Riots are a form of civil disorders characterized by disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence, vandalism or other crime. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear " in Latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) is a Cobblestones are stones that were frequently used in the pavement of early Streets "Cobblestone" is derived from the very old English word "cob" Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Vandalism is the behaviour attributed to the Vandals in respect of Culture: ruthless Destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or Venerable In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots are typically chaotic and exhibit herd behavior. Herd behaviour describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction
Riots often occur in reaction to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. A grievance is a wrong or hardship suffered which is the grounds of a Complaint. Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or Opposition to an Idea (eg Historically, riots have occurred due to poor working or living conditions, government oppression, taxation or conscription, conflicts between races or religions (see race riot and pogrom), or even the outcome of a sporting event. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Oppression is the act of using power to empower and/or privilege a group at the expense of disempowering marginalizing silencing and subordinating another group Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Some claim that rioters are motivated by a rejection of or frustration with legal channels through which to air their grievances.
Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property. The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.
In some places, rioters have become semi-professionals, travelling to the sites of likely riots. These rioters are known as firms. Football hooliganism such as brawls vandalism and intimidation carried out by Association football club supporters and fans This is particularly noted in sports-related riots in Europe. For example, France, Poland and England commonly have riots related to football (soccer) matches. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Rioters have become quite sophisticated at understanding and withstanding the tactics used by police in such situations. Manuals for successful rioting are available on the Internet. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks These manuals also encourage rioters to get the press involved, as there is more safety with the cameras rolling. There is also more attention. Citizens with video cameras may also have an effect on both rioters and police. A video camera is a Camera used for electronic Motion picture acquisition initially developed by the Television industry but now common in other applications
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Police response
Riots are typically dealt with by the police (as riot control), although methods differ from country to country. A lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from lacrima meaning "a tear " in Latin) (commonly referred to as tear gas) is a Riot control refers to the measures used by police military or other forces to control, disperse and arrest civilians that are involved in a Riot, demonstration Tactics and weapons used can include attack dogs, water cannons, plastic bullets, rubber bullets, pepper spray, and flexible baton rounds. An attack dog is any Dog bred, trained or used for the purpose of attacking a target either on command or on sight A water cannon is a device that shoots a high- Pressure stream of Water. The plastic bullet is the name given to a type of Less-lethal projectile fired from a specialised gun used in Riot control Rubber bullets are Rubber or rubber-coated Projectiles fired from Firearms They are usually non-lethal, unless fired at short range but Pepper spray (also known as OC spray (from " Oleoresin Capsicum " OC gas, capsicum spray, or oleoresin capsicum The flexible baton round is the trademarked name for a "bean bag round" a type of Shotgun shell used for semi-lethal apprehension of suspects Many police forces, such as the London Metropolitan Police Service, have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations (see Territorial Support Group, Special Patrol Group, Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, Mobiele Eenheid). "Metropolitan Police" redirects here See also Metropolitan police. The Territorial Support Group (or CO20) is a Central Operations unit of London 's Metropolitan Police Service, that specialises in public order The Special Patrol Group ( SPG) was a controversial unit of the London Metropolitan Police. The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS (Republican Security Companies are the riot control forces and general reserve of the French National Police.
The policing of riots has been marred by incidents in which police have been accused of instigating or provoking rioting or crowd violence (see Police riot); also, while the weapons described above are officially designated as non-lethal, a number of people have allegedly died or been injured as a result of their use. A police riot is a term used for the wrongful disproportionate unlawful, and illegitimate use of force by a group of Police against a group of Civilians Less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, or more recently compliance weapons are weapons intended
Rioters often make use of various tactics to counter the police, including gas masks (to protect against chemical weapons), projectiles such as rocks, bottles and molotov cocktails, firecrackers to scare away attack dogs, and the removal of police weapons (e. The Molotov cocktail, also known as the booze bomb, alcohol bomb or Molotov bomb, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary g. batons, shields). Rioting, particularly in economically-disadvantaged areas, is often accompanied by looting. Looting ( Hindi lūṭ akin to Sanskrit luṭhati steals also Latin latro, latronis
In Northern Ireland both the army and police were used to subdue rioting, using all types of equipment: water cannon rubber/plastic bullets to stop and inflict injury on the perceived rioters.
The history of civil unrest in Northern Ireland had also bred a new type of activity, "recreational rioting", in which children would use rioting as an escape from boredom. In 2006, Pat McCarthy, mayor of Belfast said, "Some of the most serious riots this city has seen in recent years were triggered off by bored children or teenagers who may well have thought they were just having a bit of fun that got out of control. Belfast ( is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. "[1]
Laws against riots
England and Wales
Under English law, a riot is defined by the Public Order Act 1986 as twelve or more persons who "together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety". English law is the legal system of England and Wales, and is the basis of Common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countriesand the The Public Order Act 1986 creates offences commonly used by United Kingdom police to deal with public disorder and Violence. A single person can be liable for an offence of riot when they use violence provided that it can be shown there were at least twelve present using or threatening violence. The violence can be against the person or against property. This carries the possibility of a fine and a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.
