 31. 0 °C (87. 8 °F) in January and 12. 4 °C (54. 3 °F) in July in Wagga Wagga[7] to 33. Wagga Wagga 2 °C (91. 8 °F) in January and 14. 8 °C (58. 6 °F) in July in Hillston. Hillston is a township in western New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire, built on the banks of the Lachlan River. [8] Rainfall levels in the Riverina are generally low with the median annual rainfall over most of the region between 250–500 millimetres (mm), rising to between 500–800 mm on the eastern fringe. Rain generally falls in the winter in the southern Riverina and around Hay while in the north rainfall patterns are fairly consistent throughout the year. [9] Corowa, in the south eastern Riverina has an average rainfall of 539. Corowa is a town in the state of New South Wales in Australia. 4 millimetres (21. 2 in) per year[10] while mean annual rainfall at Hay is 367. Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia. 2 millimetres (14. 5 in). [11] Drought in 2006 has seen the lowest ever recorded rainfall in towns such as Lockhart, Tarcutta and Narrandera. Drought in Australia is defined as rainfall over a three month period being in the lowest Decile of what has been recorded for that region in the past Lockhart is a town of 950 people and Local Government Area in the Riverina Region of New South Wales, Australia. Tarcutta is a small town located 438km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway in New South Wales, Australia. Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. [12] Riverina bioregion |
 The Riverina bioregion. The Riverina bioregion covers much of the area commonly known as the Riverina but also takes in area as far south as Bendigo and as far north as Ivanhoe. The New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service has divided New South Wales into 17 distinct bioregions. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS is part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales Bioregions are quite large areas of land that capture a geophysical pattern which is linked to fauna and flora ecosystems. An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( The Riverina bioregion is an area of land that comprises part of the larger Riverina area but also extends into Victoria. An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " It has been defined by the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service as extending from Ivanhoe in the Murray Darling Depression Bioregion south to Bendigo, and from Narrandera in the east to Balranald in the west. Ivanhoe is small township on the Cobb Highway between the Lachlan and Darling rivers in New South Wales, Australia. Bendigo is a regional city in central Victoria Australia, located in the City of Greater Bendigo. Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. Balranald is a town and local government area (see Balranald Shire Council) in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia 74. 03% of the bioregion is in New South Wales, the remainder in Victoria. [13] River channels in the region support River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and River Cooba (Acacia stenophylla) communities. The River Red Gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis) is a tree of the genus Eucalyptus. Acacia stenophylla is a slow-growing tree that grows 4-10m tall Nearby higher areas contain Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) woodlands and a salt-tolerant grass, saltbush and daisy understorey. Eucalyptus largiflorens, or Black Box, is a species of Eucalyptus which is endemic to Australia. Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) occur along with Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on areas rarely subjected to flooding. Eucalyptus melliodora, commonly known as Yellow Box, is a medium sized to occasionally tall eucalypt. Eucalyptus microcarpa, or Grey Box, is a species of Eucalyptus which is endemic to Australia. Callitris columellaris is a species of Coniferous Tree in the family Cupressaceae (cypress family native to most of Australia The area away from the rivers often consists of treeless plains, consisting of various saltbush (Atriplex) species, Cotton Bush (Maireana aphylla) and varieties of Danthonia and Austrostipa native grasslands. Atriplex ( Á-tri-plex) is a plant Genus of 100-200 Species, known by the common names of saltbush and orache Maireana aphylla, also known as Cotton Bush or Leafless Bluebush, is a leafless (or almost leafless shrub which is endemic to Australia Danthonia is a Genus of Grass species Grasses of this genus are sometimes referred to as oatgrass, but that common name is not restricted Austrostipa is a Genus of Grass speciesThe genus includes Australasian species formerly included in the genus Stipa [14] Significant mammals endemic to forests in the bioregion include various species of glider, such as Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps), Feathertail Gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus) and Squirrel Gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) as well as Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) A wide variety of birdlife makes its home in wetlands in the Riverina, including many migratory species. The Sugar Glider ( Petaurus breviceps) is a small gliding Possum native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and The Feathertail Glider ( Acrobates pygmaeus) also known as the Pygmy Gliding Possum, Pygmy Glider, Pygmy Phalanger and Flying Mouse The Squirrel Glider ( Petaurus norfolcensis) is a Gliding mammal of the Marsupial family Petauridae. The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus is a thickset Arboreal Marsupial herbivore native to Australia, and the only extant Bird migration refers to the regular seasonal journeys undertaken by many species of Birds Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability Competition from introduced species and the effect of clearing, grazing and pasture improvement has led to a decline in the diversity of native flora and fauna in the area. [14] |
History
Aboriginal people are thought to have inhabited the Riverina for at least 40,000 years. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. [15][16] The Wiradjuri people were the original inhabitants of much of south western New South Wales including much of the Riverina region along the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan rivers. The Wiradjuri (many other spellings see below are an Indigenous Australian group of central New South Wales. [17] Other groups living along the Murrumbidgee included the Nari-Nari on the western plains where the towns of Hay and Balranald would later be founded[18] , the Mudi-Mudi, Gurendji and the Yida-Yida. The Nari-Nari are an Indigenous Australian group in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia. Balranald is a town and local government area (see Balranald Shire Council) in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia Along both sides of the Murray River lived the Yorta Yorta people inhabiting the area of the Riverina as far east as the present day city of Albury and as far north as the Finley and Deniliquin districts. The Yorta Yorta people are the Indigenous Australians who traditionally lived around the the junction of the Goulburn and Murray Rivers in present-day northeast [19] The Murray was also home to other groups such as the Bangerang, Baraba-Baraba, Wamba-Wamba, Wadi-Wadi and Dadi-Dadi communities. [15]
The rivers played a leading role in the lifestyle of the Aboriginal people, acting as a source of food and a means of communication and trade. Murray cod and shellfish were gathered for food and bark canoes were used for travel along the rivers. This article is about the Australian freshwater fish For other uses see Cod (disambiguation and Murray (disambiguation The Murray cod Scars on many trees alongside the rivers are evidence of this extensive use of canoes. In the summer it is likely that the Bangerang and Wiradjuri joined the Monaro groups in the Bogong moth feasts in the alpine country to the east[15]
Exploration and pastoral settlement
The first European explorer in the Riverina was John Oxley in 1817 following the Lachlan River to what is now the town of Booligal. This article is about the person For the Australian pilot ship see John Oxley (ship. See also 1816 in Australia, other events of 1817, 1818 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The Lachlan River is a significant River in central New South Wales, Australia. Booligal is a village in the Riverina area of western New South Wales (NSW Australia [15] Oxley was followed by Charles Sturt, who followed the Murrumbidgee downstream to Lake Alexandrina in South Australia between 1828–1831[20] and Major Thomas Mitchell in 1836 on his way to the Wimmera and the Western District. Captain Charles Napier Sturt (28 April 1795 – 16 June 1869 was an English explorer of Australia, part of the European Exploration of Australia Lake Alexandrina is a Lake in South Australia, Australia, adjacent to the coast of the Southern Ocean, about 100 kilometres south-east of South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country See also 1827 in Australia, other events of 1828, 1829 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. See also 1830 in Australia, other events of 1831, 1832 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. Major Sir Thomas Livingstons Mitchell ( June 16, 1792 -1855 surveyor and explorer of south-eastern Australia, was born at Grangemouth See also 1835 in Australia, other events of 1836, 1837 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The Wimmera is a region in the west of the Australian state of Victoria. The Western District is a region of Australia located in the south-west corner of the state of Victoria (Australia, extending to [21]
Pastoral settlement followed soon after, with grazing runs established along the Murray and Murrumbidgee as far west as Hay by 1839. See also 1838 in Australia, other events of 1839, 1840 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. At the time, the area was known as the Murrumbidgee District. The Murrumbidgee District was a district (also called a squatting district pastoral district or grazing district used in New South Wales in the nineteenth century Moulamein, in the western Riverina, appears to make legitimate claims as the oldest town in the Riverina,[22] and indeed to being older than Melbourne. Moulamein is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, in the Wakool Shire. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 [23] The settlers often came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants. In the Narrandera district, a battle took place between settlers and the local Narrungderra clan at a location now known as Massacre Island, reportedly leaving only one survivor. Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. [24]
Cattle raising was the major industry in the 1840s with sheep becoming predominant in the 1860s. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family [15] At this time many Victorians settled in the Riverina to breed sheep and cattle to feed the miners taking part in the Victorian Gold Rush. The Victorian Gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s The herds were considered inferior at first, but these pastures were good for stock, and the land which seemed a desert was actually good fattening country. [25] In the 1860s and 1870s, German settlers from the Barossa Valley travelled upstream to settle in the eastern Riverina. The Barossa Valley is a major wine-producing region and tourist destination of South Australia, located 60 km northeast of Adelaide. Because of their religious distinctiveness as Lutherans, they preferred to form clustered German settlements. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther In Australia, a number of German settlements in the Riverina were established in the late nineteenth century [26] In 1867 and 1868 several land parcels were taken up in the Jindera area. Jindera is a town in the central part of the Riverina and situated about 19 kilometres North from Albury and 32 kilometres south east from Walbundrie [27] 56 German farmers, in 1869, took six weeks to travel six hundred miles in covered wagons to establish the town of Walla Walla. Walla Walla is a town in Greater Hume Shire Council in New South Wales, Australia. [28] Nearby Holbrook was originally named Germantown after these settlers until changing its name in 1914 as a result of tensions caused by World War I. Holbrook World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [29]
The name "Riverine", coined from the Entre Ríos Province (between two rivers) in Argentina, South America, was in use as early as 1857: a long letter under the caption "Riverine Colony" appeared in the Albury Border Post of January 24 that year. Entre Ríos is a province of Argentina, located in the Mesopotamia region in the northeast of the country See also 1856 in Australia, other events of 1857, 1858 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. [25] The name was coined by Dunmore Lang who translated it from the Spanish. John Dunmore Lang ( 25 August 1799 &ndash 8 August 1878) Australian Presbyterian clergyman writer politician and activist was the [30]
Dunmore Lang was also involved with the short lived Riverina secession movement which was active in the 1860s. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity The movement was inspired by the success of the Victorian and Queensland secession movements and motivated by a desire to draw more public funds to the region and maintain the favourable land tenure the "squatter" pastoralists enjoyed. In Australian history ' squatter' referred to those who occupied large tracts of Crown land in order to graze Livestock. With the movement strongest in Deniliquin and Albury, Dunmore Lang, unrelated squatter and parliamentarian Gideon Lang and other influential pastoralists joined with local newspaper editors, George Mott and David Jones in the campaign. Deniliquin, known locally as "Deni" is a town and Local Government Area (see Deniliquin Council) in the Riverina region of New South Albury is a city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the Hume Highway on the northern side of the Murray River. Gideon Scott Lang (1819-1880 was a Scottish born Australian pastoralist who was a key figure in the pioneer settlement of Victoria, the Riverina [31] This culminated in presenting petitions to the Governor of New South Wales, Sir John Young and the Colonial Secretary, Edward Cardwell. The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, John Young 1st Baron Lisgar, GCB, GCMG, PC ( August 31, 1807 &ndash October 6, 1876) known as Sir John The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Edward Cardwell 1st Viscount Cardwell, PC ( 24 July 1813 &ndash 15 February 1886) was a prominent British Politician [31][32] Soon after the movement fell apart due to the differences between the squatters on one side and the small farmers and townspeople on the other causing its objectives to become obscured by other associated issues such as inter-colonial tariffs and rail links. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary [31]
Riverboats and railways
From 1853, the Riverina was linked to markets through a series of riverboats along the Murray and Murrumbidgee to the river ports of Mannum and Goolwa in South Australia[34][35] and from 1864, to Echuca connected by rail to Melbourne. See also 1850 in Australia, 1851 in Australia, 1852 in Australia,1853 in Australia other events of 1853, 1854 in Australia, and the A riverboat is Ship designed for Inland navigation. These vessels are usually less sturdy than ships built for the open seas with limited navigational and Mannum is a historic town on the west bank of the Murray River in South Australia, east of Adelaide. Goolwa is a historic river port on the Murray River near the Murray Mouth in South Australia, and joined by a bridge to Hindmarsh Island. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Echuca is a town located on the banks of the Murray River in Victoria, Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 [36] Riverboats reached as far upstream as Gundagai and Albury and towns such as Darlington Point, Narrandera and Moulamein became important river ports. Gundagai Albury is a city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the Hume Highway on the northern side of the Murray River. Darlington Point is a small Town on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River in the Riverina district of western New South Wales, Australia. [13][24][33][37] The riverboat era peaked in the twenty years from 1870-1890, declining with the coming of the railway and finally ending with the disruption to the workforce caused by World War I. [37]
