Citizendia

Reuben Fine
Full nameReuben Fine
CountryFlag of the United States United States
BornOctober 11, 1914(1914-10-11)
New York City
DiedMarch 26, 1993 (aged 78)
TitleGrandmaster

Reuben Fine (October 11, 1914 – March 26, 1993) was one of the best chess players in the world from the mid 1930s through the early 1940s, an International Grandmaster, as well as a chess author, psychologist, and psychology author. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The City of New York Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Fine won five medals (four gold) in three chess Olympiads. An Olympiad is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. Fine won the U.S. Open Chess Championship all seven times he entered (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1940, 1941). The US Open Championship is an open national Chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900 He was the author of several chess books which are still popular today. After World War II, he earned his doctorate in psychology, and wrote many successful books in that field as well. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and

Contents

Biography

Teenage Master

Fine was born in New York City to a poor Russian-Jewish[1] family. The City of New York He learned to play chess at age eight, and began tournament-level chess at the famous Marshall Chess Club in New York City, stomping grounds for many famous grandmasters like Bobby Fischer, later on. The Marshall Chess Club in New York City is one of the oldest and strongest Chess clubs in the United States The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster At this stage of his chess career Fine played a great deal of blitz chess, and he eventually became one of the best blitz chess players in the world. Fast chess, also known as blitz chess, lightning chess, bullet chess and rapid chess, is a type of Chess game in which each side is Even in the early 1930s, he could just about hold his own in blitz chess against the then world chess champion Alexander Alekhine, although Fine admitted that the few times he played Alekhine's predecessor José Raúl Capablanca, the latter beat him "mercilessly". See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October

Fine's first significant Master event was the 1930 New York Young Masters tournament, which was won by Arthur Dake. Arthur Dake (Darkowski ( 8 April 1910 – 28 April 2000) was an American chess master He narrowly lost a 1931 stakes match to fellow New Yorker Arnold Denker. Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster Fine placed second at the 1931 New York State Championship with 8/11 behind Fred Reinfeld. Fred Reinfeld ( January 27, 1910 &ndash May 29, 1964) was an American Chess player and a prolific writer Fine won the 15th Marshall Chess Club Championship of 1931 with 10. The Marshall Chess Club in New York City is one of the oldest and strongest Chess clubs in the United States 5/13, half a point ahead of Reinfeld. He defeated Herman Steiner by 5. Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US 5-4. 5 at New York 1932; this was the first of three matches the two players would contest.

U. S. Open Champion

At age 17, Fine won his first of seven U.S. Open Chess Championships at Minneapolis 1932 with 9. The US Open Championship is an open national Chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900 5/11, half a point ahead of Samuel Reshevsky; this tournament was known as the Western Open at the time. Samuel Herman (Sammy Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire Fine played in his first top-class international tournament at Pasadena 1932, where he shared 7-10th with 5/11; the winner was world chess champion Alexander Alekhine. Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Fine repeated as champion in the 16th Marshall Club Championship, held from Oct. -Dec. 1932, with 11. 5/13, 2. 5 points ahead of the runner-up. After graduating from City College of New York in 1932, at age 18, where he was a brilliant student, and where he captained CCNY to the 1931 National Collegiate team title, Fine decided to try the life of a chess professional for a few years. The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as the City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as

Olympiad brilliance

Fine won the U. S. Team Selection tournament, New York 1933, with 8/10. This earned him the first of three national team berths for the chess Olympiads. Fine won five medals (including three team golds) representing the United States; his detailed record follows (from olimpbase. org). His totals are (+20 =19 -6), for 65. 6 per cent.

North American successes

Fine repeated as champion at the U. S. /Western Open, Detroit 1933, with 12/13, half a point ahead of Reshevsky. Fine won the 17th Marshall Club Championship, 1933-34, with 9. 5/11. He defeated Al Horowitz in a match at New York 1934 by 6-3. Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as Al Horowitz or I A Horowitz) ( November 15 1907, in Brooklyn New York – January Fine shared 1st-2nd places at the U. S. /Western Open, Chicago 1934, on 7. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. 5/9 with Reshevsky. He then shared 1st-3rd places at Mexico City 1934, on 11/12, with Herman Steiner and Arthur Dake. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US Arthur Dake (Darkowski ( 8 April 1910 – 28 April 2000) was an American chess master At Syracuse 1934, Fine shared 3rd-4th places, on 10/14, as Reshevsky won. Syracuse, as a place name may refer to In Italy Syracuse Sicily the Province of Syracuse In the United States Fine won his fourth straight U. S. /Western Open at Milwaukee 1935, scoring 6. 5/9 in the preliminary round, and then 8/10 in the finals. Having had outstanding successes in North America, Fine tried his first European individual international tournament at Lodz 1935, where he shared 2nd-3rd places with 6/9 behind Savielly Tartakower. Łódź is Poland 's third largest city with population of 753192 in 2007 (lost its second rank to Krakow in 2007 Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often Fine won Hastings 1935-36 with 7. The Hastings International Chess Congress is an annual Chess congress which takes place in Hastings, England, around the turn of the year 5/9, a point ahead of Salo Flohr. Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess

Narrow misses at U. S. Championship

Although Fine was active and very successful in U. S. tournaments, he was never able to finish first in the U.S. Championship, usually placing behind his great American rival, Samuel Reshevsky. The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Samuel Herman (Sammy Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire When in 1936 Frank Marshall voluntarily gave up the American Championship title he had held since 1909, the result was the first modern U.S. Championship tournament. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Fine scored 10. 5/15 in the U. S. Championship, New York 1936, a tied 3rd-4th place, as Reshevsky won. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In the U. S. Championship, New York 1938, Fine placed 2nd with 12. 5/16, with Reshevsky repeating as champion. In the U. S. Championship, New York 1940, Fine again scored 12. 5/16 for 2nd, and Reshevsky won for the third straight time. Then in the 1944 U. S. Championship at New York, Fine scored 14. 5/17 for 2nd, as Arnold Denker won. Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster Fine tallied an impressive 50/64 in his four U. S. title attempts, for 78. 1 per cent, but was never champion.

International triumphs

However, Fine's international tournament record in the 1930s was superior to Reshevsky's. By the end of 1937, Fine had won a string of strong European international tournaments, and was one of the most successful players in the world. Fine won at Oslo 1936 with 6. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. 5/7, half a point ahead of Flohr. Fine captured Zandvoort 1936 with 8. Zandvoort ( is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. 5/11, ahead of Max Euwe, Savielly Tartakower, and Paul Keres. Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. Fine shared 3rd-5th places at the elite Nottingham 1936 event with 9. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. 5/14, just half a point behind winners José Raúl Capablanca and Mikhail Botvinnik. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Fine shared 1st-2nd places at Amsterdam 1936 on 5/7 with Euwe, half a point ahead of Alekhine. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Fine placed 2nd at Hastings 1936-37 with 7. The Hastings International Chess Congress is an annual Chess congress which takes place in Hastings, England, around the turn of the year 5/9, as Alekhine won. The year 1937 would be Fine's most successful. He won at Leningrad 1937 with 4/5, ahead of Grigory Levenfish, who would win the Soviet Championship that year. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish ( March 9, 1889, Piotrków - February 9, 1961, Moscow) was a leading Jewish[http Fine won at Moscow 1937 with 5/7. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Those two victories make Fine one of a very few foreigners to win on Russian soil. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at Margate 1937 with Paul Keres on 7. Margate is a Seaside resort town within the Thanet district of East Kent, England. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. 5/9, 1. 5 points ahead of Alekhine. Fine shared 1st-3rd places at Ostend 1937 with Paul Keres and Henry Grob on 6/9. ||-||-||} Ostend  (  Oostende, French and German Ostende) is a Belgian City and municipality located in the Flemish Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. Henri Grob (4 June 1904 &ndash 5 July 1974 was a Swiss chess master At Stockholm 1937, Fine won with 8/9, 1. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the 5 points ahead of Gideon Stahlberg. Gideon Ståhlberg (or Stahlberg) (1908–1967 was a Swedish Chess grandmaster. Fine then defeated Stahlberg by 5-3 in a match held at Goteborg 1937. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. Fine placed 2nd at the elite Semmering/Baden 1937 tournament with 8/14, behind Paul Keres. For the town of the same name see Semmering Austria. Semmering (el Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. At Kemeri 1937, Fine had a rare relatively weak result, with just 9/17 for 8th place, as the title was shared by Reshevsky, Flohr, and Vladimirs Petrovs. Vladimirs Petrovs or Vladimir Petrov ( 27 September 1907 – 26 August 1943 at Kotlas was a Latvian chess master Fine shared 4-5th places at Hastings 1937-38 with 6/9 as Reshevsky won.

AVRO showdown

In 1938, Fine tied for first place with Paul Keres in the prestigious AVRO tournament in the Netherlands, on 8. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 5/14, with Keres placed first on tiebreak. This was one of the most famous tournaments of the 20th century, and some believe to this day that it is the strongest tournament ever staged. It was organized with the hope that the winner of AVRO, a double round-robin tournament, would be the next challenger to world champion Alexander Alekhine. A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament is a type of group tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Fine finished ahead of future champion Mikhail Botvinnik, current champion Alekhine, former world champions Max Euwe and Capablanca, and Grandmasters Samuel Reshevsky and Salo Flohr. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess Fine won both of his games against Alekhine.

Wartime years

As World War II interrupted any prospects for a world championship match, Fine turned to chess writing. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1941 he wrote Basic Chess Endings, a compendium of endgame analysis which, more than 60 years later, is still considered one of the best works on this subject. In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board His The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, though badly dated, is still useful for grasping the underlying ideas of many standard chess openings. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article During World War II Fine worked for the U.S. Navy, performing the task of calculating the probability of German U-boats surfacing at certain points in the water. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Fine also worked as a translator.

Fine was unable to compete in Europe during the war, since it was cut off by the German naval blockade. However, Fine did play a few serious American events during World War II, and continued his successes, but there was little prize money even for winning. He won the U. S. Open at New York 1939 with 10. 5/11, half a point ahead of Reshevsky. In the 23rd Marshall Club Championship of 1939, Fine won with 14/16. He won the 1940 U. S. Open at Dallas with a perfect 8/8 in the finals, three points ahead of Herman Steiner. Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US Fine won the New York State Championship, Hamilton 1941, with 8/10, a point ahead of Reshevsky, Denker, and Isaac Kashdan. Isaac Kashdan ( 19 November, 1905, New York – 20 February, 1985, Los Angeles) was an American Chess Fine won the 1941 Marshall Club Championship with 14/15, ahead of Frank Marshall. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Fine won the 1941 U. S. Open at St. Louis, with 4/5 in the preliminaries, and 8/9 in the finals.

Fine won the 1942 Washington D. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. C. Chess Divan title with a perfect 7/7. He defeated Herman Steiner in match play for the second time by 3. Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US 5-0. 5 at Washington 1944. Fine won the U. S. Speed Championships of both 1944 (10/11) and 1945 (10/11). In the Pan-American Championship, Hollywood 1945, Fine placed 2nd with 9/12 behind Reshevsky. He played in the 1945 USA vs USSR Radio team match, scoring 0. 5/2 on board three against Isaac Boleslavsky. Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky ( Russian: Исаак Ефремович Болеславский) ( June 9, 1919 Zolotonosha, Ukraine Then Fine travelled to Europe one last time to compete, in the 1946 Moscow team match against the USSR, scoring 0. 5/2 on board three against Paul Keres. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster.

After the war

As the war ended in late 1945, Fine was working on his doctorate in psychology. Once he completed this, he again played some competitive chess. He won at New York 1948 with 8/9, ahead of Miguel Najdorf, Max Euwe, and Herman Pilnik. Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Herman Pilnik ( 8 January 1914, Stuttgart, Germany – 12 November 1981, Caracas, Venezuela) was an Fine drew a match by 4-4 against Najdorf at New York 1949. He participated in the 1950 radio match USA vs Yugoslavia, drawing his game. Fine was named an International Grandmaster in 1950, on the inaugural list from the FIDE, the World Chess Federation. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the His last significant tournament was the Maurice Wertheim Memorial at New York 1951, where he scored 7/11 for 4th, as Reshevsky won. Maurice Wertheim (born New York 1886 died Cos Cob, May 27 1950 was an American Investment banker, Chess player chess patron Environmentalist

1948 World Championship

After Alekhine died in 1946, FIDE (the World Chess Organization) organized a World Chess Championship tournament to determine the new champion. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the The 1948 World Chess Championship was a tournament played to determine a new World Chess Champion following the death of the previous champion Alexander Alekhine in As co-winner in the AVRO tournament, Fine was invited to participate, but he declined, for reasons that are the subject of speculation. Fine had played a third match against Herman Steiner at Los Angeles 1947, winning 5-1; this match was training for his potential world championship appearance. Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West