If there are fewer than twelve people present, the lesser offence of "Violent Disorder" is charged, for which there is a requirement for at least three persons to use or threaten unlawful violence together. This is defined similarly to riot, but no common purpose is required.
In the past, The Riot Act had to be read by an official - with the wording exactly correct - before any policing action could take place. The Riot Act (1 Geo 1 c 5 of 1714 was an act introduced by the Parliament of Great Britain authorising local authorities to declare any group of If the group did not disperse after the act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd.
In recent times nobody has been charged with a Section 1 offence (Riot) in England and Wales. This is because if a Section 1 offence takes place the local police service are regarded as having failed and are liable to pay compensation. The best known example of this is the Poll Tax Riot of 1990 where nobody was charged with Section 1. All were charged as though a collection of Section 2 ( violent disorder involving 3 people ) acts had just happened to take place in one location. In English Law Violent Disorder forms part of the Public Order Act 1986 under section 2
Current English Law
In English Law Riot forms part of the Public Order Act 1986 under section 1. The Public Order Act 1986 creates offences commonly used by United Kingdom police to deal with public disorder and Violence.
The Public Order Act 1986 s. 1 states:
1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.
2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.
3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.
4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.
5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.
Ramifications
- Arrestable Offence, changed to an indictable offence by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005)
- Triable on indictment (Must be tried before a Crown court)
- Ten years imprisonment and/or a fine
United States
Under United States federal law, a riot is defined as A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual. Arrestable offence is an obsolete term in English and Welsh law. In many Common law Jurisdictions (eg the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Canada, United States, India, The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 ( SOCPA) (2005 c For the TV programme see Crown Court (TV series. The Crown Court of England and Wales is together with the High Court of Justice A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of FINE was created in 1998 and is an informal association of the four main Fair Trade networks F Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the Common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary 18 U. S. C. §2102.
As every state in the United States has its own laws (subject to the Supremacy Clause), each has its own definition of 'riot. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Supremacy Clause is the common name given to Article VI Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which readsThis Constitution and the Laws of the United ' In New York State, for example, the term 'riot' is not defined explicitly, but under § 240. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous 08 of the N. Y. Penal Law, A person is guilty of inciting to riot when he urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm.
Notable riots
- Further information: List of riots
United States
The worst riots in United States history with respect to lives lost took place during the Civil War when immigrant factory workers forcibly resisted the federal government's military draft, the New York Draft Riots. This is a chronological list of Riots The list is incomplete and contains only riots documented in Western culture archives Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination These riots were graphically and inaccurately depicted in the movie Gangs of New York. Gangs of New York is a 2002 Bildungsroman film set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City. In the 20th century, the 1992 Los Angeles riots triggered by the Rodney King Trial were regarded as the worst in recent U. The Los Angeles riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, were sparked on April 29, 1992 when a jury Rodney Glen King April 9, 1965 in Fort Worth Texas) --> (born April 2, 1965 S. history with deaths estimated at 54 people and nearly a billion dollars in damage caused. The 1968 Democratic National Convention, however, saw the most well-remembered riots in recent US history and were a strong influence towards the eventual American withdrawal from Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The 2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity made headlines, including the Lakers riot. This article is about the protests surrounding the 2000 Democratic National Convention for details on the convention itself see here. Also notable were riots in response to the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. across numerous American cities, as well as the recent anarchist and anti-globalization riots of the last decade such as the Seattle protests of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 and the 2005 Toledo Riot in Toledo, Ohio. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader The WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 was a meeting of the World Trade Organization, convened at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle On October 15, 2005, the National Socialist Movement (NSM, a Neo-Nazi organization planned a march to protest alleged black Gang
Australia
The Sydney Riot of 1879, is one of the earliest riots at an international cricket match. The Sydney Riot of 1879 was one of the earliest Riots at an international Cricket match Riots have become major news generators, including Aboriginal riots in response to the death of an Aboriginal boy, and most recently the 2005 summer race riots. Indigenous Australians are descendants of the first known human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. The Redfern Riots on the evening of Saturday 14 February 2004 was an event in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern sparked by the death of The Cronulla Riots of 2005 were a series of racially motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around Cronulla, a beachfront suburb of Sydney These riots took place on the beaches of the eastern Sydney suburbs, most prominently Cronulla.
Europe
The Nørrebro riots followed the selling of Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen in Denmark. Ungdomshuset (literally "the Youth House" was the popular name of the building formally named Folkets Hus ("House of the People" located on Jagtvej 69 in People from Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom participated in the riots. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In total 750 people were arrested during the fighting; 140 of these foreigners.
