Richard Milhous Nixon
37th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
Vice President	Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) vacant (Oct. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first –Dec. 1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Preceded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
Succeeded by	Gerald Ford
Republican candidate for President of the United States
Election date November 8, 1960
Running mate	Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Opponent(s)	John F. Kennedy (D)
Incumbent	Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)
Preceded by	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Succeeded by	Barry Goldwater
36th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Alben W. Barkley
Succeeded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator from California
Preceded by	Sheridan Downey
Succeeded by	Thomas Kuchel
Member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 12th congressional district
In office January 2, 1947 – December 1, 1950
Preceded by	Jerry Voorhis
Succeeded by	Patrick J. Hillings
Born	January 9, 1913(1913-01-09) Yorba Linda, California
Died	April 22, 1994 (aged 81) New York City
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan
Alma mater	Whittier College Duke University School of Law
Occupation	Lawyer
Religion	Quaker
Signature

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913–April 22, 1994) was the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974) and the only American president to resign the office. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U California was Admitted to the Union on September 9, 1850. Class I SenatorPartyFromTo California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Sheridan Downey ( March 11 1884 – October 25 1961) was a Lawyer and a Democratic U Thomas Henry Kuchel ( August 15 1910 &ndash November 21 1994) was a Moderate Republican Party United States Senator The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. California's 12th congressional district spans from the southwestern portions of San Francisco in the north down to San Mateo in the south and from Moss Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis ( April 6, 1901 &ndash September 11, 1984) was a Democratic Politician from Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=H000623 Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Whittier College is a private liberal arts college in Whittier California. The Duke University School of Law is the Law school and a constituent academic unit of Duke University, Durham North Carolina, United States A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by

Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California and developed an interest in music. Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. In the mid-1930s, he passed the bar exam and practiced law with a family friend. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction Amidst the outbreak of war in the early 1940s, he joined the United States Navy and served as a lieutenant commander in the Pacific during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He was elected to Congress following his military service, specifically the House of Representatives, first representing California's 12th Congressional district, and later the entire state as Senator. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives He was chosen by party nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower to be Vice President in 1952, a position he began serving in the following year, until 1961. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general After an unsuccessful presidential run in 1960 and an unsuccessful run for Governor of California in 1962, Nixon was elected to the presidency in 1968, and reelected four years later. The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War.

Under President Nixon, the United States followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Nixon successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending the longest war in American history. Domestically, his administration faced resistance to the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia In the face of likely impeachment by the United States House of Representatives and conviction by the Senate for the Watergate scandal, Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Impeachment in the United States is an expressed power of the Legislature which allows for formal charges to be brought against a civil officer of government for conduct The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. His successor, Gerald Ford, issued a controversial pardon for any federal crimes Nixon may have committed while in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Nixon is the only person to be elected twice to the offices of the presidency and the vice presidency.

Nixon suffered a stroke on April 18, 1994 and died four days later at the age of 81. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar)

Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Marriage and children 2 House and Senate: 1946–1952 3 Vice Presidency 4 1960 presidential election 5 Run for California Governorship 6 1968 presidential election 7 Presidency (1969 – 1974) 7.1 Foreign policy 7.1.1 Vietnam War 7.1.2 China and the Soviet Union 7.1.3 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 7.1.4 Other wars and crises 7.2 Domestic policy 7.2.1 School integration 7.2.2 U.S. space program 7.2.3 1972 Landslide re-election 7.3 Major initiatives 7.3.1 Health insurance 7.4 Views on media 7.5 Administration and Cabinet 7.6 Supreme Court appointments 7.7 Watergate 8 Later years 8.1 Presidential Library and Museum 8.2 Pat Nixon's death 9 Death and funeral 10 Legacy 11 Public perception 12 References 13 Notes 14 External links

Early life

Richard Milhous Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California to Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous. Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of Francis Anthony "Frank" Nixon ( December 3 1879 &ndash September 4 1956) father of United States President Richard Hannah Milhous Nixon ( March 7 1885 &ndash September 30 1967) was mother of President Richard Nixon. His mother was a Quaker, and his upbringing is said to have been marked by conservative Quaker observances of the time such as refraining from drinking, dancing and swearing. His father converted from Methodist to Quaker after his marriage. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations During the American Civil War, Nixon's great-grandfather George Nixon III was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg, while serving in the 73rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] Richard Nixon had four brothers: Harold Nixon (1909–1933), Donald Nixon (1914–1987), Arthur Nixon (1918–1925), and Edward Nixon (born 1930). Harold Samuel Nixon ( June 1, 1909 – March 7, 1933) was a brother of United States President Richard Nixon, the eldest Francis Donald Nixon ( 23 November 1914 – 27 June 1987) was a brother of United States President Richard Nixon. Arthur Burdg Nixon ( May 26, 1918 – August 19, 1925) was a brother of President Richard Nixon. Edward Calvert Nixon (born May 3, 1930) is an American Entrepreneur and the youngest brother of former United States President

From 1926–1928, Nixon attended Fullerton High School in Fullerton, California, and later graduated second in his class from Whittier High School in Whittier, California in 1930. History In 1893 a special Election was held to create Fullerton Union High School Fullerton is a City located in northern Orange County, California, United States. Whittier High School ( WHS) is a High school located in Whittier California, United States and belongs to the Whittier Union High School Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County California about southeast of Los Angeles. Due to insufficient financial means for attendance, Nixon declined a scholarship to Harvard University. A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education ^[1] Instead, Nixon chose to enroll at Whittier College, a local Quaker school, where he co-founded a fraternity called The Orthogonian Society. Whittier College is a private liberal arts college in Whittier California. A friendly society (sometimes called a mutual society, benevolent society or fraternal organization) is a mutual association for insurance-like The Orthogonian Society is a local fraternity at Whittier College, co-founded by Richard Nixon and skilled self promoter Dean E Nixon was a formidable debater, a stand out in collegiate drama productions, and was elected student-body president. Debate ( American English) or debating ( British English) is a formal method of interactive and position representational Argument. While at Whittier, he taught Sunday school at East Whittier Friends Church, where he remained a member all his life. " Sunday school " is the generic name for many different types of Religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations A lifelong American football fan, Nixon practiced with the team assiduously, but spent most of his time on the bench. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with In 1934, he graduated second in his class from Whittier, and went on to Duke University School of Law, where he received a full scholarship and graduated third in his class. Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. The Duke University School of Law is the Law school and a constituent academic unit of Duke University, Durham North Carolina, United States

In 1937, Nixon returned to California, was admitted to the bar, and began working in the law office of a family friend in a nearby small town. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction The work was mostly routine, and Nixon generally found it to be dull. He later wrote that family law cases caused him particular discomfort, since his reticent Quaker upbringing was severely at odds with discussing intimate marital details with strangers.

