A river is a natural stream of water, usually freshwater, flowing toward the ocean, a lake, or another stream. A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the In some cases a river flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Usually larger streams are called rivers while smaller streams are called creeks, brooks, rivulets, rills, and many other terms, but there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek,[1] but this is not always the case. [2]
A river is a component of the water cycle. The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above The water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge (as seen at baseflow conditions / during periods of lack of precipitation) and release of stored water in natural reservoirs, such as a glacier. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.
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Origins of river water
A river may have its source in a spring, lake, from damp, boggy landscapes where the soil is waterlogged, from glacial melt, or from surface runoff of precipitation. The Tambo River is a river in Gippsland Victoria Australia The Tambo River begins in the Australian Alps then flows into the Lake King which is also at Gippsland Victoria in Australia Grosse Scheidegg (el 1961 m is a high Mountain pass in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland, connecting Grindelwald and A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Waterlogging is a verbal noun meaning the saturation of such as ground or the filling of such as a Boat with Water. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Almost all rivers are joined by other rivers and streams termed tributaries, the highest of which are known as headwaters. A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river Water may also originate from groundwater sources. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Throughout the course of the river, the total volume transported downstream will often be a combination of the free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain (called the hyporheic zone). The hyporheic zone is a region beneath and lateral to a Stream bed, where there is mixing of shallow Groundwater and Surface water. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow.
From their source, rivers flow downhill, typically terminating in a sea or in a lake, through a confluence. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. Confluence, in Geography, describes the meeting of two or more Bodies of water. In arid areas rivers sometimes end by losing water to evaporation. In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e River water may also infiltrate into the soil or pervious rock, where it becomes groundwater. Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the Soil. Permeability in the Earth sciences (commonly symbolized as κ, or k) is a measure of the ability of a material (typically a rock or unconsolidated Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Excessive abstraction of water for use in industry, irrigation, etc. Water abstraction, or water extraction, is the process of taking Water from any source either temporarily or permanently , can also cause a river to dry before reaching its natural terminus.
The mouth, or lower end, of a river is known as its base level. The base level of a River or Stream is the lowest point to which it can flow often referred to as the 'mouth' of the river The area drained by a river and its canals is called catchment, catchment basin, drainage basin or watershed. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The term "watershed" is also used to mean a boundary between catchments, which is also called a water divide, or in some , continental divide. A drainage divide, water divide, divide or (outside North America) watershed is the line separating neighbouring Drainage basins A continental divide is a line of elevated Terrain which forms a border between two watersheds such that Water falling on one side of the line eventually
Topography
The water in a river is usually confined to a channel, made up of a stream bed between banks. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Physical geography, a channel is the physical confine of a River, slough or ocean Strait consisting of a bed and banks A stream bed is the channel bottom of a Stream or River or creek the physical confine of the normal water flow A stream bed is the channel bottom of a Stream or River or creek the physical confine of the normal water flow In larger rivers there is also a wider flood-plain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and flood-plain can be blurred especially in urban areas where the flood-plain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing and industry.
The river channel itself typically contains a single stream of water but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water, producing a braided river. Not to be confused with the River Braid Ballymena, Northern Ireland. Extensive braided rivers are found in only a few regions worldwide, such as the South Island of New Zealand. They also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. A peneplain is the final stage in Fluvial or stream Erosion. After the streams in an area have reached Base level, lateral erosion Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers. They have multiple sinuous channels carrying large volumes of sediment. Due to the dynamics of this type of system, they are also quite rare.
A river flowing in its channel is a source of energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. According to Brahm's law (sometimes called Airy's law), the mass of objects that may be flown away by a river is proportional to the sixth power of the river flow speed. Thus, when the speed of flow increases two times, it can transport 64 times larger (i. e. more massive) objects. [3] In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where the river may flow over flatter land, loops (meanders) may form through eroding of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse also known as an oxbow loop or simply an Oxbow. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake water body formed when a wide Meander from the mainstem of a River is cut off to create a lake Billabong is an Australian English word meaning a smallish lake specifically an Oxbow lake, a stagnant pool of Water attached to a waterway Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous deltas at their mouths, if conditions permit. Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river Rivers, whose mouths are in saline tidal waters, may form estuaries. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Although the following classes are a useful way to visualize rivers, there are many other factors at work. Gradient is controlled largely by tectonics, but discharge is controlled largely by climate and sediment load is controlled by various factors including climate, geology in the headwaters, and the stream gradient.