Riots also broke out in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden from the 14th to the 16th of June 2001. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. A total of 53 police officers and 90 vandals and demonstrators were hurt during the many riots that were going on between these days. The reasons for the riot were the EU summit that took place in Gothenburg and the visit of USA's President George W Bush. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.
In October 2005 and again in November 2007, immigrant youth rioted in the poor Paris suburbs of Clichy-sous-Bois [1] and Villiers-le-Bel [2], respectively, each time in reaction to the deaths of North African youth at the hands of police.
Asia
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The demonstrations centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Tiananmen Square ( is the large Plaza near the center of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen (literally Gate of Heavenly Peace Government retaliation was often violent and riots broke out in affected regions.
In 2005, the Chinese government admitted to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [3]
The Jakarta riots of May 1998 were a series of riots against ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Jakarta and Surakarta, Indonesia. Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were Riots that occurred in several parts of Indonesia, notably Jakarta and Surakarta during May 1998. Chinese Indonesians ( Hakka: Thong ngin Min: Teng lang Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively Cina totok) are ethnically Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Surakarta (colloquially Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500000 people located in Central Java. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. There were also hundreds of documented accounts of ethnic Chinese women being raped, tortured and killed. [4] Human Rights groups have determined that the Indonesian military was involved in the riots, which degenerated into a pogrom. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses [5]
The Partition of India was a traumatic event in South Asian history that followed the independence of the region from British colonial rule. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, The ensuing riots resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, with Hindus and Sikhs being massacred in the newly formed Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
In 2006, there were nationwide riots in Pakistan and numerous other areas over the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. [6]
Reading List
- Applegate, Col. Rex. Riot Control: Materiel and Techniques. Paladin Press. ISBN 9780873642088.
- Beene, Capt. Charles. Riot Prevention and Control: A Police Officer's Guide to Managing Violent and Nonviolent Crowds. Paladin Press. ISBN 1581605188.
- Bessel, Richard Emsley, Clive. Patterns of Provocation: Police and Public Disorder. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571812288.
- Hernon, Ian. Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day. Pluto Press. ISBN 0745325386.
- Waddington, P. A. J. . The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198273592.
See also
- Types of Riot: Race riot, police riot, prison riot, student riot, hooliganism, street fighting
- Riot control: police, Riot control agent, paramilitary, military,
- Riot laws: Riot Act, Black Act
- Weapons found in Riots: CS gas, Plastic bullet, Rubber bullet, Molotov cocktail
- Violence in sports
- Demonstration
- 1968 Democratic National Convention
- 2005 civil unrest in France
- Pogrom
- Collective Effervescence
- Civil disorder
- List of riots
- List of riots related to urban decay
- Internal security
References
- ^ "NI campaign to stop children rioting begins", www.ireland.com, The Irish Times, 2006-06-15. Race Riot is a 1929 animated Short subject, featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. A police riot is a term used for the wrongful disproportionate unlawful, and illegitimate use of force by a group of Police against a group of Civilians A prison riot is a type of incident that occurs in the Prison environment Student riots, college riots, or campus riots are Riots precipitated by students generally from a college university or other school Street fighting is a term used to denote unsanctioned usually illegal hand-to-hand Fighting in public places between individuals or groups of people Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Riot control agents are Less-lethal Lachrymatory agents used for Riot control. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking The Riot Act (1 Geo 1 c 5 of 1714 was an act introduced by the Parliament of Great Britain authorising local authorities to declare any group of The Black Act (9 Geo 1 c 22 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1723 during the reign King George I of Great Britain in response CS gas is the common name for 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (chemical formula C10H5ClN2 The plastic bullet is the name given to a type of Less-lethal projectile fired from a specialised gun used in Riot control Rubber bullets are Rubber or rubber-coated Projectiles fired from Firearms They are usually non-lethal, unless fired at short range but The Molotov cocktail, also known as the booze bomb, alcohol bomb or Molotov bomb, is a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary Violence in sports can result in chaotic brawls both by athletes and fans A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Collective effervescence (CE is a perceived Energy formed by a gathering of people as might be experienced at a sporting event a Carnival, a Rave, or Civil disorder, also known as civil unrest, is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people This is a chronological list of Riots The list is incomplete and contains only riots documented in Western culture archives Internal security, or IS is the act of keeping domestic peace within a country The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet news paper launched in the late 1850s. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Retrieved on 2008-05-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
- Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4 General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 245. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928522-5
External links
- Revolution '67 - Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
Dictionary
riot
-noun
- Wanton or unrestrained behavior; uproar; tumult.
- Excessive and expensive feasting; wild and loose festivity; revelry.
- The tumultuous disturbance of the public peace by an unlawful assembly of three or more persons in the execution of some private object.
-verb
- To create or take part in a riot.
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