During World War II, Nixon served as a reserve officer in the United States Navy, attaining the rank of lieutenant commander. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Lieutenant Commander ( Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Navy) is a Commissioned officer rank in many navies Superior He received training at Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island and Ottumwa, Iowa, before serving in the supply corps on several islands in the South Pacific, commanding cargo handling units in the SCAT. Naval Air Station Quonset Point was a United States Naval Base in Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Ottumwa (pronounced əˈtʌmwə "Uh-tuhm-wa" is a city in Wapello County, Iowa, United States. South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command ( SCAT) was a joint command of U ^[2] There he was known as "Nick" and for his prowess in poker, banking a large sum that helped finance his first campaign for Congress. Poker is a type of Card game in which players bet on the value of the card combination (" hand " in their possession by placing a bet into The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Marriage and children

When Nixon was cast in a play at a local theater, he met high school teacher Thelma "Pat" Ryan. Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United On the first night they went out, Nixon asked Pat to marry him as a joke. "I thought he was nuts or something," she recalled. ^[3] They eventually married on June 21, 1940. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Nixons had two daughters: Tricia, born in 1946, and Julie, born in 1948. Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox (born February 21, 1946, in Whittier, California) is the first daughter of the late U Julie Nixon (born July 5 1948 in Washington DC) is the second daughter of Richard and Pat Nixon and younger sister of Tricia

House and Senate: 1946–1952

In 1946 Nixon defeated Democratic incumbent Jerry Voorhis in the election to represent southern California's 12th Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox (born February 21, 1946, in Whittier, California) is the first daughter of the late U Julie Nixon (born July 5 1948 in Washington DC) is the second daughter of Richard and Pat Nixon and younger sister of Tricia Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis ( April 6, 1901 &ndash September 11, 1984) was a Democratic Politician from California's 12th congressional district spans from the southwestern portions of San Francisco in the north down to San Mateo in the south and from Moss The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Nixon's campaign alleged that the Congress of Industrial Organizations' support for Voorhis showed that Voorhis was collaborating with communist-controlled labor unions. The Congress of Industrial Organizations, or CIO, proposed by John L Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming

Nixon first gained national attention in 1948 when his dogged investigation on the House Un-American Activities Committee ("HUAC") broke the impasse of the Alger Hiss spy case. The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. Alger Hiss (November 11 1904 – November 15 1996 was a US State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. Nixon believed Whittaker Chambers's allegations that Hiss, a high State Department official, was a Soviet spy. Whittaker Chambers ( April 1, 1901 &ndash July 9, 1961) born Jay Vivian Chambers and also known as David Whittaker Nixon discovered Chambers saved microfilm reproductions of incriminating documents by hiding the film in a pumpkin (these became known as the "Pumpkin Papers"). These documents were alleged both to be accessible only by Hiss, and to have been typed on Hiss's personal typewriter. Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for statements he made to the HUAC. The discovery that Hiss, who had been an adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, could have been a Soviet spy thrust Nixon into the public eye and made him a hero to many of Roosevelt's enemies, and an enemy to many of Roosevelt's supporters. In reality, his support for internationalism put him closer to the center of the Republican party.

In the 1950 mid-term elections, Nixon defeated Democratic Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas to win a seat in the United States Senate. Helen Gahagan ( November 25, 1900 – June 28, 1980) was an American actress and (under the name Helen Gahagan The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Nixon called Gahagan "the Pink Lady", accusing her of being a fellow traveler with Communist sympathies, and said she was "pink right down to her underwear. In some political contexts the term fellow traveler refers to a person who sympathizes with the beliefs of a particular organization but does not belong to that organization Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based " Gahagan, for her part, bestowed upon Nixon one of the most enduring nicknames in American politics: "Tricky Dick". List of United States Presidential names contains lists of nicknames, name origins, and the first, middle, and last names of each

Vice Presidency

Main article: Eisenhower Administration

When Nixon was thirty nine years old, he was elected Vice President to Dwight Eisenhower's ticket in 1952. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense During the campaign in September 1952, the New York Post and other publications reported Nixon kept a personal "slush fund. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Slush fund is a colloquial term which has come to mean an auxiliary monetary account or a reserve fund " Democrats and leading Republicans pressured Eisenhower to remove Nixon from the ticket. Nixon convinced Eisenhower to let him go on TV on September 23 to defend himself in a famous speech. He provided an independent third-party review of the fund's accounting along with a personal summary of his finances, which he cited as exonerating him from wrongdoing, and he noted the Democratic Presidential candidate, Adlai Stevenson, had a similar fund. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. This speech, however, became better known for its rhetoric, such as when he stated his wife Pat did not wear mink, but rather "a respectable Republican cloth coat," and although he had been given an American Cocker Spaniel named "Checkers" in addition to his other campaign contributions, he was not going to give it back because his daughters loved him. The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of dog that originated in the United Kingdom and was brought to Canada and then Spain As a result, this speech became known as the "Checkers speech. The "Checkers speech" was given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency " At the end of the broadcast, Nixon intended to appeal to viewers to write to the Republican National Committee to voice their support or opposition. Although the broadcast was cut off before he could make this appeal, his speech resulted in a flood of support, prompting Eisenhower to keep Nixon on the ticket.

Nixon greatly expanded the office of Vice President. Although he had little formal power, he had the attention of the media and the Republican Party. He demonstrated the office could be a springboard to the White House as it had not been since the 19th century; most Vice Presidents since have followed his lead and sought the presidency. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Nixon was the first Vice President to step in temporarily to run the government. He did so three times when Eisenhower was ill: on the occasions of Eisenhower's heart attack on September 24, 1955; his ileitis in June 1956; and his stroke on November 25, 1957. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Ileitis is an inflammation of the Ileum, a portion of the Small intestine. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Despite this, Nixon was forced to announce his own inclusion on the 1956 Eisenhower re-election campaign, which highlighted the lack of rapport he and Eisenhower shared. At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow on July 24, 1959, he and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had the impromptu "Kitchen Debate" about the merits of capitalism versus communism. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following The Kitchen Debate was an impromptu debate (through interpreters between then U Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

1960 presidential election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1960

In 1960, Nixon ran for President against John F. Kennedy in a race that remained close all year. The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of ^[4] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower-Nixon administration allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U. S. in offensive missiles (the "missile gap"). Missile Gap is a 2006 Science fiction Novella originally published in the anthology "One Million AD" by British author Kennedy made much of the stagnant American economy of 1960, telling voters it was time to "get the country moving again. " Nixon's frosty relationship with Eisenhower hurt him. When asked about major policy decisions Nixon helped shape, the President responded: "Give me a week and I might think of one. " In the first of four televised debates, Nixon was recovering from illness and was unshaven, in contrast to the young Kennedy. The performance dispelled many people's worries that Senator Kennedy was too inexperienced. Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon won. ^[5]

Nixon lost the 1960 election narrowly. It is often argued by American historians that Nixon lost due to the invention of the televised debate. There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois, and Nixon supporters unsuccessfully challenged in both states as well as nine others. The Kennedy camp successfully challenged Nixon's victory in Hawaii; after all the court battles and recounts were done, Kennedy had a greater number of electoral votes than he held after Election Day.

