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A rishi (ṛṣi) denotes a Vedic poet by whom Vedic hymns were composed, or according to post-Vedic tradition a "sage" to whom they were "originally revealed" (Ṛṣis are also called kavi, "brahmán", "kāru", "kīri", "vāghat", "vipra", etc. ). Rishi is also a popular indian name.

Contents

Etymology

The word's PIE (Proto Indo-European) etymology is contested. Manfred Mayrhofer in his Etymological Dictionary (I 261) prefers a connection to either ṛṣ "pour, flow" (PIE *h1ers), Rishi is an excellent choice for a name because it symbolizes intelligence and wisdom. Manfred Mayrhofer (born 26 September 1926 in Linz, Austria) is an Indo-Europeanist specialized on Indo-Iranian languages Which is connected with Germ. "rasen"; or to ras "yell". The root has a close Avestan cognate ərəšiš (Yasna 31. Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. Yasna ( Avestan: 'oblation' or 'worship' is the name of the primary liturgical collection of texts of the Avesta as well as the name of the 5; cf. 40. 4) "an ecstatic" (see also Yurodivy, Vates). Religious ecstasy is an Altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness which is frequently Foolishness for Christ refers to behavior motivated by real or assumed craziness to serve a religious purpose of Christianity The earliest Latin writers used vates to denote "prophets" and soothsayers in general the word fell into disuse in Latin until it was revived by Virgil Differently, the Indo-European dictionary of Julius Pokorny connects the word to a PIE root *h3er-s meaning "rise, protrude", in the sense of "excellent, egregious". Julius Pokorny ( 12 June 1887 – 8 April 1970) was a scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter

The outdated, century-old connections made by Monier-Williams can be neglected now: he tentatively suggests derivation from drś "to see"[1]. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit Monier-Williams also quotes Hebrew form 'arsan' (a sage, a man old in wisdom) and 'arrach' (old, ancient, aged) as related to rishi. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit However, Hebrew is a non-IE language. In Sanskrit, forms of the root 'rish' become 'arsh-' in many words, e. g. , arsh. Monier-Williams also conjectures that the root 'drish' (to see) might have given rise to an obsolete root 'rish' meaning 'to see'. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit

In Indian tradition, the word has been derived from the two roots 'rsh'. Sanskrit grammarians (cf. Commentary on Unādi-Sutra, iv, 119) derive this word from the second root which means (1) 'to go, move' (- Dhatupāth of Pānini, xxviii). V. S. Apte [1] gives this particular meaning and derivation, and Monier-Williams[2] also gives the same, with some qualification. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit Another form of this root means (2) 'to flow, to move near by flowing'. Secondary meanings are (3) 'to push, thrust', or (4) to kill, which are not related to rishi. (All the meanings and derivations cited above are based upon Sanskrit English Dictionary of Monier-Williams)[3]. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit Monier-Williams also quotes Tārānātha who compiled the great (Sanskrit-to-Sanskrit) dictionary named "ṛṣati jñānena saṃsāra-pāram" (i. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit e. , one who reaches beyond this mundane world by means of spiritual knowledge).

"Seer" of the Vedas

In the Vedas, the word denotes an inspired poet of Ṛgvedic hymns, who alone or with others invokes the deities with poetry of a sacred character. In particular, Ṛṣi refers to the authors of the hymns of the Rigveda. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" Post-Vedic tradition regards the Rishis as patriarchal "sages" or saints, occupying the same position in India history as the patriarchs of other countries, constituting a peculiar class of beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from Asuras, Devas and mortal men. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Originally a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family In Hinduism In Hinduism, the Asura ( Sanskrit: असुर are a group of power-seeking deities sometimes referred to as Demons or sinful Deva (देव in Devanagari script pronounced as /'d̪evə/ is the Sanskrit word for "god Deity " The patriarchical structure is evident in the gotra names of Vedic sages as well. For the Wasp Genus, see Gotra (wasp A Gotra is the Lineage From the Brahmana texts onwards, there also are various sets of seven patriarchical Rishis, the saptarshis (Sapta-rishis or seven rishis) (cf. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Saptarshi (sa सप्तर्षि saptarṣi a Sanskrit Dvigu meaning "seven sages" are the seven Rishis who are extolled Mahābhārata-xii)[4]


The main rishis recorded in the Brahmanas and the Rigveda-Anukramanis include Gritsamada, Vishvamitra, Vamadeva, Atri, Bharadvaja, Vasishta, Angiras, Kaṇva. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature An anukramaṇī (also anukramaṇikā) is an index of Vedic hymns recording poetic meter, content and traditions of authorship Grtsamada (ग्र्त्समद is a Rishi, credited with most of Mandala 2 of the Rigveda (36 out of 43 hymns 27-29 being attributed to his son Brahmarshi Vishvamitra ( Sanskrit sa विश्वामित्र viśvā-mitra "all- friend " is one of the most venerated In Hinduism, Vamadeva (वामदेव is the name of the "preserver" aspect of the god Shiva, one of five aspects of the universe he embodies This article is about the sage named Atri See also the Gotra named Atri. Bharadwaja (भरद्वाज / भारद्वाज was one of the great sages ( Rishis ' whose accomplishments are detailed in the Puranas. Vasistha ( Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ in Hindu mythology was one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh i