From Melbourne, broad gauge railway lines opened to Deniliquin in 1876 and west to Moulamein and Balranald in 1926. Broad gauge Railways use a Rail gauge (distance between the rails greater than the Standard gauge of. Deniliquin, known locally as "Deni" is a town and Local Government Area (see Deniliquin Council) in the Riverina region of New South Moulamein is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, in the Wakool Shire. Balranald is a town and local government area (see Balranald Shire Council) in the Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia [36] The Moulamein–Balranald section closed in the 1980s. The main northeast line reached Wodonga in 1873, and was connected to Albury at a break-of-gauge in 1883. This article is about the V/Line service For the railway itself see North East railway line The Albury-Wodonga Line is a regional passenger With railways a break-of-gauge is where a line of one gauge meets a line of a different gauge The Melbourne-Shepparton railway line was extended to Tocumwal in 1908 and the Melbourne–Yarrawonga line was extended to Oaklands in 1938, both lines meeting standard gauge lines that were subsequently closed. The Shepparton line (also known as the Tocumwal line is a railway line in Victoria, Australia. Tocumwal is a town in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia in the Berrigan Shire Local Government Area, near Oaklands is a town in the Riverina district of southern New South Wales, Australia. Victorian Railways commenced construction of a railway from Robinvale to Koorakee and Lette in New South Wales in 1924, but this railway was never completed. See also Rail transport in Victoria The Victorian Railways operated railways in the Australian state of Victoria from 1859 to 1983 Robinvale is a town on the south bank of the Murray River in northern Victoria, Australia. The Murray River bridge between Robinvale and Euston was instead converted to a road bridge, which will be demolished when the new road bridge currently under construction is completed. Euston is a small town on the banks of the Murray River, southern New South Wales, Australia in Balranald Shire. A branch line was built from Kerang to Murrabit in 1924 and Stony Crossing (originally called Poonboon) in 1928 under an agreement with New South Wales. Murrabit is a town in north east Victoria, Australia. The town is located on the Murray River, from the state capital Melbourne and from Stony Crossing is a locality in the south western part of the Riverina. [38] No passenger services were carried on the section beyond Murrabit after 1932 and it was closed about 1943. [39]
Standard gauge rail services from Sydney came with the extension of the Main Southern railway line to Cootamundra and Junee in 1878 and the construction of the Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge in 1881[40] allowed the line to be extended past Wagga Wagga to Henty and Albury later that year. The standard gauge (also named the Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson, or Normal gauge) is a widely-used Rail gauge. The Main Southern Railway is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. Cootamundra is a town and Local Government Area in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia and within the Riverina Junee is a small town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge is located over the Murrumbidgee River in Wagga Wagga New South Wales. Henty is a small town on the Olympic Highway almost midway between Albury and Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, Australia. Albury is a city in New South Wales, Australia, located on the Hume Highway on the northern side of the Murray River. [41] A branch line was constructed to Temora in 1893 and extended to Barellan in 1908, Griffith in 1916 and Hillston in 1923. Temora is a town located in north east part of the Riverina area of New South Wales, 418 kilometres south west of the state capital Sydney. Barellan is a small town in Narrandera Shire in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Griffith is a city in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Hillston is a township in western New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire, built on the banks of the Lachlan River. [42] Further south, a branch line was completed from Junee to Narrandera in 1881 and extended to Hay by 1882. Junee is a small town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia. [43] Another branch pushed south from Narrandera toward the Victorian border reaching Jerilderie in 1884 and the Murray at Tocumwal in 1898. Jerilderie, New South Wales, Australia, is a town of 1790 people and a Local Government Area located in the southern Riverina region Tocumwal is a town in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia in the Berrigan Shire Local Government Area, near [44]
Bushrangers
Transport links assisted the development of the Riverina economy, at the same time areas of the region found themselves under threat from robbery and murder by various bushrangers. Bushrangers, or bush rangers, were Outlaws in the early years of the European settlement of Australia who had the survival skills necessary to use the Between 1862 and 1865, the eastern Riverina between Wagga Wagga and Albury saw the depredations of Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan. John Fuller (aka Daniel Morgan; 1830 - 9 April 1865) was an Australian Bushranger. Having previously been convicted of armed robbery, Morgan came to the attention to authorities in the Riverina when he bailed up a police magistrate, Henry Baylis, near Urana in 1863. Urana is a small town and Local government area (see Urana Shire Council) in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. In 1864, Morgan bailed up Round Hill station, a large sheep farm near Morven, killing a station hand. A sheep station is a large property ( station, the equivalent of a Ranch) in Australia or New Zealand whose main activity is the raising Morven is a small village about 7 kilometres West of Culcairn in the eastern Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia. Later that year, the bushranger shot dead a policeman in cold blood near Tumbarumba. Tumbarumba is a small town in New South Wales, Australia, about 500 km southwest of Sydney. The reward placed on his head reached £1,000 before, in April 1865, he was shot dead near Wangaratta, Victoria. Wangaratta is a cathedral city of about 15685 people in the northeast of Victoria Australia, about 230 km (150 mi from Melbourne along the [45]
The infamous Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly, made possibly his most daring raid in the Riverina, at Jerilderie in 1879. Edward "Ned" Kelly (3 June 1855 &ndash 11 November 1880 was an Australian Bushranger, and to some a Folk hero for his defiance of the colonial Jerilderie, New South Wales, Australia, is a town of 1790 people and a Local Government Area located in the southern Riverina region After riding overland from north east Victoria, Kelly and his gang in a brazen move captured two local policemen and stole their uniforms. Impersonating the police, they then proceeded to rob the Bank of New South Wales and hold the town captive for several days. This article is about the bank For the defunct airline see Western Pacific Airlines. While in Jerilderie, he sought to have his manifesto published, the famous Jerilderie letter, a rambling 8,000 word condemnation of the colonial administration in Victoria and specifically the treatment of the Irish. Irish Australians are the third largest Ethnic group in Australia, after Australian and English Being unable to find the local newspaper editor, he left the letter with a member of the bank staff and returned to Victoria £2,000 richer. [46]
Riverina and Federation
The close geographic and cultural ties between the Riverina and northern Victoria, combined with continuing frustration with inter colonial tariffs, made the Riverina a fertile area for ideas for uniting the various colonies in an Australian federation. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Berrigan is a Town located on the Riverina Highway in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South This would see the southern Riverina in particular take a leading role in bringing about federation.
Prior to federation, the various Australian colonies could, and often did, charge tariffs on goods from the other colonies, ostensibly for the protection of their domestic manufacturing industries, mainly based in the larger cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party For a border community such as the southern Riverina, these tariffs were a sore burden, making goods purchased from Melbourne, the closest large city, more expensive and reducing the competitiveness of these towns supplying the Melbourne and Adelaide markets. [47] In addition, crossing the border on the Murray River was a tiresome experience as each border crossing had customs posts inspecting goods and luggage to ensure all duty was paid and to reduce smuggling, a popular activity. [48] Another item of concern was the lack of adequate river crossings. Along the Riverina, the Murray was, and remains, part of New South Wales, who had no interest in assisting border residents to access goods and services in Victoria that may otherwise have been sourced from Sydney.