Nixon wrote Six Crises in 1962, a book dealing with his political involvement as a congressman, senator and as Vice-President. The book used six different crises Nixon had experienced throughout his political career to illustrate his political memoirs. It was not supposed to be an academic work on the subject of crises, rather a method of depicting his political biography in a personal manner. The work won praise from many policy experts and critics. Ironically, as Margaret MacMillan would discuss in her book Nixon in China (2006), Six Crises found a favorable critic in Mao Zedong, who referred to the book when in preparation for Nixon's visit in 1972. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led

Run for California Governorship

In 1962, against the advice of many friends and supporters, Nixon chose to challenge the popular Pat Brown for Governor of California. Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr ( April 21, 1905 February 16, 1996) was the 32nd Governor of California, serving The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses He handily won the Republican nomination over the more conservative choice, state legislator Joseph C. Shell. Joseph Claude Shell Sr ( September 7 1918 – April 7 2008) was an American Oil producer and Lobbyist Nixon polled 1,285,151 votes (65. 4 percent) in the primary to Shell's 656,542 (33. 4 percent). Nixon had never before shown any interest in the office and biographers still disagree on his precise motive in seeking it. In all likelihood, he was looking for a reason not to run for president again in 1964. With John F. Kennedy's popularity strong, it was likely to be a losing effort. Therefore, if Nixon won in 1962, he would have the excuse that he was too busy running the state. If he lost, he could plead a desire not to campaign again so soon. In either case, Brown won handily. Nixon's loss was widely believed to be the end of his career.

Years of campaigning and losing had worn Nixon down. In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election, Nixon famously blamed the media for favoring his opponent. At a postelection press conference, a bitter Nixon lashed out at reporters who, he said "are so delighted that I have lost. " He added:

“	For 16 years, ever since the Hiss case, you've had a lot of—a lot of fun—that you've had an opportunity to attack me and I think I've given as good as I've taken. Alger Hiss (November 11 1904 – November 15 1996 was a US State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. . . . . But as I leave you I want you to know—just think how much you're going to be missing. You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference. [6]	”
—Richard Nixon 1962

However, one year later, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas The events that defined the tumultuous 1960s were beginning, and before the decade closed, a "New Nixon," one who was "tanned, rested and ready. " Nixon moved to New York City, where he became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander. The City of New York During the 1966 Congressional elections, he stumped the country in support of Republican candidates, rebuilding his base in the party. The US House election 1966 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1966 which occurred in the middle of President Lyndon Johnson

1968 presidential election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1968

In the presidential primary election of 1968, he won the nomination. Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate Nixon's success might be attributed to Robert F. Kennedy's assassination after he won the California Democratic primary in June 1968. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Nixon appealed to what he called the "Silent Majority" of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators. The silent majority is an unspecified large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause.

Nixon's running mate, Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew, became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first ^[7] Nixon promised peace with honor, and, though never claiming to be able to win the war, Nixon did say "new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions " He did not explain his plans to end the war, causing Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey to allege he must have some "secret plan. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving An election promise is a Promise made to the public by a Politician who is trying to win an Election. " Nixon didn't invent the phrase, but because he did not disavow the term, it soon became part of the campaign. In his memoirs, Nixon wrote he had no plan. In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and independent candidate George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by less than 1% of the popular vote to become the 37th President of the United States. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for

Presidency (1969 – 1974)

Foreign policy

In his book Real Peace in 1983 Nixon wrote that: "Short of changing human nature, therefore, the only way to achieve a practical, livable peace in a world of competing nations is to take the profit out of war". ^[8] Nixon was the first president to visit all fifty states, as well as the first to visit the Soviet Union (and later the Peoples Republic of China). While in the Soviet Union, he engaged in intense negotiations with his Soviet counterpart, Leonid Brezhnev. Out of this "summit" meeting came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties. SALT (named for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks underway since 1969) froze each country's arsenal of intercontinental missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles, so that neither side would be tempted to attack the other without fearing devastating retaliation. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence," in which "détente" (cooperation) would replace the hostility of the Cold War. ^[9]

Vietnam War

Main articles: Vietnam War and The United States and the Vietnam War

Once in office, he proposed the Nixon Doctrine, a strategy of replacing American troops with the Vietnamese troops, also called "Vietnamization. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975 Lieutenant Commander ( Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Navy) is a Commissioned officer rank in many navies Superior The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The Nixon Doctrine (also known as the Guam Doctrine) was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began soon after the Second World War and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War (1956-1975 " In July 1969, he visited South Vietnam, and met with President Nguyen Van Thieu and with U. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. S. military commanders. American involvement in the war declined steadily until all American troops were gone in 1973. After the withdrawal of U. S. troops, fighting was left to the South Vietnamese army. Although the South Vietnamese were well supplied with modern arms, their fighting capability was limited by inadequate funding, low morale, and corruption. The lack of funding was primarily because of large funding cutbacks by the U.S. Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Nixon was widely praised in the United States for having delivered 'peace with honor', and ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially However, a part of his strategy was the resumption of the U. S. bombing of North Vietnam should they violate the Peace agreement, which Nixon was confident they would. Watergate, however, made it impossible to carry this out. Nixon, along with his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger also sought a 'decent interval' solution to the problem of South Vietnam, so that the country would survive for long enough for him not to be personally blamed for its ultimate collapse. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973

Nixon approved secret bombing campaigns in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named Operation Menu) to destroy what was believed to be the headquarters of the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam, and later escalated the conflict with secretly bombing Laos before Congress cut the funding for the conflict in Vietnam. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East Operation Menu was the codename of a covert US Strategic Air Command (SAC bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Another goal of the bombings was to interdict the Ho Chi Minh trail that passed through Laos and Cambodia. Air interdiction (AI is the use of aircraft to attack tactical ground targets that are not in close proximity to friendly ground forces The Ho Chi Minh trail was a logistical system that ran from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam through In approving the bombings, Nixon realized he would be extending an unpopular war as well as breaching Cambodia's stated neutrality. In a televised speech on April 30, 1970, Nixon announced the incursion of U.S. troops into Cambodia to disrupt so-called North Vietnamese sanctuaries. The Cambodian Campaign (also known as the Cambodian Incursion) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring and summer The invasion of Cambodia, the subsequent killing, on 4 May, of four students during a protest at Kent State University in Ohio and Nixon's perceived callous reaction to the violence, provoked a national student strike that involved more than four million students and 450 universities, colleges and high schools. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV IMPORTANT After careful consideration the title "Kent State Shootings" has been applied in this article rather than "Kent State Massacre In the aftermath of the American Invasion of Cambodia on April 30 1970 and the killing of four students at Kent State University on May 4

During deliberations over Nixon's impeachment, his unorthodox use of executive powers in ordering the bombings was considered as an article of impeachment, but the charge was dropped as not a violation of constitutional powers. In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State.

China and the Soviet Union

Main article: 1972 Nixon visit to China

Relations between the Western powers and Eastern Bloc changed dramatically in the early 1970s. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were In 1960, the People's Republic of China publicly split from its main ally, the Soviet Union, in the Sino-Soviet Split. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Sino-Soviet split was a gradual divergence of diplomatic ties between the People's Republic of China (PRC and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR As tension along the border between the two communist nations reached its peak in 1969 and 1970, Nixon decided to use their conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. The Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969 refers to a series of armed border clashes between the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China at the height Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the In what later would be known as the "China Card", the Nixon administration improved relations with China in order to gain a strategic advantage over the Soviet Union, but also gave Moscow a chance to improve relations so as not to be squeezed by a U. S. -China détente. In 1971, a move was made to improve relations when China invited an American table tennis team to China; hence the term "Ping Pong Diplomacy". Ping Pong Diplomacy ( refers to the exchange of ping pong players of the United States and People's Republic of China (PRC in the 1970s Nixon sent Henry Kissinger on a secret mission to China in July 1971, after which a stunned world was told that Nixon intended to visit Communist China in 1972. As a result, many countries that had previously opposed the People's Republic's entry into the United Nations changed their stance. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Despite frantic lobbying by the U. S. Ambassador to the United Nations, George H.W. Bush, in October 1971 the U. N. General Assembly voted to give to the Chinese seat, hitherto held by America's ally, the Republic of China, to the People's Republic and expel the Republic of China from the U. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES N. In February 1972 Nixon grabbed the world's attention by himself going to China to have direct talks with Mao. The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led During this visit he privately stated that he believed “There is one China, and Taiwan is a part of China. ”^[10] Fearing the possibility of a Sino-American alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to American pressure for détente. Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s

Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. The first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were finally concluded the same year with the SALT I treaty. To win American friendship both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms. They did not, however, cut back their military aid to North Vietnam — in fact Chinese military aid to North Vietnam increased during this period. ^[11] Nixon later explained his strategy:

“	I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. At worst, Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing. At best, if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry, Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept. [12]	”
—Richard Nixon

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Nixon strongly supported General Yahya Khan of Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 despite widespread human rights violations against the Bengalis, particularly Hindus, by the Pakistan Army. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Bangladesh Liberation War (i ( Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ Muktijuddho) was an armed conflict between West Pakistan (later East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ( February 4 1917 &ndash August 10 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971 following the resignation Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. Beginning with the start of Operation Searchlight on 25 March 1971 and continuing throughout the Bangladesh War of Independence, there were widespread violations The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between Bangladesh and India) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered Though Nixon claimed that his objective was to prevent a war, and safeguard Pakistan's interests (including the issue of refugees), in reality the U. S. President was fearful of an Indian invasion of West Pakistan that would lead to Indian domination of the sub-continent and strengthen the position of the Soviet Union, which had recently signed a Treaty of Friendship with India. West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955&ndash1970 name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971 when the eastern wing became independent This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 He also sought to demonstrate his reliability as a partner to the People's Republic of China, with whom he had been negotiating a rapprochement, and where he planned to visit just a few months later. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES In International relations a rapprochement', which comes from the French word rapprocher ("to bring together" is a re-establishment The 1972 Nixon visit to China was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. President Nixon and his national security adviser Henry Kissinger downplayed reports of Pakistani genocide in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and risked a confrontation with Moscow to look tough. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[13] Many, including Kissinger,^[14] have mentioned that the foreign policy "tilt" towards Pakistan had more to do with Nixon's personal like for the dictator and the support to Pakistan was influenced by sentimental considerations and a long standing anti-Indian bias. ^[15] The Nixon administration was also responsible for illegally providing military supplies to the Pakistani military despite Congressional objections,^[16] and against American public opinion, which was concerned with the atrocities against East Pakistanis. The Pakistan Armed Forces ( Urdu: پاک عسکری) are the overall unified military forces of Pakistan ^[17] His decision to help Pakistan in a war at any cost prompted him to send the nuclear-equipped USS Enterprise to the Indian Ocean to try to threaten the Indian military. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Design Enterprise was intended to be the first of a class of six but construction costs ballooned and the remaining vessels were never laid down resulting in her The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Organization and command structure The headquarters of the Indian Armed Forces is in New Delhi, the capital city. Though it did little to turn the tide of war, it has been viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent nuclear program. India is believed to possess an arsenal of Nuclear weapons and maintains intermediate-range Ballistic missiles to deliver them ^[18] During the crisis Nixon was vocal in abusing the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi as an "old witch" in private conversations with Henry Kissinger, who is also recorded as making derogatory comments against Indians. The Prime Minister of India is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers ^[19] Ultimately Nixon's foreign policy initiatives in this matter largely failed as his attempt at a show of strength to impress China was at the cost of dismembering their mutual ally, Pakistan, who felt that once again United States had fallen short as an ally in failing to prevent Bangladeshi independence. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[20]

Other wars and crises

Nixon encouraged Augusto Pinochet's military overthrow of the elected socialist government of Chile in 1973. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of

Israel, a powerful American ally in the Middle East, was supported by the Nixon administration during the Yom Kippur War. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום When an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria—allies to the Soviets—attacked in October 1973 Israel suffered initial losses and pressed European powers for help, but (with the notable exception of the Netherlands) the Europeans responded with inaction. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Not so with Nixon, who, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy, initiated an air lift of American arms. By the time the U. S. and the Soviet Union negotiated a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. A long term effect was the movement of Egypt away from the Soviets toward the U. S. But the victory for its ally and the support provided to them by the U. S. came at the cost of the 1973 oil crisis. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of

On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned amidst charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Nixon chose Representative Gerald Ford (and Republican Minority Leader of the House of Representativees) to replace Agnew. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President

Domestic policy

Although often viewed as a conservative by his contemporaries, Nixon's domestic policies often appear centrist, or even liberal, to later observers. As President, Nixon imposed wage and price controls, indexed Social Security for inflation, and created Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Social Security, in the United States currently refers to the federal Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance ( OASDI) program In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Supplemental Security Income (or SSI) is a monthly stipend provided to aged (legally deemed to be 65 or older blind or disabled persons based on need paid by the United The number of pages added to the Federal Register each year doubled under Nixon. The Federal Register (since March 14, 1936) abbreviated Fed Reg He eradicated the last remnants of the gold standard, created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), promoted the Legacy of parks program and implemented the Philadelphia Plan, the first significant federal affirmative action program, and dramatically increased spending on federal employees's salaries. The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Legacy of Parks This 1970s New Federalism style program promoted by the Nixon administration turned federal land over to the states for historical The Revised Philadelphia Plan was a plan that required government contractors in Philadelphia to hire minority workers Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically In the wake of racial tensions that had sometimes erupted into urban violence before he assumed the Presidency, Nixon's policy on race relations and civil rights was perceived to be influenced by a doctrine commonly referred to as "benign neglect. For the British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws see Salutary neglect. " As a party leader, Nixon helped build the Republican Party (GOP), but he ran his 1972 campaign separately from the party, which perhaps helped the GOP escape some of the damage from Watergate. The History of the United States Republican Party is an account of the second oldest currently existing Political party in the United States The Nixon White House was the first to organize a daily press event and daily message for the media, a practice that all subsequent staffs have performed. Diaz_Ordaz_Nixon. gif Nixon is credited with creating the modern day Imperial Presidency, in which the presidency retains a high level of control over government policy and decisions. Imperial Presidency is a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M In the early 1970s, Nixon impounded billions of dollars in federal spending and expanded the power of the Office of Management and Budget. Impoundment is the refusal of presidents of the United States to spend money that has been appropriated by the United States Congress. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB is a Cabinet -level office and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP These encroachments on the power of Congress led to the passage of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (,) is a United States federal law that governs the role of the Congress in the United States

On January 2, 1974, Nixon signed a bill that lowered the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 miles per hour (90 km/h) in order to conserve gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The National Maximum Speed Law in the United States was a provision of the 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act that prohibited speed limits higher (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of This law remained in effect until 1995, though states had been allowed to raise the limit to 65 miles per hour in rural areas since 1987.

Committed to wide-ranging bureaucratic reforms, in a last-minute bid to save his presidency, Nixon signed a significant reform of the federal budgeting process and granted wide authority to Congress in shaping the final budget.

School integration

The Nixon years witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South, after the region had stalled in compliance with the 1954 Supreme Court's Brown ruling. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier Strategically, Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist George C. Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern white Democrats. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for His plan has since been known as the Southern strategy. In American politics, the Southern strategy refers to a Republican method of carrying Southern states in the latter decades of the 20th century and first decade of Nixon concentrated on the principle that the law must be color-blind. Color-blind (sometimes called Race-blind) is a term describing activities undertaken and services provided without regard to the racial characteristics of those who "I am convinced that while legal segregation is totally wrong, forced integration of housing or education is just as wrong. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) "^[21]

Though Nixon thought of appealing to southern whites by slowing school desegregation, he decided to enforce the law after the Supreme Court, in Alexander v. Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. Holmes County (1969), prohibited further delays. Nixon's Cabinet committee on school desegregation, under the leadership of Labor Secretary George P. Shultz, quietly set up local biracial committees to assure smooth compliance without violence or political grandstanding. George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U By fall of 1970, two million southern black children enrolled in newly created unitary fully integrated school districts. "In this sense, Nixon was the greatest school desegregator in American history," historian Dean Kotlowski concluded. ^[22]

U. S. space program

On July 20, 1969, Nixon addressed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin live via radio during their historic Apollo 11 moonwalk. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5 1930 is a former American Astronaut, Test pilot, University Professor, and United States Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr, January 20, 1930 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey) is an American Aviator Nixon also made humanity's longest distance phone call to Neil Armstrong on the moon. (All U. S. Project Apollo moon landings, and the attempted moon landing of Apollo 13, took place during Nixon's first term. ) On January 5, 1972, Nixon approved the development of NASA's Space Shuttle program, a decision that profoundly influenced American efforts to explore and develop space for several decades thereafter. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System ( STS) is the United States government's current manned Launch

Under the Nixon Administration, NASA's budget declined. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine was drawing up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Thomas Otten Paine ( November 9, 1921 – May 4, 1992) American scientist was the third Administrator of NASA, serving Nixon, however, rejected these ideas.

1972 Landslide re-election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1972

In 1972, Nixon was re-elected in one of the biggest landslide election victories in US political history, defeating Senator George McGovern and garnering over 60% of the popular vote. The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. George Stanley McGovern He carried 49 of the 50 states, losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D

Major initiatives

During the Nixon Administration, the United States established many government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Supplemental Security Income program, and the Office of Minority Business Enterprise; the Post Office Department was abolished as a cabinet department and reorganized as a government-owned corporation: the U.S. Postal Service. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Doing business as Amtrak, is a Government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and Supplemental Security Income (or SSI) is a monthly stipend provided to aged (legally deemed to be 65 or older blind or disabled persons based on need paid by the United The Minority Business Development Agency ( MBDA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that promotes growth and competitiveness of the United Nixon proposed in 1971 to create four new government departments superseding the current structure: departments organized for the goal of efficient and effective public service as opposed the thematic bases of Commerce, Labor, Transportation, Agriculture, et al. Departments like State, Treasury, Defense and Justice would remain under this proposal. ^[23] Nixon also suspended the converting of the US dollar into gold, a central point of the Bretton Woods system, allowing its value to float in world markets. The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states A floating currency is a Currency that uses a Floating exchange rate as its Exchange rate regime.

In international affairs, President Nixon normalized diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, enacted détente, or the peaceful pause in the Cold War, with the Soviet Union (later abolished by President Ronald Reagan). Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Détente is a French term meaning a relaxing or easing the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 He signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, following the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (also known as SALT I). The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty or ABMT) was a treaty between the United States of America and the Soviet Union on the limitation

On April 3, 1974, Nixon announced he would pay $432,787. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. 13 in back taxes plus interest after a Congressional committee reported that he had inadvertently underpaid his 1969 and 1972 taxes.

Health insurance

In his 1974 State of the Union address, Nixon called for comprehensive health insurance with the following remarks:

"Turning now to the rest of the agenda for 1974, the time is at hand this year to bring comprehensive, high quality health care within the reach of every American. I shall propose a sweeping new program that will assure comprehensive health insurance protection to millions of Americans who cannot now obtain it or afford it, with vastly improved protection against catastrophic illnesses. This will be a plan that maintains the high standards of quality in America's health care. And it will not require additional taxes. "^[24]

On February 6, 1974, he introduced the Comprehensive Health Insurance Act. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Nixon's plan would have mandated employers to purchase health insurance for their employees, and in addition provided a federal health plan like Medicaid that any American could join by paying on a sliding scale based on income. ^[24][25]

The AFL-CIO and the United Auto Workers lobbied to kill the plan, not because they were fundamentally opposed to universal health care, but because they hoped for an even better plan after the next election. With the collapse of the Nixon presidency, however, followed by his successor Ford's overarching concerns with the economy and government spending, the plan was put on the back burner and forgotten for a generation. Hillary Clinton proposed a very similar plan in 2007 while running for president. Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26 1947 is the junior United States Senator from ^[26]

Views on media

Certain tapes show that Nixon saw widespread Jewish engagement in American media as somewhat of a problem for the country, saying "Newsweek is all run by Jews and dominated by them. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ . . does this mean all Jews are bad? No. "^[27]

Administration and Cabinet

The Nixon Cabinet
OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	Richard Nixon	1969–1974
Vice President	Spiro Agnew	1969–1973
	Gerald Ford	1973–1974
State	William P. Rogers	1969–1973
	Henry Kissinger	1973–1974
Treasury	David M. Kennedy	1969–1971
	John Connally	1971–1972
	George Shultz	1972–1974
	William Simon	1974
Defense	Melvin R. Laird	1969–1973
	Elliot Richardson	1973
	James Schlesinger	1973–1974
Justice	John N. Mitchell	1969–1972
	Richard Kleindienst	1972–1973
	Elliot Richardson	1973–1974
	William B. Saxbe	1974
Postmaster General	Winton M. Blount	1969–1971 1
Interior	Walter Joseph Hickel	1969–1971
	Rogers Morton	1971–1974
Agriculture	Clifford M. Hardin	1969–1971
	Earl Butz	1971–1974
Commerce	Maurice Stans	1969–1972
	Peter Peterson	1972–1973
	Frederick B. Dent	1973–1974
Labor	George Shultz	1969–1970
	James D. Hodgson	1970–1973
	Peter J. Brennan	1973–1974
HEW	Robert Finch	1969–1970
	Elliot Richardson	1970–1973
	Caspar Weinberger	1973–1974
HUD	George Romney	1969–1973
	James Thomas Lynn	1973–1974
Transportation	John A. Volpe	1969–1973
	Claude Brinegar	1973–1974
1. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs William Pierce Rogers ( June 23, 1913 &ndash January 2, 2001) was an American politician who served as a Cabinet officer Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until David Matthew Kennedy ( July 21, 1905 – May 1, 1996) was an American businessman economist and Cabinet secretary John Bowden Connally Jr ( February 27 1917 June 15 1993) was a powerful American politician, serving as Governor George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U William Simon may refer to William E Simon - former Secretary of Treasury of the U The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Melvin Robert (Bom Laird (born September 1, 1922) is an American politician and writer Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement John Newton Mitchell (September 1913 &ndash November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and Richard Gordon Kleindienst ( August 05, 1923 – February 03, 2000) was an American lawyer and politician Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet William Bart Saxbe (born June 24, 1916) was an American politician of the Republican Party, who served as a U The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. Winton Malcolm "Red" Blount Jr ( February 1, 1921 – October 24, 2002) was the United States Postmaster General from 1969-1972 The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Walter Joseph "Wally" Hickel (born August 18, 1919) is an American Republican Politician who served as the 2nd and 8th Rogers Clark Ballard Morton (September 19 1914 &ndash April 19 1979 was an American politician who served as Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. Clifford Morris Hardin (born October 9, 1915) served as United States Secretary of Agriculture from 1969 to 1971 Earl Lauer Butz ( July 3, 1909 &ndash February 2, 2008) was a United States government official who served as Secretary The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Maurice Hubert Stans ( March 22, 1908 - April 14, 1998) was the finance chairman for the Committee to Re-elect the President, working Peter Peterson may refer to Peter George Peterson (born 1926 businessman author and politician Pete Peterson (baseball Frederick Baily Dent (born August 17, 1922 in Cape May, New Jersey) served from 1943 until 1946 in the United States Navy. "Secretary of Labor" redirects here See also Secretary of Labor (Mexico. George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U James Day Hodgson (born December 3 1915, in Dawson Minnesota) is an American politician Peter Joseph Brennan ( May 24, 1918 - October 2, 1996) was United States Secretary of Labor under Presidents Nixon The United States Secretary of Health Education and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health Education and Welfare. Robert Hutchison Finch ( October 9 1925 - October 10 1995) was a Republican Politician from La Canada Flintridge California Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing George Wilcken Romney ( July 8 1907 July 26 1995) was an American Businessman and a Politician. James Thomas Lynn (born February 27 1927) was a US administrator. The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation. John Anthony Volpe ( December 8, 1908 - November 11, 1994) was a Governor of Massachusetts and a U Claude Stout Brinegar (born December 16, 1926) was the third United States Secretary of Transportation, serving from February 2, 1973 Postmaster General removed from the Cabinet on July 1, 1971. Winton M. Blount was continued as Postmaster General until December 31, 1971.

The Nixon Administration comprised an impressive array of talent both in the cabinet and in the White House staff. Among the many people who came to Washington to serve in the administration were one future President (George H. W. Bush); two future Vice Presidents (Dick Cheney and Bush again); six future secretaries of state (Henry Kissinger, Alexander Haig, George P. Shultz, James Baker, Lawrence Eagleburger and Colin Powell); five future secretaries of defense (James Schlesinger, Donald Rumsfeld, Casper Weinberger, Frank Carlucci and Cheney again); a future chairman of the joint chiefs of staff (Powell again), two future secretaries of the treasury (William Simon and Baker again); a future secretary of energy (Schlesinger again); and three future chiefs of staff (Rumsfeld, Cheney and Baker again). George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (born August 1 1930) is an American Statesman and former career Diplomat, who served briefly as the Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party William Simon may refer to William E Simon - former Secretary of Treasury of the U Indeed a member of the Nixon Administration has held a cabinet post or been a senior advisor within the subsequent six presidential administrations. That so many key figures of the Ford, Reagan, Bush (41) and Bush (43) Administrations first entered government service in the Nixon White House is arguably the most profound and long-lasting legacy of Richard Nixon. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

Supreme Court appointments

Nixon appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Warren E. Burger (Chief Justice) — 1969
• Harry Andrew Blackmun — 1970
• Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. — 1972
• William Rehnquist — 1972

Watergate

Main article: Watergate scandal

The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of illegal and secret activities undertaken by Nixon or his aides during his administration. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Warren Earl Burger ( September 17 1907 – June 25 1995) was Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986 The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Harry Andrew Blackmun ( November 12, 1908 &ndash March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Lewis Franklin Powell Jr ( September 19, 1907 &ndash August 25, 1998) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1 1924 – September 3 2005 was an American lawyer, jurist, and a political figure who served as an Associate Justice The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Some of these began as early as 1969, when Nixon and Kissinger tapped the phones of numerous journalists and administration officials in an effort to stop information leaks to the press. Other episodes of wrongdoing included the 1971 burglary of Dr. Lewis Fielding's office in search of the psychiatric records of Daniel Ellsberg, who leaked the Pentagon Papers to the press, Nixon's order to have the FBI investigate CBS News reporter Daniel Schorr after he reported critically on the administration, and talk by Nixon's aide G. Gordon Liddy about having the newspaper columnist Jack Anderson assassinated. Daniel Ellsberg (born April 7 1931 is a former American military Analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy The Pentagon Papers is the popular name for a 14000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy For the actor see Dan Shor Daniel Louis Schorr (born August 31, 1916) is an American Journalist who has covered George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930) was the chief operative for the White House Plumbers unit that existed during several years of Jackson Northman Anderson ( October 19, 1922 &ndash December 17, 2005) was an American

These activities did not come to light until several men were caught breaking into Democratic Party headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC on June 17, 1972. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Watergate complex is an office-apartment-hotel complex built in 1967 in northwest Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The men were subsequently linked to the White House. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President An oath of office is an Oath or Affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an Office, usually a position in government or within a religious Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence This became one of a series of major scandals involving the Committee to Re-Elect the President (known as CRP, but referred to by his opponents as CREEP), including the White House enemies list and assorted "dirty tricks. The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP (an acronym used derisively by critics of the Nixon administration was a Nixon Nixon’s Enemies List is the informal name of what started as a list of President Richard Nixon ’s major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson In politics and business dirty tricks refers to unethical duplicitous Slanderous or illegal tactics employed to destroy or diminish the effectiveness of opponents " The ensuing Watergate scandal exposed the corruption, illegality and deceit displayed by some of those within the Nixon Administration. ^[28]

Nixon himself downplayed the scandal as mere politics, but when his aides resigned in disgrace, Nixon's role in ordering an illegal cover-up came to light in the press, courts, and congressional investigations. Nixon owed back taxes,^[29] had accepted illicit campaign contributions,^[30] and had harassed opponents with executive agencies, wiretaps, and break-ins. Campaign finance refers to the means by which money is raised for election campaigns. An executive agency, also known as a next-step agency, is a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily separate in order to carry out some Wiretap redirects here For the radio program see WireTap (radio program Telephone tapping (or wire tapping / wiretapping in In addition, he had ordered the secret bombing of Cambodia. Operation Menu was the codename of a covert US Strategic Air Command (SAC bombing campaign conducted in eastern Cambodia from 18 March 1969 ^[31] Unlike the tape recordings by earlier Presidents, his secret recordings of White House conversations were revealed and subpoenaed and showed details of his complicity in the cover-up. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence A subpoena (səˈpiːnə is commonly defined as a written command to a person to Testify before a Court or be punished Nixon was named by the grand jury investigating Watergate as "an unindicted co-conspirator" in the Watergate scandal.

One piece of evidence, an audio tape of conversations held in the White House between the President and various aides on the 20 June 1972, features an unexplained 18½ minute gap,^[32] which appears to be divided into two distinct portions (suggesting that the tape had been recorded over on two separate occasions). Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The first deleted section, of about five minutes, has been attributed to human error on the part of Rose Mary Woods, the President's personal secretary, who admitted accidentally wiping the section while transcribing the tape. Rose Mary Woods ( December 26, 1917 – January 22, 2005) was Richard Nixon 's secretary No definitive explanation has been offered for the deletion of the second section, but contextual evidence suggests that Nixon and then-Chief of Staff Bob Haldeman discussed the Watergate problem in the conversation obliterated. Harry Robbins Haldeman (publicly known as H R Haldeman, and informally as Bob Haldeman) ( October 27, 1926 &ndash November 12, The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrong-doing on the part of the President, cast doubt on Nixon's claim that he was unaware of the cover-up at this stage. A cover-up is an attempt whether successful or not to conceal evidence of wrong-doing error Incompetence, or other embarrassing information Although not discovered until several years after he had left office, transcripts of an earlier June 20, 1972 conversation between Nixon and White House Special Counsel Charles Colson clearly show Nixon's early involvement in obstructing justice in the Watergate investigation. Kingdoms in Conflict (1988 but I don't know where--> Charles (Chuck Wendell Colson (born October 16 ^[33]

He lost support from some in his own party as well as much popular support after what became known as the Saturday Night Massacre of October 20, 1973, in which his demand that independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox be dismissed, was refused to be carried out by Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, who both resigned in protest. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The "Saturday Night Massacre" was the term given by political commentators to U Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. A special prosecutor generally is a Lawyer from outside the Government appointed by an Attorney general or Congress to investigate a government Archibald Cox Jr, ( May 17, 1912 &ndash May 29, 2004) was an American Lawyer who served as U The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Elliot Lee Richardson ( July 20, 1920 &ndash December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet Deputy Attorney General (DAG is the second-highest-ranking official in a department of justice or of law in various governments of the world William Doyle Ruckelshaus (born July 24, 1932 in Indianapolis Indiana) is an American attorney and civil servant The then Solicitor General, the most senior officer remaining at the Department of Justice, Robert Bork, dismissed Cox. The United States Solicitor General is the individual appointed to argue for the Government of the United States in front of the Supreme Court of the United States Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of Originalism.

As the Watergate story continued to dominate headlines, Nixon tried to reassure a suspicious public by continuing to deflect himself from any wrong doing. On November 17, 1973, at a televised question and answer session with the press, Nixon said,

“

People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got.

”

The House Judiciary Committee controlled by Democrats opened formal and public impeachment hearings against Nixon on May 9, 1974. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary US House Committee on the Judiciary, or (more commonly the House Judiciary Committee, is a Standing committee of Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Despite his efforts, one of the secret recordings, known as the "smoking gun" tape, was released on August 5, 1974, and revealed that Nixon authorized hush money to Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt, and also revealed that Nixon ordered the CIA to tell the FBI to stop investigating certain topics because of "the Bay of Pigs thing. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Hush Money is a 1931 film featuring Joan Bennett, Hardie Albright, Owen Moore, Myrna Loy, and George Raft Everette Howard Hunt Jr ( October 9 1918 – January 23 2007) was an American Author and spy. " In light of his loss of political support and the near certainty of both his impeachment by the House of Representatives and his probable conviction by the Senate, he resigned on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. listen (help·info) He never admitted to criminal wrongdoing, although he later conceded errors of judgment.

On September 8, 1974, a blanket pardon from President Ford, who served as Nixon's second Vice President, ended any possibility of indictment. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. The pardon was highly controversial and Nixon's critics claimed that the blanket pardon was quid pro quo for his resignation. Quid pro quo ( Latin for "something for something") indicates a more-or-less equal exchange or substitution of goods or services No evidence of this "corrupt bargain" has ever been proven, and many modern historians dismiss any claims of overt collusion between the two men concerning the pardon. Three deals cut in connection with the presidency of the United States - two in contested United States presidential elections and a presidential appointment of a vice president - The pardon of Richard Nixon hurt Ford politically, and it was one of the many reasons cited for Ford's defeat in the election of 1976. The Democratic win in the 1974 mid-term elections provided a governing House majority that continued for two more decades.

Later years

In 1976, Nixon was disbarred by the State of New York,^[34] and soon resigned his other law licenses. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential

In his later years Nixon worked hard to rehabilitate his public image. He gained great respect as an elder statesman in the area of foreign affairs, being consulted by both Democratic and Republican successors to the presidency. He made many foreign visits in his post-presidential years, including his final one, to Russia in March 1994 just one month before his death. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Nixon continued to author books after his departure from politics, writing ten, including his most-recent memoirs.

Presidential Library and Museum

Main article: Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California opened as a private institution on July 19, 1990, with President Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon in attendance, as well as former Presidents Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan, as well as the current President at the time George H.W. Bush, and their First Ladies: Betty, Nancy, and Barbara. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8 1925 is the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H ^[35] From the time of its original dedication until July 11, 2007, the property was owned and operated by a private foundation and was not part of NARA's Presidential Libraries system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda. In March 2005, the Archivist of the United States and the Reverend John H. Taylor, Executive Director of the privately run Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements that will allow the Nixon Library and Birthplace to become the twelfth federally funded Presidential Library operated and staffed by NARA. On October 16, 2006, Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as director of the Materials Project; he assumed the directorship of the newly renamed Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum on July 11, 2007 when the institution was officially welcomed into the federal presidential library system. The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th

Pat Nixon's death

First Lady Pat Nixon died June 22, 1993 of health problems, including two strokes and lung cancer. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda, California during the week until her burial on June 26. Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of Richard Nixon was in deep sadness the entire time, but was comforted by his family as well as former presidents Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan, and their First Ladies, Betty and Nancy, respectively. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential

Death and funeral

Nixon suffered a severe stroke at 5:45 p. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26 1947 is the junior United States Senator from Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8 1925 is the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain m. EDT on Monday, April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge, New Jersey home. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Park Ridge is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It was determined that a blood clot resulting from his heart condition had formed in his upper heart, then broke off and traveled to his brain. He was rushed by ambulance to New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, initially alert, but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is a prominent University hospital in New York City, composed of two medical centers Columbia University Medical Center Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York His vision was reportedly also impaired, but he was able to greet his private doctor and daughters on separate occasions with strong squeezes from his left hand and his renowned thumbs-up salute. ^[36] Nixon was reportedly also visited by longtime friend Reverend Billy Graham and New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani the day after his stroke. William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian The City of New York KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with

Doctors initially claimed Nixon's stroke was minor, but the damage to the brain caused swelling (cerebral edema). Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intracellular and/or extracellular spaces of the Brain. Less than 24 hours after his arrival at the hospital, Nixon's level of consciousness began falling sharply, and on Thursday, April 21, 1994, he slipped into a deep coma. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) In Medicine, a coma (from the Greek koma, meaning deep sleep is a profound state of Unconsciousness. Nixon's living will stipulated that he was not to be placed on a ventilator to sustain his life. Advance health care directives or advance directives are instructions given by individuals specifying what actions should be taken for their health in the event that they are On Friday, April 22, 1994, he died at 9:08 p. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) m. , with his daughters at his bedside; he was 81.

Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994, the first for an American President since that of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973, which was presided over by Nixon during his presidency. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Speakers at the service, held at the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace (now Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum), included then-President Bill Clinton, former secretary of state Henry Kissinger, Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole, California Governor Pete Wilson, and the Reverend Billy Graham. The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (born July 22 1923 is an attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas from 1969–1996 serving part of that time Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23 1933 is an American Politician from California. The Reverend is a style used as a Prefix to the names of many Christian Clergy and ministers It is correctly called a style rather William Franklin Graham Jr KBE (born November 7 1918 better known as Billy Graham, is an evangelist and an Evangelical Christian Also in attendance were former Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and their respective first ladies. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Nixon was buried beside his wife, Pat (also 81 when she died ten months earlier, on June 22, 1993, of lung cancer), on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda. Thelma Catherine " Pat " Ryan Nixon (March 16 1912 &ndash June 22 1993 was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) He was survived by his two daughters, Tricia and Julie, and four grandchildren. The funeral was not a state funeral, therefore his body did not lie in state. Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased

Legacy

Presidential scholars, both liberal and conservative, generally agree that Nixon presents a special problem when seeking to evaluate and determine his presidential ranking because his foreign policy and domestic policy successes stand in dramatic contradiction to the corrupt elements in his administration. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham noted the "dichotomous or schizoid profiles. On some very important dimensions both Wilson and L. B. Johnson were outright failures in my view; while on others they rank very high indeed. Similarly with Nixon. " Historian Alan Brinkley said: "There are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, Wilson, Johnson, Nixon). " James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon, "How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic President, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"^[37] Even George McGovern, eleven years after Nixon defeated him for the presidency, commented: "President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War II. George Stanley McGovern . . . I think, with the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history. "^[38]

Public perception

Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his personality, and the public perception of it. Editorial cartoonists such as Herblock and comedians had fun exaggerating Nixon's appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature version of him became increasingly blurred. Herbert Lawrence Block commonly known as Herblock ( October 13, 1909 &ndash October 7, 2001) was an American He was often portrayed as a sullen loner, with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow. He was also characterized as the epitome of a "square" and the personification of unpleasant adult authority.

Nixon tried to shed these perceptions by staging photo-ops with young people and even cameo appearances on popular TV shows such as Laugh-In and Hee Haw (before he was President). A photo op (sometimes written as photo opp) short for photograph opportunity ( photo opportunity) originally referred to an opportunity that resulted in Here Comes The Judge redirects here for the 1968 song see Shorty Long. For the EP by The Birthday Party, see Hee Haw (EP Hee Haw was a Television Variety show co-hosted He also frequently brandished the two-finger V sign (alternately viewed as the "Victory sign" or "peace sign") using both hands, an act that became one of his best-known trademarks. The V sign is a hand Gesture in which the first and second fingers are raised and parted whilst the remaining fingers are clenched Due to his uptight image, many Americans were shocked to hear that the President had a much gruffer, aggressive side, revealed by the sheer amount of swearing and vicious comments seen on the transcripts of the president's White House tapes. This did not help the public perception and fed the comedians even more. Nixon's sense of being persecuted by his "enemies," his grandiose belief in his own moral and political excellence, and his willingness to use power ruthlessly to achieve political goals led some experts to describe him as having a narcissistic and paranoid personality. Narcissism describes the trait of excessive Self-love, based on Self-image or Ego. Paranoia is a disturbed thought process characterized by excessive Anxiety or Fear, often to the point of Irrationality and Delusion. ^[39] During the Watergate scandal, Nixon's approval rating had fallen to 23%. In the United States, presidential job approval ratings were introduced by George Gallup in the late 1930s (probably 1937 to gauge public support for the president ^[40]

References

Further information: Richard Nixon Bibliography

Notes

External links

• White House biography
• Nixon Presidential Materials at National Archives
• Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace, Yorba Linda, California
• The Nixon Center, Washington, D.C.
• whitehousetapes.org: The Nixon Tapes
• The Watergate Tapes
• Interactive Site on Nixon's Visit to China
• of the day Nixon had his fatal stroke in April 1994
• Nixon's will
• Richard Nixon at the Internet Movie Database
• Richard Nixon at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Works by Richard Nixon at Project Gutenberg

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Jerry Voorhis	Member from California's 12th congressional district 1947 – 1950	Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings
United States Senate
Preceded by Sheridan Downey	Senator from California (Class 3) 1950 – 1953 Served alongside: William F. Knowland	Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel
Political offices
Preceded by Alben W. Barkley	Vice President of the United States January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson	President of the United States January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974	Succeeded by Gerald Ford
Party political offices
Preceded by Earl Warren	Republican Party vice presidential candidate 1952, 1956	Succeeded by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Preceded by Dwight D. Eisenhower	Republican Party presidential candidate 1960	Succeeded by Barry Goldwater
Preceded by William F. Knowland	Republican Party nominee for Governor of California 1962	Succeeded by Ronald Reagan
Preceded by Barry Goldwater	Republican Party presidential candidate 1968, 1972	Succeeded by Gerald Ford

Persondata
NAME	Nixon, Richard Milhous
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Richard Nixon
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American politician, 37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
DATE OF BIRTH	9 January 1913
PLACE OF BIRTH	Yorba Linda, California, United States
DATE OF DEATH	22 April 1994
PLACE OF DEATH	New York City, New York, United States

The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis ( April 6, 1901 &ndash September 11, 1984) was a Democratic Politician from California's 12th congressional district spans from the southwestern portions of San Francisco in the north down to San Mateo in the south and from Moss Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=H000623 The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Sheridan Downey ( March 11 1884 – October 25 1961) was a Lawyer and a Democratic U California was Admitted to the Union on September 9, 1850. Class I SenatorPartyFromTo William Fife Knowland ( June 26 1908 &ndash February 23 1974) was a United States Politician, Newspaperman and Thomas Henry Kuchel ( August 15 1910 &ndash November 21 1994) was a Moderate Republican Party United States Senator Alben William Barkley (November 24 1877 &ndash April 30 1956 was a Democratic member of the U The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Earl Warren ( March 19, 1891 July 9, 1974) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the only person ever elected thrice This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was in one of its most tense Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1956 saw a popular Dwight D Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D William Fife Knowland ( June 26 1908 &ndash February 23 1974) was a United States Politician, Newspaperman and The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the Republican Party of the Please DO NOT flip the colors -->The United States presidential election of 1968 was a wrenching national experience and included the assassination of Democratic candidate The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Yorba Linda is an affluent suburban community in Orange County, California, approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

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