- Youthful river – a river with a steep gradient that has very few tributaries and flows quickly. Its channels erode deeper rather than wider. (Examples: Brazos River, Trinity River, Ebro River)
- Mature river – a river with a gradient that is less steep than those of youthful rivers and flows more slowly than youthful rivers. The Brazos River, called the Rio de los Brazos de Dios by early Spanish explorers (translated as "The River of the Arms of God" is the 11th longest river in the The Trinity River is the longest tributary of the Klamath River, approximately long in northwestern California in the United States. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) A mature river is fed by many tributaries and has more discharge than a youthful river. Its channels erode wider rather than deeper. (Examples: Mississippi River, St. Lawrence River, Danube River, Ohio River, River Thames)
- Old river – a river with a low gradient and low erosive energy. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Old rivers are characterized by flood plains. (Examples: Huang He River, Ganges River, Tigris, Euphrates River, Indus River, Nile River)
- Rejuvenated river – a river with a gradient that is raised by tectonic uplift. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River This article discusses the geologic usage for the philosophical or architectural usage see Architectonics ' Or see Plate tectonics.
The straight-line distance from the beginning to the end of most rivers is about one third their actual length. [4][5]
The way which a river's characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river is summarized by the Bradshaw model. The Bradshaw Model is a geographical model which describes how a river's characteristics vary between the Upper course and Lower course of a River.
Other types of rivers
Most rivers flow on the surface, however subterranean rivers flow underground in caves or caverns. A subterranean river is a River that runs beneath the ground surface A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter Such rivers can be found in remote regions like Antarctica with limestone geologic formations. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3
An intermittent river (or ephemeral river) only flows occasionally and can be dry for several years at a time. Ephemeral things (from Greek εφήμερος - ephemeros, literally "lasting only one day" are transitory existing only briefly These rivers are found in regions with limited or highly variable rainfall, or can occur due to geologic conditions such as having a highly permeable river bed.
Use of rivers
Rivers have been used as a source of water, for food, for transport, as a defensive barrier, as a source of power to drive machinery, and as a means of disposing of waste.
For thousands of years rivers have been used for navigation (The earliest evidence of navigation is found in the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in north-western India around 3300 BC). The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Riverine navigation provides the cheapest means of transport and is still used extensively on major rivers of the world like the Ganges, the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Indus. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd
In some highly-forested regions like Scandinavia and Canada, lumberjacks use the river to float felled trees downstream to lumber camps for further processing, saving much effort and cost by transporting the huge heavy logs by natural means. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page A lumberjack or logger is a man who harvests lumber The term lumberjack is somewhat archaic having been mostly replaced by logger.
Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history. Apart from being a rich source of fish, rivers indirectly aid cultivation by supplying water for the crops. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Rivers sustain their own food chain. Food chains, also called food networks and/or trophic networks, describe the feeding relationships between species within an Ecosystem. They are a major source of fresh water, hence, it is no surprise to find most of the major cities of the world situated on the banks of rivers. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Rivers also provide an easy means of disposing of waste.
The rocks and gravel generated and moved by rivers are used in construction. The beauty of rivers and their surroundings contributes to tourist income.
In upland rivers, rapids with whitewater or even waterfalls occur. RAPID is an acronym for Rural Address Property IDentification a scheme instituted in New Zealand to assist emergency services in identifying and locating rural properties Whitewater is formed in a Rapid, when a River 's gradient drops enough to disturb its Laminar flow and create Turbulence, i A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water often in the form of a Stream, flowing over an Erosion -resistant rock Rapids are often used for recreational purposes (see whitewater kayaking). Whitewater kayaking is the sport of paddling a Kayak on a moving body of water typically a Whitewater river Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are harnessed as sources of energy, via watermills and hydroelectric plants. This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water
Rivers have been important in determining political boundaries and defending countries. For example, the Danube was a longstanding border of the Roman Empire, and today forms most of the border between Bulgaria and Romania. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Mississippi in North America, and the Rhine in Europe, are major east-west boundaries in those continents. The Orange and Limpopo Rivers in Southern Africa form the boundaries between provinces and countries along their routes. The Orange River ( Afrikaans / Dutch: Oranjerivier) Gariep River, Groote River or Senqu River is the longest river in The Limpopo River rises in central southern Africa, and flows generally eastwards to the Indian Ocean.
Rivers help to determine the urban form of cities and neighbourhoods and their corridors often present opportunities for urban renewal through the development of foreshoreways such as Riverwalks. Urban design concerns the arrangement appearance and functionality of towns and cities and in particular the shaping and uses of urban Public space. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U A Foreshoreway is a public Right of way along the edge of a Waterbody.
The noted Greek historian Megasthenes (350BC-290BC) mentions about River Ganga several times in his work Indika: "India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης ca 350 BC - 290 BC was a Greek traveller and Geographer. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent Now this river, which at its source is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants. " (Diodorus II. 37. )
Biology
The flora and fauna of rivers use the aquatic habitats available, from torrential waterfalls through to lowland mires. An aquatic ecosystem is an Ecosystem located in water bodies. In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all Fauna is all of the Animal life of any particular region or time A waterfall is usually a geological formation resulting from water often in the form of a Stream, flowing over an Erosion -resistant rock Although many organisms are restricted to the fresh-water in rivers, some, such as Salmon and Hilsa have adapted to be able to survive both in rivers and in the sea. Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. Hilsa (ইিলশ Ilish) is the national fish of Bangladesh, also popular in India 's Assamese - Bengali - and Oriya
Flooding
Flooding is a natural part of a river's cycle. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge The majority of the erosion of river channels and the erosion and deposition on the associated floodplains occur during flood stage. ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a Stream or River that experiences occasional or periodic Human activity, however, has upset the natural way flooding occurs by walling off rivers, straightening their courses and by draining of natural wetlands. A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog
Direction of flow
Some people think that most rivers flow from north to south. [6][7] Rivers in fact flow downhill regardless of direction, often in a complex meandering path involving all directions of the compass. A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse also known as an oxbow loop or simply an Oxbow. [8][9][10]
Few major rivers in the continental US flow north, as most of the country is located in the watershed of the Pacific or Atlantic oceans or the Gulf of Mexico, with very few rivers flowing northward toward the Arctic Ocean, Great Lakes, or Hudson Bay. However, thousands of north-flowing rivers exist elsewhere, including such major watercourses as the Nile, Mackenzie, Rhine, Yenisei, Nelson, and Lena. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Mackenzie River (Fleuve Mackenzie originates in Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, and flows north into the Arctic Ocean. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Yenisei (Енисе́й is the greatest River system flowing to the Arctic Ocean, and at 5539 km (3445 mi is the fifth longest river in the world The Nelson River is a River of north-central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Four of the ten longest river systems of the world flow mainly north. This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1000 kilometers
Studying the flows of rivers is one aspect of hydrology. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of [11]
Rate of water flow
Volumetric flow rate, also called volume flow rate and rate of water flow, is the volume of water which passes through a given volume per unit time, measured in cubic meters per second (1 m³/s = 35. The volumetric flow rate in Fluid dynamics and Hydrometry, (also known as volume flow rate or rate of fluid flow) is the volume of fluid which A cubic metre per second ( m3·s&minus1, m3/s, cumecs or cubic meter per second in American English 51 ft³/s) or cubic feet per second, sometimes gallons per second. A cubic foot per second (also cfs, cu ft/s, cusec and ft³/s) is an Imperial unit / U A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries
Management
Rivers are often managed or controlled to make them more useful, or less disruptive, to human activity. River engineering is the process of planned human intervention in the course characteristics or flow of a River with the intention of producing some defined benefit
- Dams (see above) or weirs may be built to control the flow, store water, or extract energy. WEIR (1430 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format
- Levees, known as dikes in Europe, may be built to prevent river water from flowing on floodplains or floodways. Dike (constructionEmbankmentA levee, levée, dike (or dyke) embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial
- Canals connect rivers to one another for water transfer or navigation. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another
- River courses may be modified to improve navigation, or straightened to increase the flow rate.
River management is a continuous activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by people. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure. The benefits sought through managing rivers may often be offset by the social and economic costs of mitigating the bad effects of such management. As an example, in parts of the developed world, rivers have been confined within channels to free up flat flood-plain land for development. Floods can inundate such development at high financial cost and often with loss of life.
River lists
- List of river name etymologies
- List of rivers by average discharge
- List of rivers by length. This page lists the various etymologies (origins of the names of rivers around the world This is a list of the longest rivers on Earth. It includes river systems over 1000 kilometers Also includes definitions of river lengths.
- List of rivers of Africa
- List of rivers of Asia
- List of rivers of Europe
- List of rivers of Oceania
- List of rivers of the Americas
- List of waterways
Rating systems
- International Scale of River Difficulty – The scale is used to rate the challenges of navigation—particularly those with rapids. This is a list of Rivers of Africa. See each river's article for its tributaries drainage areas etc These are the major Rivers of Asia. See each article for their tributaries drainage areas etc These are the main Rivers of Europe (ecologically the extreme west of the Palearctic Ecozone - which includes Russia in the east This is a list of Rivers of Oceania. Australia List of rivers of Australia Cook Islands This list of rivers of the Americas includes all the major Rivers of The Americas. The list of waterways is a link page for any River, Canal, Estuary or Firth. The International Scale of River Difficulty is a standardized scale used to rate the safety of a stretch of river or a single Rapid. Class I is the easiest and Class VI is the hardest.