In the early 1890s, for mainly patriotic reasons, the Australian Natives Association helped establish the Federation League, a society dedicated to the creation of a federal nation. The Australian Natives' Association (ANA a Mutual society was founded in Melbourne, Australia in April 1871 [47] Following a series of addresses by the future Prime Minister, Edmund Barton to large crowds, some 15 League branches were established in the towns along the southern border. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Sir Edmund Barton, GCMG, QC (18 January 1849 – 7 January 1920 Australian politician and judge was the first Prime Minister of Australia and [48][49] One of these towns, Corowa, was the location for the first conference of the Australian Federation League in 1893. Corowa is a town in the state of New South Wales in Australia. At this conference, Dr John Quick, a delegate from Bendigo, proposed a resolution calling for the colonial legislatures to pass an act providing for the election of representatives to a convention to develop a federal constitution. Sir John Quick ( 14 April 1852 &ndash 17 June 1932) Australian Politician and Author, was the federal A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity This has been seen as the turning point in the push for Federation. The momentum generated from this point lead to a series of conventions and elections and finally, the inauguration of a federal constitution on 1 January 1901. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [47]
Irrigation and closer settlement
Large scale irrigation commenced with the establishment of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) in 1912 which diverted water from the Murrumbidgee River near Narrandera. The Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA is geographically located within the Riverina area of New South Wales was created to control and divert the flow of local river See also 1911 in Australia, other events of 1912, 1913 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. The River Murray Waters Agreement of 1915 allowed 26 weirs to be constructed with locks to provide permanent riverboat access to Echuca. See also 1914 in Australia, other events of 1915, 1916 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. WEIR (1430 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format When riverboat transport was no longer significant, the weirs supported irrigation. Irrigation in the region continued to develop with the construction of the Hume Dam between 1919 and 1931, the Burrinjuck Dam built in 1928 and Blowering Dam built in 1968. Lake Hume is an artificial Lake in Australia formed by the Hume Weir east of Albury-Wodonga on the Murray River just downstream of See also 1918 in Australia, other events of 1919, 1920 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. See also 1930 in Australia, other events of 1931, 1932 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. Burrinjuck Dam is a high concrete gravity dam on the Murrumbidgee River near Yass, New South Wales, Australia. See also 1927 in Australia, other events of 1928, 1929 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. BloweringDamWalljpg|thumb|Blowering Dam wall]] Blowering Dam is on the Tumut River in Australia. See also 1967 in Australia, other events of 1968, 1969 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. [15]
Development and promotion of the MIA led to large scale settlement on land described by Oxley 100 years earlier as "country which, for barrenness and desolation, can I think, have no equal. " Settlers came from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities. In particular, the Italian community prospered in the Area, owning nearly half of all the farms around Griffith by 1954. Italian Australians are one of the largest Ethnic groups in Australia. [50] Later, further irrigation was developed for areas in the Murray valley starting with the Wakool Irrigation District in 1932, then the Deniboota and Denimein Irrigation Districts in 1938, the Berriquin Irrigation District in 1939 and the Tullakool Irrigation Area in 1942. The Coleambally Irrigation Area, established in 1968, was the last of the major government-sponsored irrigation developments in New South Wales. [5]
Agriculture
The high soil fertility and abundance of water in the Riverina floodplain has made the Riverina region one of the most productive farming regions in Australia with rice, wheat, maize, canola, citrus and wine grapes being grown in the area. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Canola is a type of Edible oil derived from plants initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of This is a list of varieties of cultivated Grapes whether used for Wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried ( Raisin, currant, sultana The Riverina contains many irrigation schemes including the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. The Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA is geographically located within the Riverina area of New South Wales was created to control and divert the flow of local river 182,000 hectares are under irrigation in the region. [51]
For the first few decades following the 1830s, European pastoral activity focused in the main on cattle production but by the 1860s sheep were the predominant stock. [15]
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the region's agricultural and horticultural production was worth more than AUD 1 billion. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas The region produces:
- over 25% of the state's fruit and vegetables
- 90% of NSW citrus products
- 80% of NSW wine/grape production
- livestock feedlots, sales and processing facilities
- nearly 20% of all NSW crop production and two thirds of its total value. [51]
In 1991-92 sheep and lamb numbers in the region were close to 7 million and there were 500,000 meat cattle. [25]
Wool
Much of the dryland areas of the Riverina contain large sheep stations, producing medium class wool. Dryland farming is an Agricultural technique for cultivating land which receives little Rainfall. A sheep station is a large property ( station, the equivalent of a Ranch) in Australia or New Zealand whose main activity is the raising Wool classing is an occupation in which people are trained to produce uniform predictable low risk lines of Wool. The Peppin Merino sheep was first bred in the area around Wanganella. The Peppin Merino is a breed of Merino Sheep raised for its Wool, mostly in Australia. Wanganella is a village community on the Billabong Creek in New South Wales, Australia. As many as 70 percent of today’s Australian Merinos are said to be directly descended from the Peppin-developed sheep. [52] The Riverina is home to many Merino studs and the saltbush plains are regarded as one of Australia's best wool growing regions. [53]
Rice
The Riverina produces the vast majority of rice grown in Australia, particularly in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA), but also around the Finley, Coleambally and Deniliquin areas. The Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA is geographically located within the Riverina area of New South Wales was created to control and divert the flow of local river Finley is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Coleambally is a small town in the Riverina of New South Wales, Australia, in Murrumbidgee Shire. Deniliquin, known locally as "Deni" is a town and Local Government Area (see Deniliquin Council) in the Riverina region of New South [54] The first commercial rice crops in the Riverina were grown in the Leeton and Yanco district in 1924, expanding to Wakool during World War II, the Denimein and Deniboota Irrigation Areas in the 1950s and Coleambally and Finley in the 1960s. Wakool is a town in the western Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In recent years, rice is also grown in the Hay, Carrathool and Hillston areas. Carrathool is a village in the western Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, located in the Carrathool Shire. Hillston is a township in western New South Wales, Australia, in Carrathool Shire, built on the banks of the Lachlan River. [55]
Today, more than one million tonnes of Australian rice is produced each year and exported to over 70 countries, generating $ AUD 500 million in export income and supporting 63 towns in the Riverina and northern Victoria. The Australian dollar ( sign: $; code: AUD) is the Currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including Christmas [56] The headquarters of Ricegrowers Limited, who trade under the SunRice name,[57] is located in Leeton, Australia's rice capital. [58] Major rice mills are located in Leeton, Coleambally and the largest rice mill in the southern hemisphere in Deniliquin. [59]
Wine
- See also: New South Wales wine
.jpg/180px-Vineyard_-_Riverina_(1).jpg)
The Riverina region is one of the most prosperous grape growing regions in Australia, (particularly in Griffith) along with the Barossa Valley in South Australia. New South Wales wine is Australian wine produced in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Tumblong is a village community in the central east part of the Riverina and situated about 18 kilometres south east from Mundarlo and 25 kilometres north west The Barossa Valley is a major wine-producing region and tourist destination of South Australia, located 60 km northeast of Adelaide. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country The region grows 55% of varietal grapes in New South Wales and 15% of the total grape production within Australia and 80% of wine/grape production of New South Wales; the region is Australia's largest producer of wine. Over 50% of the Riverina's wine production is exported. As a producer of specialist wine grapes, its wine style of international importance is Botrytised Semillon and the outstanding speciality, made from these grapes is a Sauternes style dessert wine. Noble rot (French pourriture noble; German Edelfäule) is the benevolent form of a grey Fungus, Botrytis cinerea, affecting Sémillon is a golden-skinned Grape used to make dry and sweet white Wines most notably in France and Australia. Sauternes is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France. [51][60]
Irrigation made the growing of grapes for wine possible. The first grapes were planted at Hanwood in the spring of 1913 by John James McWilliam and his eldest son Jack who had come to the district from their winery in Junee. Hanwood is a town in the central Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. See also 1912 in Australia, other events of 1913, 1914 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. Irrigation was by carting of water until the irrigation channels were opened a few months later. The first grapes were picked in 1916 and sent to Junee for processing. Penfolds established their winery in the region in 1919. Penfolds is an Australian Wine producer founded in 1844 by Dr See also 1918 in Australia, other events of 1919, 1920 in Australia and the Timeline of Australian history. [25]
Cities, towns and settlements
At the 2001 census, the population of the Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector), consisting almost entirely of the Riverina, was 255,881, 2. The Australian census is administered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics every five years 9% of whom are indigenous and 7. 4% born outside Australia. Other than the United Kingdom and Ireland, the largest ethnic groups in the Riverina were Italians and Germans. Italian Australians are one of the largest Ethnic groups in Australia. German Australians constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, numbering 811540 or 4 [1]
The Riverina includes three cities; Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Wagga Wagga Albury-Wodonga is the broad settlement incorporating the twin Australian cities of Albury and Wodonga, which are separated geographically by the Murray Griffith is a city in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Other large towns include Leeton, Deniliquin, Cootamundra, Narrandera, Junee, and Hay. Leeton is a town and Local Government Area in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Deniliquin, known locally as "Deni" is a town and Local Government Area (see Deniliquin Council) in the Riverina region of New South Cootamundra is a town and Local Government Area in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia and within the Riverina Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. Junee is a small town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia.
