Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about the poetic technique. For the form of ice, see rime ice. Hard rime is a white Ice that forms when the Water droplets in Fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects For linguistic rime (or rhyme) see syllable rime. In the study of Phonology in Linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a Syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda

A rhyme is a repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words and is most often used in poetry and songs. A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed The word "rhyme" may also refer to a short poem, such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes. A couplet is a pair of lines of verse. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter A nursery rhyme is a traditional Song or Poem taught to young children originally in the nursery.

Contents

Etymology

The word comes from the Old French rime, derived from Old Frankish language *rīm, a Germanic term meaning "series, sequence" attested in Old English (Old English rīm - "enumeration, series, numeral") and Old High German rīm, ultimately cognate to Old Irish rím, Greek ἀριθμός arithmos "number". Old French was the Romance Dialect continuum spoken in territories which span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium Old Frankish was the language of the Franks and it is classified as a West Germanic language. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

The spelling rhyme (for original rime) was introduced at the beginning of the Modern English period, due to a learnèd (but incorrect) association with Greek ῥυθμός (rhythmos). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

The older spelling rime survives in Modern English as a rare alternative spelling. A distinction between the spellings is also sometimes made in the study of linguistics and phonology, where rime/rhyme is used to refer to the nucleus and coda of a syllable. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning In Phonology, a syllable coda comprises the Consonant sounds of a Syllable that follow the nucleus, which is usually a Vowel A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In this context, some prefer to spell this rime to separate it from the poetic rhyme covered by this article (see syllable rime). In the study of Phonology in Linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a Syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda

History

The earliest surviving evidence of rhyming is the Chinese Shi Jing (ca. Shi Jing ( translated variously as the Classic of Poetry, the Book of Songs or the Book of Odes, is the earliest 10th century BC). In Europe, the practice arose only with Late Antiquity, continuing the homoioteleuton of rhetorics. Late Antiquity (c 300-600 is a Periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in Homeoteleuton (from the Greek, homoioteleuton, "like ending" is the repetition of endings in words Irish literature introduced the rhyme to Early Medieval Europe [1]; in the 7th century we find the Irish had brought the art of rhyming verses to a high pitch of perfection. The earliest Irish authors It is unclear when literacy first came to Ireland The leonine verse is notable for introducing rhyme into High Medieval literature in the 12th century. Leonine verse is a type of Versification based on Internal rhyme, and commonly used in Latin verse of the European Middle Ages From the 12th to the 20th centuries, European poetry is dominated by rhyme.

Types of rhyme

The word "Rhyme" can be used in a specific and a general sense. In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical; two lines of poetry rhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. A rhyme in the strict sense is also called a "perfect rhyme". Examples are sight and flight, deign and gain, madness and sadness.

Perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme

In the general sense, "rhyme" can refer to various kinds of phonetic similarity between words, and to the use of such similar-sounding words in organizing verse. Rhymes in this general sense are classified according to the degree and manner of the phonetic similarity:

It has already been remarked that in a perfect rhyme the last stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical in both words. If this identity of sound extends further to the left, the rhyme becomes more than perfect. An example of such a "super-rhyme" is the "identical rhyme", in which not only the vowels but also the onsets of the rhyming syllables are identical, as in gun and begun. Punning rhymes such are "bare" and "bear" are also identical rhymes. The rhyme may of course extend even further to the left than the last stressed vowel. If it extends all the way to the beginning of the line, so that we have two lines that sound identical, then it is called "holorhyme" ("For I scream/For ice cream").

The last type of rhyme is the sight (or eye), or similarity in spelling but not in sound, as with cough, bough, or love, move. Eye rhyme also called visual rhyme and sight rhyme is a similarity in spelling between words that are pronounced differently and hence not an auditory rhyme These are not rhymes in the strict sense, but often were formerly. For example, "sea" and "grey" rhymed in the early eighteenth century, though now they would make at best an eye rhyme.

The preceding classification has been based on the nature of the rhyme; but we may also classify rhymes according to their position in the verse:

A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming lines in a poem. A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyming Lines in a Poem or Song. Internal rhyme is rhyme which occurs within a single line of verse. In Poetry, internal rhyme or middle rhyme is Rhyme which occurs in a single line of verse.

Rhyme in English

See English poetry

Old English poetry is mostly alliterative verse. The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day Anglo-Saxon literature (or Old English literature) encompasses Literature written in Anglo-Saxon (Old English during the 600-year Anglo-Saxon In prosody, alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses Alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry as opposed to One of the earliest rhyming poems in English is The Rhyming Poem. The Rhyming Poem is one of the Poems found in the Exeter Book, a tenth century book of Anglo-Saxon poetry

Some words in English, such as "orange" or "pint" or "iron", are commonly regarded as having no rhyme. Although a clever poet can get around this (for example, by rhyming "orange" with combinations of words like "door hinge" or with far-fetched words like "Blorenge", a hill in Wales), it is generally easier to move the word out of rhyming position or replace it with a synonym ("orange" could become "amber"). Blorenge ( rhymes with orange Blorens is a Mountain in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym"

The most famous remarks in English on rhyme are from John Milton's preface to Paradise Lost:

The Measure is English Heroic Verse without Rime, as that of Homer in Greek, and of Virgil in Latin; Rime being no necessary Adjunct or true Ornament of Poem or good Verse, in longer Works especially, but the Invention of a barbarous Age, to set off wretched matter and lame Meeter; grac't indeed since by the use of some famous modern Poets, carried away by Custom. John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and Paradise Lost is an Epic poem in Blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. . .

A more tempered view is taken by W. H. Auden in The Dyer's Hand:

Rhymes, meters, stanza forms, etc. Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973 ˈwɪstən ˈhjuː ˈɔːdən who signed his works W The Dyer's Hand and other essays is a prose book by W H Auden, published in 1962 , are like servants. If the master is fair enough to win their affection and firm enough to command their respect, the result is an orderly happy household. If he is too tyrannical, they give notice; if he lacks authority, they become slovenly, impertinent, drunk and dishonest.

Rhyme in French

In French poetry, unlike in English, it is common to have "identical rhymes", in which not only the vowels of the final syllables of the lines rhyme, but their onset consonants ("consonnes d'appui") as well. French poetry is a category of French literature. It may include Francophone poetry composed outside France and poetry written in other Languages of To the ear of someone accustomed to English verse, this often sounds like a very weak rhyme. For example, an English perfect rhyme of homophones, flour and flower, would seem weak, whereas a French rhyme of homophones doigt and doit is not only acceptable but quite common.

Rhymes are sometimes classified into the categories "rime pauvre" ("poor rhyme"), "rime suffisante" ("sufficient rhyme"), "rime riche" ("rich rhyme") and "rime richissime" ("very rich rhyme"), according to the number of rhyming sounds in the two words. For example to rhyme "parla" with "sauta" would be a poor rhyme (the words have only the vowel in common), to rhyme "pas" with "bras" a sufficient rhyme (with the vowel and the silent consonant in common), and "tante" with "attente" a rich rhyme (with the vowel, the onset consonant, and the coda consonant with its mute "e" in common). Authorities disagree, however, on exactly where to place the boundaries between the categories.

Holorime is an extreme example of rime richissime spanning an entire verse. Holorime (or holorhyme) is a form of Rhyme in which the rhyme encompasses an entire line or phrase Alphonse Allais was a notable exponent of holorime. Alphonse Allais ( October 20, 1854 - October 28, 1905) was a French writer and Humorist born in Honfleur Here is an example of a holorime couplet:

Gall, amant de la Reine, alla (tour magnanime)
Gallamment de l'Arène à la Tour Magne, à Nîmes.
Gallus, the Queen's lover, went (a magnanimous gesture)
Gallantly from the Arena to the Great Tower, at Nîmes.

Classical French rhyme does not differ from English rhyme only in its different treatment of onset consonants. It also treats coda consonants in a peculiarly French way.

French spelling includes a lot of final letters that are no longer pronounced. Such final sounds, which were once pronounced, continue to live a shadowy existence in Classical French versification. They are in almost all of the pre-20th century French verse texts, but these rhyming rules are almost never taken into account from the 20th century on.

The most important "silent" letter is the "mute e". In spoken French today, this silent "e" leads a kind of half-life after consonants; but in Classical French prosody, it was considered an integral part of the rhyme even when following the vowel. "Joue" could rhyme with "boue", but not with "trou". Rhyming words ending with this silent "e" were said to make up a "feminine rhyme", while words not ending with this silent "e" made up a "masculine rhyme". It was a principle of stanza-formation that masculine and feminine rhymes had to alternate in the stanza. All 17th century French plays in verse alternate masculine and feminine alexandrine couplets. An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter comprising 12 Syllables Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and

The "silent" final consonants present a more complex case. They, too, were considered an integral part of the rhyme, so that "pont" could rhyme only with "vont" not with "long"; but this cannot be reduced to a simple rule about the spelling, since "pont" would also rhyme with "rond" even though one word ends in "t" and the other in "d". This is because the correctness of the rhyme depends not on the spelling on the final consonant, but on how it would have been pronounced. There are a few simple rules that govern word-final consonants in French prosody:

Rhyme in Hebrew

Ancient Hebrew verse generally did not employ rhyme. However, many Jewish liturgical poems rhyme today, because they were written in medieval Europe, where rhymes were in vogue. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions

Rhyme in Portuguese

Portuguese classifies rhymes in the following manner:

Rhyme in Greek

See Homoioteleuton rhyme

Rhyme in Latin

In Latin rhetoric and poetry homeoteleuton and alliteration were frequently used devices. Homeoteleuton (from the Greek, homoioteleuton, "like ending" is the repetition of endings in words Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Homeoteleuton (from the Greek, homoioteleuton, "like ending" is the repetition of endings in words Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase

But tail rhyme was not used as a prominent structural feature of Latin poetry until it was introduced under the influence of local vernacular traditions in the early Middle Ages. Latin poetry was a major part of Latin literature during the height of the Latin language. This is the Latin hymn Dies Irae:

Dies irae, dies illa
Solvet saeclum in favilla
Teste David cum Sybilla

Medieval poetry may mix Latin and vernacular languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities Dies Irae (Day of Wrath is a famous thirteenth century Latin Hymn thought to be written by Thomas of Celano. Because most of what we have was written down by clerics much of extant medieval poetry is religious. Vernacular refers to the Native language of a country or a locality Mixing languages in verse or rhyming words in different languages is termed macaronic. Macaronic refers to text spoken or written using a mixture of Languages sometimes including Bilingual puns particularly when the languages are used in the same context

Rhyme in Sanskrit

Patterns of rich rhyme (prāsa) play a role in modern Sanskrit poetry, but only to a minor extent in historical Sanskrit texts; they are classified according to their position within the pada, AdiprAsa (first syllable), Dwitiyakshara prasa (the second syllable), antyaprAsa (final syllable) etc.

Rhyme in the Qu'ran

The Qu'ran is written in a prosaic genre that uses end rhymes. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran This particular style was widely spread on the Arabic peninsula during the time of the Qu'ran's synthesis.

Rhyme in Celtic Languages

For Welsh See cynghanedd

Rhyming in the Celtic Languages takes a drastically different course from most other Western rhyming schemes as these languages had only minimal contact with the Romance and Greek patterns. Cynghanedd (pronounced) (literally " Harmony " in Welsh language Poetry, is the basic concept of sound-arrangement within one line using The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Gaelic languages (especially Irish Gaelic) do not use rhyming but rather assonance or the rhyming of vowel sounds within non-rhyming words. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within Phrases or Sentences, and together with Alliteration Often, pieces with true rhyming are considered awkward to Gaelic speakers, much in the same way many English speakers find the Irish rhyming pattern. Example of Irish Gaelic rhyme:

Is a Bhríd Óg Ní Mhaille, 's tú d'fhág mo chroí cráite (is a vreej ohg nee wahllya 's two dawg mow xree crawtchah)

Rhyme in Tamil

There are some unique rhyming schemes in Dravidian languages like Tamil. Specifically, the rhyme called 'edukai'(anaphora) rhymes on the beginning of subsequent line of a poem. In Rhetoric, an anaphora (ἀναφορά "carrying back" is emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clauses The effect of 'edukai', though a little strange at first, rapidly becomes pleasant to the reader, and to the Tamil it is as enjoyable as the end rhyme.

The other rhyme and related patterns are called 'mōnai' (alliteration), 't̪odai' (epiphora) and 'irattai kilavi' (parallelism). Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase Epistrophe, also known as epiphora (and occasionally as antistrophe) is a Figure of speech and the counterpart of Anaphora. Parallelism means to give two or more parts of the sentences a similar form so as to give the whole a definite pattern

Some classical Tamil poetry forms, such as Venpa, have rigid grammars for rhyme to the point that they could be expressed as a context-free grammar.

Function of Rhyme

Rhyme has multiple functions. Partly it seems to be enjoyed simply as a repeating pattern that is pleasant to hear. It also serves as a powerful mnemonic device, facilitating memorization. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember The regular use of tail rhyme helps to mark off the ends of lines, thus clarifying the metrical structure for the listener. As with other poetic techniques, poets use it to suit their own purposes; for example William Shakespeare often used a rhyming couplet to mark off the end of a scene in a play. William Shakespeare ( baptised A couplet is a pair of lines of verse. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter A play, or stageplay, is a form of Literature written by a Playwright, almost always consisting of Dialogue between Fictional characters

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Article about early Irish literature by prof. Douglas Hyde in The Catholic Encyclopedia"

External links

Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting, or just rhyming) is the Rhythmic spoken delivery of Rhymes wordplay and The rhyming spiritual is a religious Genre of Music found in the Bahamas, and also the Songs usually spirituals and Vocal Alliteration is the repetition of the first Consonant sound in a phrase Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within Phrases or Sentences, and together with Alliteration Broken rhyme, also called Split rhyme, is a form of Rhyme. It is produced by dividing a word at the line break of a poem to make a rhyme with the end word of another The following is a list of English words without rhymes, or refractory rhymes, i In Poetry, internal rhyme or middle rhyme is Rhyme which occurs in a single line of verse.

Dictionary

rhyme

-noun

  1. Verse, poetry.
  2. (uncountable) The fact of rhyming.
  3. A word that rhymes with another.

-verb

  1. (transitive, followed by with) Of a word, to be pronounced identically with another from the vowel in its stressed syllable to the end.
  2. (reciprocal) Of two or more words, to be pronounced identically from the vowel in the stressed syllable of each to the end of each.
  3. (transitive) To put words together so that they rhyme.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic