Richard Mulcaster (c. 1531, Cumberland – April 15, 1611, Essex), is known best for his headmasterships and pedagogic writings. Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Essex is a county in the East of England. The County town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common Pedagogy (ˈpɛdəgɒdʒi or paedagogy is the Art or Science of being a Teacher. He is often regarded as the founder of English Language lexicography.
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Educational achievements
In 1561 he became the first headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School in London, where he wrote his two treatises on education, Positions (1581) and Elementarie (1582). Merchant Taylors' School ( MTS) is a British boys' independent, Day school, originally located in the City of London, and since London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Merchant Taylors' School was at that time the largest school in the country, and Mulcaster worked to establish a rigorous curriculum which was to set the standard for education in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In 1596 he became high master of St Paul's School. St Paul's School is the name of many schools with St Paul's School in London, (founded 1509 being the oldest
Mulcaster was born into the gentry in Carlisle, and began his formal education at Eton College, from where he progressed to King's College, Cambridge. Gentry generally refers to people of high Social class, especially in the past Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. King's College Cambridge is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. Throughout his time at Cambridge and later at Oxford, he met important scholars who were to influence his later thinking, including Sir John Cheke and John Caius. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Sir John Cheke ( 16 June 1514 &ndash 13 September 1557) was an English Classical scholar and statesman notable as the John Caius ( October 6, 1510 - July 29, 1573) was an English Physician, and second founder of the present Gonville By the time he left Oxford, Mulcaster was known for his intellectual prowess in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, which he took to Merchant Taylors' School. Merchant Taylors' School ( MTS) is a British boys' independent, Day school, originally located in the City of London, and since
Richard Mulcaster's writings remain important in the study of humanist education and the sixteenth century. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal
Writings
Mulcaster’s most enduring work, the Elementarie was published in 1582. For the most part, it is a guide to good practice in teaching, particularly in the teaching of English. At a time when Latin still held the all of the prestige in education, Mulcaster made a convincing case for the huge potential of English to serve all of the functions that were at that time reserved for Latin, calling for it to be more widely used and, crucially, respected. The Elementarie is, in this respect, a call to national pride: ‘forenners and strangers do wonder at vs, both for the vncertaintie in our writing, and the inconstancie in our letters. ’ Provoking a movement that was to lead, ultimately, to English being the language of learning in the English-speaking world, the Elementarie argues ‘I do not think that anie language, … is better able to utter all arguments, either with more pith, or greater planesse, than our English tung is. ’ However, Mulcaster goes on to remind us of the need for the language to be codified and learnt, as Latin had thus far been: only ‘if the English utterer be as skillfull in the matter, which he is to utter’ can English rival Latin
Lexicography
To the end of establishing an English that could serve the complex needs of education, the 'Elementarie' ends with a list of 8000 ‘hard words’. Mulcaster does not define any of them, but attempts to lay down a standard spelling for them at a time when English had no universally-accepted spelling for any word. Besides making some movements toward spelling ‘rules’ for English (such as the rôle of the ‘final e’ in reflecting vowel length in such pairs as ‘bad’ and ‘bade’), the list represents a call for English to get its first dictionary, to gather ‘all the words which we use in our English tung…out of all professions, as well learned as not, into one dictionarie, and besides the right writing, which is incident to the Alphabete, [the lexicographer] wold open vnto us therein, both their naturall force, and their proper use. ’ Over the following decades, the first dictionaries of English do indeed appear.
Football
Richard Mulcaster has been described as “the greatest sixteenth Century advocate of football” [1]. His unique contribution is not only naming "footeball" by its correct English name but also providing the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster confirms that his was a game closer to modern football by differentiating it from games involving other parts of the body, namely "the hand ball" and "the armeball". He referred to the many benefits of "footeball" in his personal publication of 1581 in English entitled ‘Positions Wherein Those Primitive Circumstances Be Examined, Which Are Necessarie for the Training up of Children’. [2] He states that football had positive educational value and it promoted health and strength.
Mulcaster was one of the first advocates of the introduction of referees: “For if one stand by, which can judge of the play, and is judge over the parties, & hath authoritie to commande in the place, all those inconveniences have bene, I know, & wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they will never entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be complaint, where there is no cause. ” [3] Mulcaster's discussion on football was the first to refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), the benefits of a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)"[4]. Mulcaster describes a game for small teams that is organised under the auspices of a referee (and is therefore the first evidence that his game had evolved from disordered and violent "mob" football): "Some smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one another so barbarously . . . may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges".
Notes
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~wbarker/positions-txt.html
- ^ Richard Mulcaster. FootballNetwork. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Richard Mulcaster. FootballNetwork. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
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