Wagga Wagga is the largest inland city in New South Wales[62] and serves as an important employment, educational, cultural, social and entertainment centre for surrounding towns throughout the Riverina. Wagga Wagga's facilities are of metropolitan standards with shopping, cafes, recreational facilities and nightlife present within the city.
Albury offers similar facilities to Wagga Wagga to the far south of New South Wales and northern Victoria. The three largest centres in population in the region after Wagga Wagga and Albury are Griffith, Leeton and Deniliquin and they provide advanced services to the outlying farming regions. Griffith is a city in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Leeton is a town and Local Government Area in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Deniliquin, known locally as "Deni" is a town and Local Government Area (see Deniliquin Council) in the Riverina region of New South
Parts of the Riverina experienced substantial population growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s; in the five year period between 1996 and 2001, Griffith's population increased by 10. 8%. [63] Until recently Wagga Wagga's population was declining slowly and aging with strong growth in age groups 40 and over. [64] This has now changed and Wagga Wagga has become one of Australia's leading examples of the "sponge" city phenomenon, attracting residents from smaller towns in the Riverina such as Urana. Urana is a small town and Local government area (see Urana Shire Council) in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. In the year ended 2006-06-30, the population of Wagga Wagga grew by 1. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper 3%, driven by its role as the regional centre for the Riverina and its hosting of a campus of Charles Sturt University and Australian Defence Force bases. Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory The Australian Defence Force (ADF is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia [65]
Politics
The Riverina is represented at the federal level in two divisions of the Australian House of Representatives, the Division of Riverina,[66] covering the Murrumbidgee valley; and the Division of Farrer,[67] the area along the Murray River. The House of Representatives is one of the two houses (chambers of the Parliament of Australia; it is the Lower house, the Upper house being the Senate The Division of Riverina is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. The Division of Farrer is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. In 2007, Riverina is held by the National Party and Farrer by the Liberal Party, who, in coalition, are the official opposition parties. The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. At the state level, the electoral districts of Albury, Burrinjuck, Murrumbidgee, Murray-Darling and Wagga Wagga cover the Riverina region. Albury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, currently held by Gregory Aplin Burrinjuck is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Murrumbidgee is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after the Murrumbidgee Murray-Darling is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. Wagga Wagga is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. [68]
There are a range of Local Government authorities in the region, ranging from the cities of Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith to the very small (in population) shires of Urana, Conargo and Jerilderie. Local Government Area (abbreviated LGA) is a term used in Australia (and especially by the Australian Bureau of Statistics) to refer to areas controlled } City of Wagga Wagga is a Local Government Area in New South Wales, Australia, in southern New South Wales } Albury City is a Local Government Area (LGA in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The City of Griffith is a Local Government Area in south-western New South Wales, Australia. Urana Shire Council is a local government area in New South Wales, Australia in the Riverina region Conargo Shire Council is a local government area in New South Wales, Australia. } Jerilderie Shire is a local government area in New South Wales, Australia in the Riverina region These Councils are arranged into three groupings known as Regional Organisation of Councils (ROC)s, Murray ROC[69], Riverina ROC[70] and Riverina Eastern ROC[71] covering the entire region.
Facilities and services
Higher education in the Riverina is provided by Charles Sturt University (CSU), with campuses serving the Riverina in Albury and Wagga Wagga. Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory [72]. The university was established in 1989 with the amalgamation of the Albury and Wagga Wagga campuses of the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education with the Mitchell College of Advanced Education in Bathurst. Bathurst is a regional centre in the state of New South Wales, Australia approximately 200km west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council [73] CSU provides specialist services to the Riverina in areas such as viticulture and winemaking. Viticulture (from the Latin word for Vine) is the Science, production and study of Grapes which deals with the series of [74]
Other educational facilities in the region include the Riverina Institute of TAFE providing technical and vocational training at a number of campuses throughout the region. Riverina Institute is the group of TAFE NSW campuses that operate in Riverina and Sunraysia regions of New South Wales, Australia. Technical and Further Education or TAFE (pronounced) institutions provide a wide range of predominantly vocational tertiary education courses in Australia [75] Most larger centres have public high schools and most smaller centres are serviced by a public primary school. [76]
The health service in the Riverina is administered by Greater Southern Area Health Service, formed on 1 January 2005 with the amalgamation of the Greater Murray Area Health Service, servicing the Riverina and Southern Area Health Service, servicing areas east of the Great Dividing Range and south of Wollongong. Greater Southern Area Health Service, abbreviated GSAHS, was formed in January 2005 from the amalgamation of the former Greater Murray Area Health Service and Southern Area New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Great Dividing Range, also known as the Eastern Highlands, is Australia 's most substantial Mountain range. [77] Base Hospitals are located at Albury, Wagga Wagga and Griffith while Deniliquin, Hillston, Henty and Narrandera among others are home to regional hospitals. Henty is a small town on the Olympic Highway almost midway between Albury and Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, Australia. Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. [78]
Situated between the large cities of Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, the Riverina is a transportation hub. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a Major transportation links in the region include the Hume Highway, Newell Highway and Sturt Highway; all part of the Australian National Highway . The Hume Highway / Hume Freeway is one of Australia's most important and notable interstate Highways which runs for 880 km inland between Sydney and The Newell Highway is the longest highway in New South Wales, Australia. The Sturt Highway is an Australian Highway in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The National Highway (now part of the AusLink National Network) is a system of Roads connecting all the States and Territories of Australia Other highways include the Riverina Highway, Cobb Highway, Olympic Highway, Kidman Way, Irrigation Way and Burley Griffin Way. Riverina Highway is a highway in New South Wales, Australia. Westwards the highway stretches from Hume Weir, immediately east of Albury The Cobb Highway is a State Highway in western New South Wales, Australia. Olympic Highway is a New South Wales trunk road that links Cowra and Albury at a distance of 338 kilometres The Kidman Way is an important highway in New South Wales (NSW Australia, which is designated as State Highway 87. Irrigation Way is a major regional highway that runs approximately 88 kilometres through the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in south western New South Wales, Australia Burley Griffin Way is a New South Wales state route, is located in south eastern Australia.