- Strahler Stream Order – The Strahler Stream Order ranks rivers based on the connectivity and hierarchy of contributing tributaries. Strahler Stream Order is a simple Hydrology Algorithm used to define stream size based on a hierarchy of tributaries. Headwaters are first order while Amazon River is twelfth order. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers Approximately 80 percent of the rivers and streams in the world are of the first and second order.
 Río Peralonso - El Zulia (Norte de Santander), Colombia |  River Gambia flowing through Niokolokoba National Park |  Bridges are a common way of crossing rivers (Hooghly River, Kolkata, India) |  Zambezi and Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe, Africa) |
 This river flows from Woronora Dam, Sydney. El Zulia is a municipality of the Norte de Santander Department in Colombia. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Gambia River is a major River in Africa, running 1130 km (700 miles from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward to the A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Zambezi (also spelled Zambesi) is the fourth-longest River in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa The Victoria Falls or Mosi-oa-Tunya (the Smoke that Thunders is a Waterfall situated in southern Africa on the Zambezi River between The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Hooghly River ( Bengali হুগলী Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, is India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Heathcote is a national park in New South Wales ( Australia) 34 km southwest of Sydney. Woronora Dam collects water from the catchment of the Woronora River, which drains into the dam and then to Georges River. |
See also
- See also: geography, water cycle, and drainage basin
- Aqueduct
- Baer's law
- Canal
- Drought
- List of river name etymologies
- Mainstem (hydrology)
- River cruise
- Rock-cut basin
- Water dispute
Crossings
Transport
References
- ^ River, Wordnet
- ^ USGS - U.S. Geological Survey - faqs, #17 What is the difference between mountain, hill, and peak; lake and pond; or river and creek?
- ^ Garde, R. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena The Earth 's Water is always in movement and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on above A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another Baer's law, named after Karl Ernst von Baer, says that because of the rotation of the earth in the Northern hemisphere, Erosion occurs mostly on the Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply This page lists the various etymologies (origins of the names of rivers around the world A mainstem is defined as the principal River within a given Drainage basin, in the case where a number of tributaries discharge into a larger Watercourse A River cruise is a voyage along inland waterways often stopping at multiple ports along the way A rock-cut basin, in this usage of the term is a natural phenomenon Water disputes are some of the world's oldest forms of disputes A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and A ford is a place in a Watercourse (most commonly a stream or River) that is shallow enough to be crossed by wading on Horseback or in a wheeled A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August A riverboat is Ship designed for Inland navigation. These vessels are usually less sturdy than ships built for the open seas with limited navigational and Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force A towpath is a Road or Trail on the bank of a River, Canal, or other inland waterway A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that J. (1995). History of fluvial hydraulics. New Age Publishers, p. 19. ISBN 812240815X.
- ^ Hans-Henrik Stølum: "River Meandering as a Self-Organization Process", Science 271 (5256), 1710
- ^ Fermat's last theorem, Simon Singh, 1997
- ^ Children's Misconceptions about Science. Operation Physics, American Institute of Physics (September 1998).
- ^ William C. Philips (February 1991). Earth Science Misconceptions.
- ^ Matt Rosenberg (2006-06-08). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Do All Rivers Flow South?.
- ^ Matt Rosenberg. Rivers Flowing North: Rivers Only Flow Downhill; Rivers Do Not Prefer to Flow South.
- ^ Nezette Rydell (1997-03-16). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Re: What determines the direction of river flow? Elevation, Topography, Gravity??. Earth Sciences.
- ^ Cristi Cave. How a River Flows. Stream Biology and Ecology.
Further reading
- Beyond the Bridges Life on American Rivers told by Riverlorian, Jerry Hay. [1]for more information
- Jeffrey W. Jacobs "Rivers, Major World". Water Encyclopaedia.
- Luna B. Leopold (1994). Luna Bergere Leopold (born October 8, 1915 in Albuquerque New Mexico, died February 23, 2006 in Berkeley California A View of the River. Harvard University Press. ISBN. — a non-technical primer on the geomorphology and hydraulics of water
Geomorphology (from Greek: γη ge, "earth" μορφή morfé, "form" and λόγος Logos, "knowledge" For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering
Dictionary
river
-noun
- A large and often winding stream which drains a land mass, carrying water down from higher areas to a lower point, ending at an ocean or in an inland sea. Occasionally rivers overflow their banks and cause floods.
- Any large flow of a liquid in a single body (e.g., 'a river of blood').
- (poker) The last card dealt in a hand.
-verb
- (poker) To improve one’s hand to beat another player on the final card in a poker game.
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