Seven Rishis (the Saptarshi) are often mentioned in the Brahmanas and later works as typical representatives of the character and spirit of the pre-historic or mythical period; in Shatapatha Brahmana 14. The Saptarshi (sa सप्तर्षि saptarṣi a Sanskrit Dvigu meaning "seven sages" are the seven Rishis who are extolled The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature The Shatapatha Brahmana (sa शतपथ ब्राह्मण śatapatha brāhmaṇa, " Brahmana of one-hundred paths" abbreviated ŚB 5. 2. 6 (Brhad Aranyaka Upanisad), their names are Gautama, Bharadvaja, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Vasishtha, Kashyapa, and Atri. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Bharadwaja (भरद्वाज / भारद्वाज was one of the great sages ( Rishis ' whose accomplishments are detailed in the Puranas. Brahmarshi Vishvamitra ( Sanskrit sa विश्वामित्र viśvā-mitra "all- friend " is one of the most venerated Jamadagni, ( Hindi: जमदग्नी was one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh i Vasistha ( Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ in Hindu mythology was one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh i This article is about the Hindu sage Kashyapa or Kasyapa See also Kassapa Buddha for information on the ancient buddha and Mahakasyapa information on the disciple This article is about the sage named Atri See also the Gotra named Atri. Daksha, Bhrigu and Nārada were also added to the saptarshis riṣis in Āshvalāyana-Shrauta-Sutra, where these ten principal patriarchs were created by the first Manu (Svāyambhuva Manu) for producing everyone else.

In Mahabharata 12, on the other hand, there is the post-Vedic list of Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya and Vasishtha. In Japanese mythology is known as the Goddess of Heaven, goddess of light being a Solar deity. This article is about the sage named Atri See also the Gotra named Atri. Pulastya was one of the ten Prajapatis or mind-born sons of Brahma, and one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh Vasistha ( Sanskrit: वसिष्ठ in Hindu mythology was one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) in the seventh i The Mahābhārata list explicitly refers to the saptarshis of the first manvantara (cf. SED by Monier-Williams) and not to those of the present manvantara. Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1819&ndash1899 studied documented and taught Asian languages in England, and compiled one of the most widely-used Sanskrit Each manvantara had a unique set of saptarshi. In Harivamsha 417ff, the names of the Rishis of each manvantara are enumerated.


In addition to the Saptarṣi, there are other classifications of sages. In descending order of precedence, they are Brahmarshi , Maharshi, Rajarshi. In Hinduism, a Brahmarshi ( Sanskrit brahmarṣi, a Tatpurusha compound of Brahma and ṛṣi) is Maharshi ( Sanskrit महर्षि maharṣi, from महा mahā "great" + ऋषि {{IAST|ṛṣi}} Rajarshi or Rajarishi (from Sanskrit rajan "king" + rishi) is in Hinduism and Hindu mythology, a royal saint Devarṣi, Paramrṣi, Shrutarṣi and Kvndarṣi are added in Manusmriti iv-94 and xi-236 and in two dramas of Kālidasa.

The Chaturvarga-Chintāmani of Hemādri puts 'riṣi' at the seventh place in the eight-fold division of Brāhmanas. Amarakosha [5] (the famous Sanskrit synonym lexicon compiled by Amarasimha) mentions seven types of riṣis : Shrutarshi, Kāndarshi, Paramarshi, Maharshi, Rājarshi, Brahmarshi and Devarshi. Amarakosha strictly distinguishes Rishi from other types of sages, such as sanyāsi, bhikṣu, parivrājaka, tapasvi, muni, brahmachāri, yati, etc. , and gives only one synonym for 'riṣi': satyavachāh (one who speaks truth). According to tradition, other sages might falter, but a riṣi was believed to speak truth only, because he had reached the Higher World (of Truth, of God) according to the Sanskrit etymology of the term 'riṣi'.

In Hindu astronomy, the Saptarṣi form the constellation of Ursa Major (e. Indian astronomy —the earliest textual mention of which is given in the religious literature of India (2nd millennium BCE—became an established tradition by the 1st millennium BCE Ursa Major ( is a Constellation visible throughout the year in most of the northern hemisphere g. RV 10. 82. 2 and 10. 109. 4 ; AV 60. 40. 1. ), which are distinct from Dhruva (Polaris). Dhruva, ध्रुव in Hindu Mythology, was an ardent young devotee of Vishnu a prince blessed to eternal existence and glory as the Pole Star ( Dhruva Nakshatra

Notes

  1. ^ V. S. Apte (Sanskrit-Hindi Kosh, 1890, reprint 1997 by Motilāl Banārasidās Publishers, Delhi)
  2. ^ cf. Monier-Williams's dictionary (p. 226)
  3. ^ cf. Monier-Williams's SED, p. 226
  4. ^ Cf. D. D. Kosambi.
  5. ^ Cf. Amarakosha (2. 7. 41-42)

References

See also

"Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation.

Dictionary

rishi

-noun

  1. A Vedic poet and seer who composed Rigvedic hymns, who alone or with others invokes the deities with poetry of a sacred character.
  2. (post-Vedic) A Hindu sage or saint occupying the same position in India history as the patriarchs of other countries, constituting a peculiar class of beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from Asuras, Devas and mortal men.
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