CountryLink, a division of the New South Wales Rail Corporation, provide rail services to Griffith, Albury and Wagga Wagga with connecting buses reaching smaller communities. CountryLink is the operator of passenger rail services in country New South Wales, Australia and from New South Wales into Queensland and Victoria [79] V/Line provide services linking Griffith, Deniliquin and the towns along the Murray with public transport access to Melbourne. V/Line is a not for profit regional passenger train and coach service in Victoria, Australia. [80]
The Riverina is host to two major Australian Defence Force training facilities. The Australian Defence Force (ADF is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia The Army Recruit Training Centre is located at Kapooka, 9. Army Recruit Training Centre is the official name denoted by the Australian Army Department of Defence since December 1 1998 for its Recruit Training Centre situated at Kapooka is a suburb in the south west of Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. 5 kilometres south west of Wagga Wagga[81] and RAAF Base Wagga is the home of the RAAF Ground Training Wing base. RAAF Base Wagga (formerly RAAF Base Forest Hill is located in the New South Wales town of Wagga Wagga, in the suburb of Forest Hill. These bases along with a Royal Australian Navy Defence Communications Station play an integral role in the local economy. [51]
Sports
The Riverina is well known for the quality and range of its sports activity and many famous sportsmen and women have hailed from the Riverina. These include tennis champions Margaret Court and Evonne Goolagong; cricketers Mark Taylor, Geoff Lawson and Michael Slater; Rugby League players Peter Sterling and Laurie Daley; Australian rules footballers Haydn Bunton Senior, Paul Kelly and Wayne Carey; and jockeys Arthur "Scobie" Breasley and Roy Higgins. Margaret Jean Court AO MBE (born 16 July 1942 also known as Margaret Smith Court) is a retired former World No Evonne Fay Goolagong Cawley, AO, MBE (born 31 July 1951 in Griffith, New South Wales, Australia is a former World No Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Mark Anthony Taylor, AO (born 27 October 1964 in Leeton New South Wales; nicknamed "Tubby" or "Tubs" was an Australian Cricket There is more than one person called Geoff Lawson: Geoff Lawson (cricketer - Australian cricketer Geoff Lawson (designer - British car Michael Jonathon Slater (born 21 February 1970 Wagga Wagga New South Wales) is a former Australian Cricketer who played in 74 Tests and 42 ODIs History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Peter Maxwell John "Sterlo" Sterling OAM (born 16 June 1960 in Toowoomba Queensland) is an Australian Rugby league Laurie William Daley OA, (born 20 October 1969 in Junee New South Wales) is an Australian Rugby league football commentator and former Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players Haydn William Bunton (5 July 1911 &ndash 5 September 1955 was an Australian rules football player Paul Kelly (born 28 July 1969 is a champion Australian rules footballer winning the Brownlow Medal and serving as captain of the Sydney Swans for ten seasons Wayne Carey (born 27 May 1971 is a former Australian rules football player who played for North Adelaide in the SANFL, before joining Australian Football Arthur Edward "Scobie" Breasley ( 7 May 1914 - 21 December 2006) was an Australian Jockey, the winner of the Roy Henry Higgins MBE (born June 5, 1938 in Koondrook Victoria) is a former Australian jockey who rode in the late
The "Wagga Effect" is a term that has been used frequently in the Australian media to describe the disproportionately large number of elite sportsmen and women that originate from the town. [82] It is speculated that the phenomenon may arise in rural areas where the population is large enough to sustain the presence of a large number of sporting codes, but small enough to ensure that talented individuals are exposed to adult-level competition at an earlier age.
Unusually for New South Wales, Australian rules football is quite popular as the Riverina is south of the Barassi Line, and there are many clubs and leagues in the district, including the Riverina Football League, Farrer Football League, Hume Football League and Coreen & District Football League. Australian (rules football, or simply known as football, footy or Aussie rules, is a Team sport played between two teams of 18 players The Barassi Line is an imaginary line that runs from Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, down through Birdsville Queensland, through southern The Riverina Football League is an Australian rules football competition containing eight clubs in the Riverina region of New South Wales. Current clubs Northern Jets ( Ardlethan - Ariah Park - Mirrool) Collingullie - Ashmont - Kapooka. History Prior to the formation of the Hume FL various football associations and leagues had been organised in the southern Riverina area since the late 19th century including the Former Clubs Blighty Buraja Coreen Swans Coreen/Daysdale Saints Daysdale Magpies Hopefield Hopefield/Buraja In addition, many clubs along the border play in Victorian leagues such as the Ovens & Murray Football League, Murray Football League, Picola & District Football League and the Golden Rivers Football League. Current Clubs History Beginnings The league began as the Ovens & Murray Football Association in the 1900s although it was interrupted by World History The Murray Football League (MFL was established in 1931 with clubs from the communities of Barooga, Cobram, Muckatah Numurkah Former Clubs Barmah Football Club Barmah Federals Football Club Barooga Football Club Kotupna [83]
In the northern part of the Riverina, Rugby League and Rugby Union are both strong. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Rugby League competitions in the district include Group 9, Group 17 and Group 20 Rugby League. Group 9 is a Rugby league competition in New South Wales, Australia based around the surrounding Group 17 is a Rugby league competition in the lower Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, run under the auspices of the Country Group 20 is a Rugby league competition held in the Riverina region of New South Wales. [84] Teams from Corowa and Finley play in the Goulburn Murray Rugby League. Corowa is a town in the state of New South Wales in Australia. Finley is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The Victorian Rugby League is responsible for administering the game of Rugby league in the Australian state of Victoria. [85] Rugby Union in the district is run by the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union, with clubs from Albury, Wagga Wagga, Temora and Hay competing in the Southern Inland Rugby Union. The ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union is the governing body for Rugby union in the Australian Capital Territory and southern regions of New South Wales. Temora is a town located in north east part of the Riverina area of New South Wales, 418 kilometres south west of the state capital Sydney. [86]
Other popular sports in the Riverina include bowls, cricket, netball, tennis and horse racing. Bowls (also known as Lawn Bowls or Lawn Bowling) is a precision Sport in which the goal is to roll slightly radially asymmetrical Balls Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Netball is a non-contact team Sport similar to and derived from Basketball. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. The Riverina is home to many racecourses and picnic race meetings are held regularly at places such as Corowa, Berrigan, Carrathool, Tumut and Lockhart. Berrigan is a Town located on the Riverina Highway in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Carrathool is a village in the western Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, located in the Carrathool Shire. Tumut Lockhart is a town of 950 people and Local Government Area in the Riverina Region of New South Wales, Australia. [87]
Culture
The Riverina was the setting for some of Australia's great artistic and literary works of the 19th and early 20th century. Most of these works reflected the rural lifestyle and agricultural pursuits common in the Riverina at that time and projected an image of Australia and Australians that would later change rapidly.
The writer Joseph Furphy worked as a bullocky for 10 years in the area around Hay from 1872. Joseph Furphy ( 26 September 1843 – 13 September 1912) is widely regarded as the "Father of the Australian Novel A bullocky is an Australian English term for the driver of a bullock team Hay is a town in the western Riverina region of south western New South Wales (NSW Australia. [88] Later, using the pen name Tom Collins, Furphy wrote Such is Life set in the Riverina during the drought and depression of the 1890s and drawing on his experiences as a bullocky. A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a Pseudonym adopted by an Author or their publishers to conceal their identity A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Although a slow seller, the novel was described as "fitted to become an Australian classic" by A. G. Stephens, the literary critic of The Bulletin. The Bulletin is a discontinued Australian weekly Magazine that was published in Sydney from 1880 until January 2008 [89]
Published in 1921, Around the Boree Log and Other Verses was written by Patrick Joseph Hartigan, under the pen name John O'Brien. Monsignor Patrick Joseph Hartigan ( 13 October 1878 - 27 December 1952) was an Australian Roman Catholic Priest A Roman Catholic priest, after early stints at Thurgoona and Berrigan, in 1917 Hartigan was appointed as the parish priest of Narrandera where he stayed until 1944. Thurgoona is an outer suburb of the regional city of Albury in southern New South Wales, Australia. Berrigan is a Town located on the Riverina Highway in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Narrandera is a town and Local Government Area (see Narrandera Shire Council) in southern New South Wales, Australia. His poems recorded the everyday lives and mateship of the people of the Riverina. His friend and well known poet C. J. Dennis hailed them in the Bulletin as in 'the direct Lawson-Paterson line mainly—unaffected talk about Australians, much as they would naturally talk about themselves'. Clarence Michael James Stanislaus Dennis, better known as C J The Bulletin is a discontinued Australian weekly Magazine that was published in Sydney from 1880 until January 2008 Henry Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922 was an Australian writer and poet Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson (17 February 1864 – 5 February 1941 was a famous Australian Bush poet, journalist and author Around the Boree Log ran to five editions and 18,000 copies by 1926. [90]
The artist and key member of the Heidelberg School, Tom Roberts spent some time on a sheep station near Brocklesby prior to and during the painting of his most celebrated artwork, Shearing the Rams. The Heidelberg School was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century Thomas William Roberts ( 9 March 1856 &ndash 14 September 1931) usually known simply as Tom was a famous Australian artist and a key A sheep station is a large property ( station, the equivalent of a Ranch) in Australia or New Zealand whose main activity is the raising Brocklesby is a small village situated 45 kilometres north west of Albury and 76 kilometres west of Holbrook in Greater Hume Shire Council in the [91] The painting was criticised in its time for the depiction of strong manual labour rather than the common "high art" themes of the day. It is seen now as reflecting Australia's largest industry at the time and the work of ordinary Australians. The painting is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria. The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne Australia. [92]
Scots of the Riverina, a poem written by one of Australia's most renowned writers, Henry Lawson, is set in Gundagai. Scots of the Riverina is an Australian bush poem by Henry Lawson. Henry Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922 was an Australian writer and poet Gundagai [93] The poem describes a father's anger at his son's desertion at harvest time and later his grief when the son dies in battle in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Today, major cultural institutions in the Riverina include the Museum of the Riverina, the Riverina Theatre Company and the Wagga Wagga Art Gallery, all located in the regional centre of Wagga Wagga with outreach to the smaller towns. The Museum of the Riverina is a local history museum in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. Many regional towns including Hay, Deniliquin and Gundagai house museums of significant regional interest. The HotHouse Theatre group, based in Albury takes live theatre to small towns throughout the Riverina. [94] The tiny town of Morundah holds an annual night at the opera, hosting performances by OzOpera and the Victorian Opera. Morundah is a small town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Victorian Opera is an Opera company based in Melbourne Victoria, Australia [95] Popular music groups from the Riverina include one of Australia's most distinctive and popular bands of the '90s and 2000s, Spiderbait who come from the southern Riverina town of Finley. Spiderbait is an Australian Rock band who have had two top ten albums and another three albums reach the Australian top 40 Finley is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. [96]
See also
References
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (19 November 2002). This is a list of regions in Australia that are not Australian states or territories. The Australian wine industry is the fourth-largest exporter in the world exporting over 400 million litres a year to a large international export market that includes "old world" The Diocese of Riverina is one of 23 dioceses that make the Anglican Church of Australia The Australian Bureau of Statistics ( ABS) is Australia 's national statistical agency. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Community Profile Series : Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector). 2001 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved on 2007-06-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. The Murray-Murrumbidgee (Statistical Region Sector) also includes Wentworth Shire, outside the Riverina as described in this article and doesn't include some small towns in Bland Shire, included in this article. The effect of removing Wentworth and adding the small towns is negligible. A list detailing the make up of the ABS Statistical Regions can be found here.
- ^ Riverina Region Map (pdf)
- ^ a b c Riverina - Landform. National Parks and Wildlife Service. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS is part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Riverina Western Regional Assessment. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ a b Meyer, Wayne (2005). The Irrigation Industry in the Murray and Murrumbidgee Basins (PDF). CRC for Irrigation Futures Technical Report No. 03/05. CRC for Irrigation Futures. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Hot Dry Zone (with cooler winter). Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for WAGGA WAGGA RESEARCH CENTRE. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for HILLSTON AIRPORT. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Seasonal rainfall zones of Australia. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for COROWA AIRPORT. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Climate Averages for Australian Sites - Averages for HAY (MILLER STREET). Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ New South Wales in 2006:El Niño brings an exceptionally hot and very dry year. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). The Bureau of Meteorology is an Executive Agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ a b Riverina bioregion. Bioregions of NSW. National Parks and Wildlife Service. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS is part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales Retrieved on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
- ^ a b Riverina - Biodiversity. Bioregions of NSW. |National Parks and Wildlife Service, National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales)|. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS is part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ a b c d e f g Riverina - regional history. Riverina bioregion. National Parks and Wildlife Service. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS is part of the Department of Environment and Climate Change - the main government conservation agency in New South Wales Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Eardley, Karen (1999). A Foundation for Conservation in the Riverina Bioregion (pdf (154 pages)). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Retrieved on 2007-11-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Note Eardley in turn relies on Hope, J. (1995) Aboriginal Burial Conservation in the Murray-Darling Basin. Historic Environment. Vol. 11(2&3), p. 57 - 60. for section 5. 4 Settlement and Land Use (page 22) which covers Aboriginal settlement.
