The right of abode refers to an individual's freedom from immigration control in a particular country. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity A person who has the right of abode in a country does not need permission from the government to enter the country and can live and work there without restriction.
Generally, in order to have the right of abode in a certain country, a person must be a citizen of that country. Those with permanent residency of the country generally have a de-facto right of residence but it can be revoked in certain circumstances, for example for being convicted of crimes. Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship.
Contents |
EU, EEA, and the Schengen treaty
Citizens of the European Economic Area (the European Union plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) and Switzerland enjoy the freedom to travel and work in any European Union country without a passport or visa, although transitory dispositions may restrict the rights of citizens of new member states to work in other countries. The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union.
However rights to reside in another EU/EEA state are not absolute. In particular they can be refused to those who depend on social assistance, and those who commit crimes may be deported.
Schengen Treaty
Countries that have signed and applied the Schengen treaty (a subset of the EEA) do not implement border controls between each other, unless exceptional circumstances apply. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe The EEA countries (with the exception of the UK and Ireland) and Switzerland have signed the Schengen treaty. Switzerland and several of the new member states have not yet fully implemented it.
As a consequence of this, for instance, a French citizen may travel to the United Kingdom, another EEA member state, and then freely live and work in that country. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located But since the UK has not signed the Schengen treaty, he can be required to present a passport or ID card when entering the UK. An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. This requirement applies similarly to British citizens migrating to France. On the other hand, when Switzerland applies the Schengen treaty, the French citizen will be able to travel to Switzerland without being stopped at the border.
That said, a few European countries require all persons to carry an identity card or passport and proof of nationality is normally required to take up residence in any member state. Thus, while the Schengen Treaty facilitates the movement of persons across frontiers, it makes no substantive difference to residence rights.
Hong Kong
See main article: Right of abode issue, Hong Kong
United Kingdom
See main article: Right of Abode (United Kingdom)
All British citizens have the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom. The issue of who has the right of abode in Hong Kong prompted a fierce debate at the end of the 20th century and tested the One Country Two Systems policy in China Right of abode is a status under United Kingdom immigration laws that gives an unrestricted right to live in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In addition, Right of Abode is conferred on certain Commonwealth citizens and British subjects born before 1983. A Commonwealth citizen, formerly known as a British subject, is generally a person who is a national of any country within the Commonwealth of Nations. In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings
Irish citizens are given similar rights to Right of Abode holders in the United Kingdom, but they do not hold that status formally, and there are circumstances in which an Irish citizen can be deported from or denied entry to the United Kingdom. Irish nationality law is the law of Republic of Ireland governing citizenship
Indefinite Leave to Remain and the right of residence given to citizens of European Economic Area nations and Switzerland do not constitute a formal Right of Abode in the United Kingdom. Indefinite leave to remain ( ILR) is an immigration status granted to a person who does not hold right of abode in the United Kingdom, but who has been admitted The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
British Overseas Territories
All British overseas territories operate their own immigration controls which apply to British citizens as well as to those from other countries. These territories generally have local immigration laws regulating who has Belonger status in that territory. Belonger status is a legal classification normally associated with British overseas territories.
De-Facto Right of Abode
The immigration laws of some countries give a de-facto right of abode to citizens of other specified countries.
Full Permanent Resident
This includes cases where there is access to citizenship:
- New Zealand grants Australian citizens full permanent resident rights in New Zealand
- The United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland grant automatic permanent residency to each other's citizens
- Full permanent residency rights exist between the countries of the Nordic Council (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland)
As Long Term Temporary Residents
In these cases there is a right of residence, but without access to full citizenship rights:
- New Zealand citizens in Australia. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is an intergovernmental forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. Since 2001 Australia only grants limited rights.
- Citizens of EEA member states and Switzerland living in each other's country (except the cases above)
See also
External links
The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls Belonger status is a legal classification normally associated with British overseas territories. The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic