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Japanese rickshaw (jinrikisha), 1886.
Japanese rickshaw (jinrikisha), 1886.
Japanese rickshaws c.1897
Japanese rickshaws c. 1897

Rickshaws (or rickshas) are a mode of human-powered transport: a runner draws a two-wheeled cart which seats one or two persons. Human-powered transport is the Transport of person(s and/or goods using Human Muscle power "CARTS" redirects here For the transportation system see Capital Area Rural Transportation System, or Chautauqua CARTS. The word rickshaw came from Asia where they were mainly used as means of transportation for the social elite. However, in more recent times rickshaws have been outlawed in many countries in Asia due to numerous accidents.

Runner pulled rickshaws have mainly been replaced in Asia by bicycle rickshaws. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo They are also common in Western cities like New York City. The City of New York In London they are known as pedicabs. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo The term "rickshaw" is today commonly used for those vehicles as well, but this article deals exclusively with runner-pulled rickshaws.

The word "rickshaw" originates from the Japanese word jinrikisha (人力車, jin = human, riki = strength, sha = vehicle), which literally means "human-powered vehicle". is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities

Contents

History

Les Deux Carrosses by Claude Gillot, 1707
Les Deux Carrosses by Claude Gillot, 1707

The 1707 painting "Les deux carrosses" by Claude Gillot shows two rickshaw-like carts in a comical scene. Claude Gillot (1673-1722 was a French painter, best known as the master of Watteau and Lancret. Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Claude Gillot (1673-1722 was a French painter, best known as the master of Watteau and Lancret. These carts, known as vinaigrettes because of their resemblance to the wheel barrows of vinegar makers, were used in the streets of Paris in the 17th and 18th century. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city (Fresnault-Deruelle, 2005)

Rickshaws first appeared in Japan around 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure They soon became a popular mode of transportation, since they were faster than the previously used palanquins (and human labor was considerably cheaper than using horses). The litter is a class of Wheelless Vehicles a type of Human-powered transport, for the transport of persons

The identity of the inventor (if there was one) remains uncertain. Some American sources give the American blacksmith Albert Tolman, who is said to have invented the rickshaw around 1848 in Worcester, Massachusetts for a missionary; others claim that Jonathan Scobie (or W. blacksmith is a person who creates objects from Iron or Steel by Forging the Metal; i Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Worcester (ˈwʊstɚ is a City in the state of Massachusetts in the United States of America. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. The Reverend Jonathan Scobie was an American Baptist minister and missionary in Yokohama, Japan. Goble), an American missionary to Japan, invented rickshaws around 1869 to transport his invalid wife through the streets of Yokohama. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area

Still others say the rickshaw was designed by an American Baptist minister in 1888. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This is undoubtedly incorrect, for an 1877 article by a The New York Times correspondent in Tokyo stated that the "jin-riki-sha, or man-power carriage" was in current popular use, and was probably invented by an American in 1869 or 1870.

Japanese sources often credit Izumi Yosuke, Suzuki Tokujiro, and Takayama Kosuke, who are said to have invented rickshaws in 1868, inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo shortly before. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permission to build and sell rickshaws to these three men; the seal of one of these inventors was also required on every license to operate a rickshaw. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

By 1872, some 40,000 rickshaws were operating in Tokyo; they soon became the chief form of public transportation in Japan. (Powerhouse Museum, 2005; The Jinrikisha story, 1996)

Around 1880, rickshaws appeared in India, first in Simla and then, 20 years later, in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Shimla [ʃɪmla] ( Hindi: शिमला originally called Simla, is a city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh Here they were initially used by Chinese traders to transport goods; in 1914 the Chinese applied for permission to use rickshaws to transport passengers. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Soon after, rickshaws appeared in many big cities in Southeast Asia; pulling a rickshaw was often the first job for peasants migrating to these cities.

Country overview

Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dhaka (also known as Dacca ( Bangla: ঢাকা ɖʱaka is the Capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially

Bangladesh

Main article: Cycle rickshaw

Rickshaws (রিকশা riksha) in Bangladesh are cycle-powered, and are available for hire throughout the country; Bangladesh's capital is sometimes called the "City of Rickshaws". The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo WP:VERIFY However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of cycle rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Still, in many parts of Old Dhaka, rickshaws are the only kind of vehicle that can travel through the narrow streets. Rickshaw-pullers are known as
রিকশাওয়ালা rikshawala in Bangla.