Publicly, Fine stated that he could not interrupt work on his doctoral dissertation in psychology. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Negotiations over the tournament had been protracted, and for a long time it was unclear whether this World Championship event would in fact take place. Fine wrote that he didn't want to spend many months preparing and then see the tournament cancelled. However, it has also been suggested that Fine declined to play because he suspected there would be collaboration among the three Soviet participants to ensure that one of them won the championship. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. In the August 2004 issue of Chess Life, for example, GM Larry Evans gave his recollection that "Fine told me he didn't want to waste three months of his life watching Russians throw games to each other. Chess Life is a monthly Chess magazine published in the United States. For the football player of the same name see Larry Evans (football player. "

Edward Winter discusses the evidence further in a 2007 Chessbase column. Edward Winter is a British Journalist, Archivist, Historian, Collector and Author about the game of Chess. ChessBase is a German company that markets Chess software maintains a chess news site and operates a server for online chess [2]

Chess record

Lifetime scores against top players

Fine had a relatively short career in top-level chess, but scored very impressively against top players. He faced five World Champions: Emanuel Lasker (+1 =0 -0); Jose Raul Capablanca (+0 =5 -0); Alexander Alekhine (+3 =4 -2); Max Euwe (+2 =3 -2); and Mikhail Botvinnik (+1 =2 -0). For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May His main American rivals were Samuel Reshevsky (+3 =12 -4); Herman Steiner (+21 =8 -4); Isaac Kashdan (+6 =6 -1); Albert Simonson (+6 =1 -1); Al Horowitz (+10 =7 -2); Arnold Denker (+7 =7 -6); Fred Reinfeld (+10 =7 -5); and Arthur Dake (a shocking +6 =5 -7, but three losses as a sixteen year old against Dake in his twenties). Samuel Herman (Sammy Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US Isaac Kashdan ( 19 November, 1905, New York – 20 February, 1985, Los Angeles) was an American Chess Albert Simonson (26 December 1914 New York City – 16 November 1965 San Juan, Puerto Rico) was an American chess Master Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as Al Horowitz or I A Horowitz) ( November 15 1907, in Brooklyn New York – January Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster Fred Reinfeld ( January 27, 1910 &ndash May 29, 1964) was an American Chess player and a prolific writer Arthur Dake (Darkowski ( 8 April 1910 – 28 April 2000) was an American chess master Internationally, Fine faced the best of his time, and usually more than held his own, with three exceptions. He struggled against Paul Keres (+1 =8 -3); Milan Vidmar (+0 =2 -1); and Isaac Boleslavsky (+0 =1 -1). Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. Milan Vidmar ( June 22 1885 – October 9 1962) was a Slovene Electrical engineer, chess player, chess theorist Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky ( Russian: Исаак Ефремович Болеславский) ( June 9, 1919 Zolotonosha, Ukraine But he handled everyone else: Miguel Najdorf (+3 =5 -3); Savielly Tartakower (+2 =4 -1); Salo Flohr (+2 =7 -0); Grigory Levenfish (+1 =0 -0); George Alan Thomas (+2 =3 -0); Erich Eliskases (+1 =2 -0); Viacheslav Ragozin (+1 =1 -0); Vladimirs Petrovs (+2 =1 -1); Efim Bogolyubov (+1 =1 -0); Jan Foltys (+2 =0 -0); Salo Landau (+4 -0 =1); George Koltanowski (+2 =1 -0); Igor Bondarevsky (+1 =0 -0); Geza Maroczy (+1 =0 -0); William Winter (+4 =0 -0); Ernst Gruenfeld (+1 =0 -0); Gideon Stahlberg (+4 =5 -2); Andor Lilienthal (+1 =0 -0); Laszlo Szabo (+0 =1 -0); Vladas Mikenas (+1 =1 -0); Rudolph Spielmann (+0 =1 -0); and Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander (+1 =3 -0). Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish ( March 9, 1889, Piotrków - February 9, 1961, Moscow) was a leading Jewish[http Sir George Alan Thomas, Bart (born Therapia, Turkey; June 14, 1881 – July 23 1972) was a British Chess Erich Gottlieb Eliskases ( February 15, 1913 - February 2, 1997) was a leading Chess player, a Grandmaster, of the Viacheslav Vasilyevich Ragozin ( October 8, 1908 – March 11, 1962) was a Soviet Chess Grandmaster, an International Vladimirs Petrovs or Vladimir Petrov ( 27 September 1907 – 26 August 1943 at Kotlas was a Latvian chess master Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18, Jan Foltys (13 October 1908 Svinov – 11 March 1952 Ostrava) was a Czech Chess International Master. Salo (Salomon Landau (born 1 April 1903, Bochnia, Galicia, Austria-Hungary – died 15 November 1943, George Koltanowski (also "Georges" September 17, 1903, in Antwerp Belgium &ndash February 5, 2000) was a Belgian Igor Zakharovich Bondarevsky ( Russian: Игорь Захарович Бондаревский) ( May 12, 1913, Rostov-on-the-Don, Géza Maróczy (ˈɡeːzɒ ˈmɒroːtsi 3 March 1870 – 29 May 1951) was a leading Hungarian Chess Grandmaster William Winter may refer to William Winter (author (1836–1917 American drama critic and author William Winter (chess player (1898–1955 Ernst Franz Grünfeld ( November 21 1893 &ndash April 3 1962) an Austrian Chess player and writer specializing in Gideon Ståhlberg (or Stahlberg) (1908–1967 was a Swedish Chess grandmaster. Andor (Andre Andrea Arnoldovich Lilienthal (born May 5 1911) is a Hungarian Chess Grandmaster. Vladas Mikėnas ( 17 April 1910 in Tallinn – 3 November 1992 in Vilnius) was a Lithuanian International Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, CMG, CBE ( 19 April 1909 &ndash 15 February 1974) was a Irish-born British Cryptanalyst Finally, against the new generation of American masters which emerged in the late 1940s, Fine proved he could still perform well: Arthur Bisguier (+1 =1 -0); Larry Evans (+0 =2 -0); George Kramer (+1 =1 -0); and Robert Byrne (+0 =1 -0). Arthur Bernard Bisguier (born 8 October 1929) is an American Chess International Grandmaster, chess promoter and writer For the football player of the same name see Larry Evans (football player. Robert Eugene Byrne (born April 20, 1928, New York City) is a leading American Chess player a Grandmaster, and a

Top ten for eight years

Although FIDE, the World Chess Federation, did not formally introduce chess ratings for international play until 1970, it is nevertheless possible to retrospectively rate players' performances from before that time. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the The site chessmetrics. Chessmetrics is a system for rating Chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. com, which specializes in historical ratings throughout chess history, ranks Fine in the world's top ten players for more than eight years, from March 1936 until October 1942, and then again from January 1949 until December 1950. Between those two periods, he was less active as a player, so his ranking dropped. Fine was #1 in the world from October 1940 until March 1941, was in the top three from December 1938 until June 1942, and reached his peak rating of 2762 in July 1941. However, chessmetrics. com is missing several of Fine's major events from its database.

Notable games

Psychologist

Regardless, after receiving his doctorate in psychology from the University of Southern California, Fine abandoned professional chess to concentrate on his new profession. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Fine continued playing chess casually throughout his life (including several friendly games played in 1963 against Bobby Fischer, one of which is included in Fischer's My Sixty Memorable Games). Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster In 1956 he wrote an article, "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters," for a psychological journal. Later, Fine turned the article into a book, The Psychology of the Chess Player, in which he provided insights steeped in Freudian theory. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded (Fine is not the first person to examine the mind as it relates to chess—Alfred Binet, the inventor of the IQ test, had studied the mental functionality of good chess players, and found that they often had enhanced mental traits, such as a good memory. Alfred Binet ( July 8, 1857 &ndash October 18, 1911) French Psychologist and Inventor of the first usable An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. ) He went on to publish A History of Psychoanalysis (1979) and a number of other books on psychology. Like many psychoanalysts of his day, Fine believed that homosexuality could be "cured", and his opinions on the subject were cited in legal battles over homosexuality, including the legislative battle over same-sex marriage in Hawaii. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Conversion therapy has been defined by the American Psychological Association as therapy aimed at changing Sexual orientation, and by the American Psychiatric Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Fine served as a visiting professor at CCNY, the University of Amsterdam, the Lowell Institute of Technology, and the University of Florence. The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam The University of Florence ( Università degli Studi di Firenze, UNIFI is one of the largest and oldest universities in Italy. Fine founded the Creative Living Center in New York City.

Books by Reuben Fine

On chess

On psychology

References

  1. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. The Encyclopaedia Judaica is a 26-volume English-language Encyclopedia of the Jewish people and their faith Judaism. "Fine, Reuben"
  2. ^ Edward Winter presents: Unsolved Chess Mysteries (9), by Edward Winter, Chessbase, July 3, 2007

Bibliography

External links

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