- ^ Mary Coe, in her book Windradyne: A Wiradjuri Koori quoted at page 4 in Patrick, Kathy; Samantha Simmons (1994). Australian Museum's Aboriginal Collections: Wiradjuri (pdf: 39 pages). Australian Museum. The Australian Museum is the oldest Museum in Australia, with an international reputation in the fields of Natural history and Anthropology. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Aboriginal heritage - the Nari-Nari tribe. Make Hay Shine!. Hay Tourism & Development Inc. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Haslem, Benjamin; Schubert, Misha; Rintoul, Stuart (2002). Clark claims genocide on ruling. Herald and Weekly Times - as found on the official website of the European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Sturt, Charles (2004). Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ Mitchell, Thomas (2004). [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12928/12928-h/12928-h.htm Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia, Vol 2]. Project Gutenburg. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Geographical Names Board of NSW
- ^ Old Court House Moulamein. History and Local Attractions. Council of the Shire of Wakool (2006). Wakool Shire is a Local Government Area located between the Murray River and the Murrumbidgee River and on the Sturt Highway. Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ a b History of Narrandera. Narrandera Shire Council (2005). Narrandera Shire is a local government area in New South Wales, Australia in the Riverina region Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ a b c d Riverina History & Data. Riverina Wine Grape Growers. Retrieved on 2007-01-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
- ^ Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2007) Mapping the German Footprint in the Riverina in 1884. Dr Dirk HR Spennemann is Associate Professor in Cultural Heritage Management at the School of Environmental Sciences Charles Sturt University in Albury, Australia Studies in German Colonial Heritage (ISSN 1834-7797) nº 2, pp. 1-9
- ^ Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2007) A Baunscheidt Homeopathic Medicine Kit in the Jindera Pioneer Museum. Dr Dirk HR Spennemann is Associate Professor in Cultural Heritage Management at the School of Environmental Sciences Charles Sturt University in Albury, Australia Studies in German Colonial Heritage (ISSN 1834-7797) nº 4, pp. 1-87
- ^ About Greater Hume - Walla Walla. Greater Hume Shire Council. } Greater Hume Shire Council is a Local Government Area (LGA of New South Wales, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Walkabout - Holbrook. Fairfax. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Brown, A. J. (2005). The Constitution We Were Meant To Have: Re-examining the origins and strength of Australia’s unitary political traditions (pdf). Department of the Senate Occasional Lecture Series. Australian Senate. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ a b c Hogg, Robert (2004). API Review of Books. Review:Leighton Frappell, Lords of the Saltbush Plains: Frontier Squatters and the Pastoral Independence Movement 1865-1866. Australian Public Intellectual Network. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Independence for the Riverina - Sydney Morning Herald 8 May 1862. The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH) is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Hugh Capel's Australian History Pages: Nothing after 1901. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ a b Moulamein Wharf. Council of the Shire of Wakool. Wakool Shire is a Local Government Area located between the Murray River and the Murrumbidgee River and on the Sturt Highway. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
- ^ Walkabout Australian Travel Guide - Mannum. Fairfax. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Walkabout Australian Travel Guide - Goolwa. Fairfax. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ a b Important VR dates. Mark Bau's VR Website. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ a b History of the Swan Hill Riverboats:May 2000 Feature. Swan Hill Genealogical & Historical Society Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Border Railways Act 1922. Australian Australasian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on 2006-06-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Poonboon. Australian Association of Time Table Collectors. Retrieved on 2006-06-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ Murrumbidgee River Rail Bridge, Wagga Wagga, NSW. Australian Heritage Database. Department of the Environment and Heritage. The Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA formerly the Department of the Environment and Water Resources (DEWR is a department of the Australian Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Main South Line. www. nswrail. net. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Temora - Roto Line. www. nswrail. net. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Hay Branch. www. nswrail. net. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Tocumwal Branch. www. nswrail. net. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ McQuilton, John. Morgan, Daniel (Dan) (c. 1830 - 1865). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public Research university situated in Canberra, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
- ^ Ned Kelly - Jerilderie. Crime Library. Courtroom Television Network LLC. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
- ^ a b c Federation: An ANA Perspective. Australian Unity. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
- ^ a b Costello, Peter (2001). Peter Howard Costello (born 14 August 1957 is an Australian politician Speech - Oddfellows Hall, Corowa. Saturday, 28 July 2001. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
- ^ Edmund Barton. Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France.
- ^ The city of Griffith - Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. Griffith Geneological and Historical Society. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ a b c d Riverina - food basket of Australia. Regions of NSW. New South Wales Department of State and Regional Development. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Australian Wool Innovation - Sheep breeds in Australia. Retrieved 31 October 2007
- ^ Agriculture in the Hay district. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
- ^ The Australian Rice Growing Region. SunRice. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ Information sheet: History of rice in Australia. Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ Rice Facts. Ricegrowers Association of Australia Inc. . Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ About SunRice. Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ SunRice Address Book. Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ SunRice Deniliquin. Ricegrowers Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ Riverina, New South Wales. Wine Regions. Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation (2005). The Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation, or AWBC, is an Australian Government authority that promotes and regulates the Australian Wine Retrieved on 2007-01-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign
- ^ Travel - Culcairn. Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald ( SMH) is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia Retrieved on 2007-01-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ As at the 2001 census, Wagga Wagga is the 28th in the 50 largest Urban Centres by population as per Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016. This list of Australian cities by population briefly explains the three different population figures given for Australian cities and provides rankings for each 0 - Census of Population and Housing: Selected Characteristics for Urban Centres, Australia, 2001. Web access. Although Albury-Wodonga has a larger population, it of course includes the Victorian city of Wodonga. The population of Albury in 2001 was 42,438 which is less than Wagga's figure of 44,272. There are no other inland NSW cities ranked higher on the list.
- ^ Griffith Regional Profile. Riverina Regional Development Board. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Wagga Wagga Regional Profile. Riverina Regional Development Board. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Rowe, Tim. "Wagga is the leading sponge city", The Daily Advertiser, 2007-03-02. The Daily Advertiser is the regional newspaper which services Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia and much of the surrounding region Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
- ^ Riverina. Australian Electoral Commission. The Australian Electoral Commission, or the AEC is the federal government agency in charge of organising and supervising federal elections and referendums Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Farrer. Australian Electoral Commission. The Australian Electoral Commission, or the AEC is the federal government agency in charge of organising and supervising federal elections and referendums Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ New South Wales Index Map (gif). New South Wales Electoral Commission. The New South Wales Electoral Commission is the agency of the Government of New South Wales in charge of organising and supervising state and local elections in New South Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Murray Regional Organisation of Councils. Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Riverina Regional Organisation of Councils. Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Riverina Eastern Regional Organisation of Councils. Australian Local Government Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ Charles Sturt University - Campuses. Official website. Charles Sturt University. Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Retrieved on 2007-01-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign
- ^ Regional Archives:History of Charles Sturt University. Charles Sturt University. Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ New small scale winery to show the way to wine industry. Charles Sturt University (2007). Charles Sturt University ( CSU) is an Australian multi-campus University in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Retrieved on 2007-01-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain
- ^ Riverina Institute of TAFE–Campuses. Riverina Institute of TAFE. Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
- ^ School Locator. New South Wales Department of Education and Training. . Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
- ^ About Greater Southern Area Health Service Health. NSW Health. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Greater Southern Area Health Service - Services and Contact Details. NSW Health. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ CountryLink:Network Map. Rail Corporation New South Wales. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Travelling with V/Line. V/Line Passenger Pty Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Army Recruit Training Centre - Location. [[Department of Defence (Australia)|]]. Retrieved on 2007-02-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Farley, Edwina. "Sports stars more likely to come from the bush", ABC Rural, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2005-11-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Retrieved on 2007-01-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Senior Leagues and Clubs. AFL NSW/ACT. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Country Rugby League Competitions. New South Wales Country Rugby League. The New South Wales Country Rugby League (NSWCRL formed in 1934, is the governing body for the sport of rugby league in areas of New Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Shield icons in the Riverina area of the map follow through to the individual league pages
- ^ GMRL Clubs. Goulburn Murray Rugby League. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Official website. Southern Inland Rugby Union. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Clubs - Southern District. Racing NSW. Retrieved on 2007-01-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher.
- ^ Clark, Manning. Charles Manning Hope Clark AC Furphy, Joseph (Tom Collins) (1843 - 1912). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Online Edition. Australian National University. The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public Research university situated in Canberra, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Michael, McGirr. "Celebrating the original larrikin", The Age, 2003-07-26. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Retrieved on 2007-02-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio
- ^ Walsh, G. P. (1983). Patrick John Hartigan. Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition,. Australian National University. The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public Research university situated in Canberra, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ The Artists - Tom Roberts. Artist's footsteps. Countrytowns Productions Pty Ltd. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Shearing the rams, Tom ROBERTS. National Gallery of Victoria. The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Matthews, Brian (1986). Lawson, Henry (1867 - 1922). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public Research university situated in Canberra, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ HotHouse Theatre - Touring. Retrieved 19 January 2007. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Victorian Opera To Perform in Morundah in 2007. Urana Shire Council. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ allmusic - Spiderbait. All Media Guide. Retrieved on 2007-02-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
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