China

Manual rickshaws were first used in China during the late 1800s, but most disappeared after 1949.

Later during the early 1990s, tricycle-powered rickshaws became an inexpensive and popular mode of transportation. The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo

Germany

In 1997 a new rickshaw system was created in Berlin, Germany. It is a modern and newly designed vehicle (CityCruiser) and allows operators to use the riskshaws as advertising support. Within 10 years, CityCruisers' activities have developed across the world, on all 5 continents.

Hong Kong

Rickshaws were first imported to Hong Kong from Japan in 1874. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders They were a popular form of transport for many years, peaking at more than 3,000 in the 1920s. However, their popularity waned after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including No new licenses for rickshaws have been issued since 1975, and only a few old men—about four as of 2002—still ply their trade, mainly for tourists.

India

Kolkata
Kolkata rickshaw, 2004
Kolkata rickshaw, 2004

As of 2005, the last sizeable fleet of true rickshaws can be found in Kolkata (Calcutta), where the rickshaw puller union resisted prohibition. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Several major streets have been closed to rickshaw traffic since 1972, and in 1982 the city seized over 12,000 rickshaws and destroyed them. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) In 1992, it was estimated that over 30,000 rickshaws were operating in the city, all but 6,000 of them illegally, lacking a license (no new licenses have been issued since 1945). Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The large majority of rickshaw pullers rent their rickshaws for a few dollars per shift. They live cheaply in hostels, trying to save money to send home. (Eide, 1993) Each dera, a mixture of a garage, repair shop, and dormitory, has a sardar that manages it. Pullers often pay around 100 rupees (around $2. The rupee (रुपया ( code: INR) is the Currency of India. 50 United States dollars) per month to live in a dera. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [1] Hindu and Muslim pullers often share housing. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion [2] Some pullers sleep in the streets in their rickshaws. [2]

As of 2008 many of the Kolkata rickshaw pullers originate from Bihar, considered to be one of the poorest states in India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. [3]

In August 2005, the Communist government of West Bengal announced plans to completely ban rickshaws, resulting in protests and strikes of the pullers. West Bengal ( Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo poʃtʃim bɔŋgo is a state in eastern India. (WebIndia, 2005)

In 2006, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, announced that rickshaws would be banned and that rickshaw pullers would be rehabilitated. Buddhadeb Bhattacharya (বুদ্ধদেব ভট্টাচার্য (born March 1 1944) is an Indian Communist Politician [4]

Calvin Trillin of National Geographic stated in a 2008 article that the city government has not decided how rickshaw drivers would be rehabilitated, nor has it settled on a date regarding when the government would decide. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural Trillin added that many high West Bengal officials made statements saying that rickshaws would be banned from 1976 to 2008. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [5]

According to Trillin, most Kolkata rickshaws serve people "just a notch above poor" who tend to travel short distances. He added that some people use rickshaws as "24 hour ambulance services," as escorts for shoppers, and as a way for businesses to transport goods. An ambulance is a Vehicle for transporting sick or injured people to from or between places of treatment for an Illness or Injury. Trillin added that pullers told him that children enrolled in schools were the "steadiest" customers. Many middle class families contract with rickshaw pullers to transport their children; a rickshaw puller who transports children becomes a "family retainer. "[2] Trillin adds that some Kolkatans do not like to ride in rickshaws because they feel offended by the idea of a human pulling them, and that some of them question the government's motives on banning rickshaws. Trillin cited Rudrangshu Mukerjee, an academic who said that he does not want to be carried in a rickshaw but does not like the idea of "taking away their livelihood. Rudrangshu Mukherjee is an Indian historian and author who is presently Opinions Editor for The Telegraph newspaper Kolkata. "[5] Trillin adds that when Kolkata floods rickshaw business increases and prices rise. A Kolkata writer told Trillin "When it rains, even the governor takes rickshaws. "[6]

A cycle-rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in Agra
A cycle-rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in Agra
Matheran

Matheran, India is a tourist hill station near Mumbai. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Matheran is a city and a Municipal council in Raigarh district in the Indian India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial It is an eco-sensitive zone where motor vehicles are banned so man-pulled rickshaws are still one of the major forms of transport there.

Rickshaws are still very much common in Tamil Nadu. Rickshaws are also present in some parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.

Republic of Ireland

Dublin first saw the humble rickshaw on its streets in 1996, a rickshaw company based in Canada set up a fleet of 20 rickshaws, building them from tubular steel, Dublin people used to call them the best rickshaws on account of their advertising, however this company was actually called the original rickshaw company. The people of Dublin, both locals and tourists alike, were surprised at first to see the Far Eastern concept in Ireland. People began to use the rickshaws for getting about from pubs to pubs to clubs or for a quick ride around Temple Bar. Temple Bar (Barra an Teampaill is an area on the south bank of the River Liffey in central Dublin, Ireland. Later that year 12 pedicab rickshaws were imported by a wine club owner named B. McDonald who started Pedicabs Ireland. A year later J. Ralf & J. Utah, former Pedicab Ireland riders, set up a small fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws called the Silver Rickshaw company. The last hand-pulled rickshaw Company was to be formed by ex-Pedicab Ireland Manager B. Wheeler. This was, in the summer of 2001, called simply The Rickshaw Co. The company quickly grew with six pedicabs added to its fleet of 12 newly built hand-pulled rickshaws. The attacks on America on 9/11/01 damaged the new industry and many of the companies above are no longer operating with the exception of the Silver Rickshaws.

Malaysia

beca from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the Muzium Negara
beca from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the Muzium Negara
Pousse-pousse in Madagascar
Pousse-pousse in Madagascar

Rickshaws were a common mode of transport in urban areas in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The National Museum (in Malay Muzium Negara) is the Malaysian national museum which is located outside Perdana Lake Gardens in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on However, rickshaws were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws (beca in Malay). The cycle rickshaw, being a small-scale local means of transport is also known by a variety of other names such as rickshaw, pedicab, bugbug, cyclo The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the Cycle rickshaws were also ubiquitous up to the 1970s in Malaysian cities. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Since then, rapid urbanization has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling rickshaw numbers. Today, rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in Malacca, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu. Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. Terengganu ( Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia


Madagascar

Rickshaws, known as pousse-pousse, are a common form of transport in a number of Malagasy cities. They are often brightly decorated.

South Africa

The many registered Zulu rickshaw pullers, with their gigantic hats and colourful clothing, are a major tourist attraction in the city of Durban.

Pakistan

Cycle rickshaws and jin rickshaws have officially been outlawed in Pakistan since the late 50s/early 60s. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The country remains home to a large number of auto-rickshaws.

United Kingdom

Pedicab rickshaws have been operating on the streets of Soho. They are also common in the centre of Edinburgh, mostly as a novelty tourist transportation method.

United States

In many major cities, because yellow cabs licenses medallions are artificially capped, bicycle rickshaws have been used for about a decade. A medallion is a piece of Metal, usually carved or Engraved; circular (like a Coin) and large that is used as a Work of art, Souvenir

Rickshaws are still present on the boardwalk of Atlantic City, N. J. They transport gamblers from one casino to another.

Vietnam

In the downtown areas of Vietnamese big cities, rickshaws are used as a mean of transportation, mostly for tourism.

Tourist attractions

Rickshaws are a tourist attraction in the Asakusa region of Tokyo; in the main temple area of Kyoto; in tourist heavy areas of Kamakura; on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong; on Cijin Island in Kaohsiung; in areas of London's Chinatown, Ottawa's Byward Market; in downtown Toronto; in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). is a district in Taitō Tokyo, Japan, most famous for the Sensō-ji, a Buddhist temple dedicated to the Bodhisattva Kannon. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. (IPA /kʲoːto / is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. is a city located in Kanagawa, Japan, about 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo. Hong Kong Island ( is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. ByWard Market (sometimes called By Ward Market, Byward Market or simply The Market, Marché By in French) is a district in downtown Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam In all of these places, they are mainly for tourists.

Books, films, TV, Music

Rickshaw in a museum in Japan
Rickshaw in a museum in Japan

References

External links

See also

Utility cycling encompasses any Cycling not done primarily for fitness, Recreation such as cycle touring, or Sport such as cycle

Dictionary

rickshaw

-noun

  1. Short form of jinriksha.

-verb

  1. to move someone by means of a rickshaw (noun sense)
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