A retraction is a public statement, either in print, or by verbal statement that is made to correct a previously made statement that was incorrect, invalid, or in error. The intent of a public retraction is to correct any incorrect information.

The term retraction carries stronger connotation than the term correction. An alteration that changes the main point of the original statement is generally referred to as a retraction while an alteration that leaves the main point of a statement intact is usually referred to simply as a correction.

Contents 1 Retraction in science 1.1 Retraction for error 1.2 Retraction for fraud or misconduct 1.3 Retraction for Political Reasons

Retraction in science

In science, a retraction of a published scientific article indicates that the original article should not have been published and that its data and conclusions should not be used as part of the foundation for future research. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. The common reasons for the retraction of articles are scientific misconduct and serious error. Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in Professional scientific research.

There have been some famous examples of retracted scientific publications.

Retraction for error

• 2006 Makarova, T. L. et al. Nature 413, 716-718 (2001). Set of inconsitences triggered fraud investigation against first author, but after long inverstigation all mistakes were admitted by appointed experts as undeliberate and result of negligence or inaccuracy. The paper was retracted by other 7 co-authors. See also Corrigendum published few months prior to retraction where first author admitted personal responsibility for some mistakes. [1]
• 2005 V. Schramke et al. "Retraction: RNA-interference-directed chromatin modification coupled to RNA polymerase II transcription" in Nature (volume 437, page 1057). Irreproducible results.
• 2005 R. C. Allshire. "Retraction. Hairpin RNAs and retrotransposon LTRs effect RNAi and chromatin-based gene silencing" in Science (volume 310, page 49). Irreproducible results.
• 2003 A. Kugler et al. "Retraction: Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids" in Nature Medicine (volume 9, page 1221) was a retraction of a year 2000 article by Kugler et al. (Nat. Med. volume 6, pages 332-6). The data concerned patients with metastatic kidney cancer who were treated experimentally by combining their tumour cells with immune system cells. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor The article was retracted because of negligence in record keeping and sloppiness in the preparation of the manuscript.
• 2003 G. Hawthorne et al "Retraction of paper on maternal diabetes" in the British Medical Journal (volume 327, page 929) was a retraction of a year 2000 article by Hawthorne et al. "Outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women in northeast England and in Norway" (BMJ volume 321, pages 730-1). The authors made a mistaken assumption about the diabetes data from Norway. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A correct analysis of the data showed no difference beteeen outcomes in the two countries.
• 2003 Retracted Science article on ecstasy. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, See Retracted article on neurotoxicity of ecstasy. " Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA (" ecstasy "' " was a paper by Dr
• Frank Cameron Jackson, creator of the theory of epiphenomenalism, retracted his position due to an error in reasoning. Frank Cameron Jackson (born 1943 is an Australian philosopher currently Distinguished Professor and former Director In Philosophy of mind, epiphenomenalism, also known as ' Type-E Dualism ' is a view according to which some or all mental states are mere Epiphenomena [2]

Retraction for fraud or misconduct

• 2007 Retraction of "Cdx2 gene expression and trophectoderm lineage specification in mouse embryos" by K. Deb, M. Sivaguru, H. Y. Yong and R. Michael Roberts in Science due to first author's falsifying and fabricating digital images and thus engaging intentionally in research misconduct. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific
• 2005 Retraction of "Enhanced insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure and thermogenesis in adipose-specific Pten suppression in mice" written by I. Shimomura. The transgenic mouse in question never existed and all gel pictures were found to be forged by one of Shimomura's colleagues.
• 2004 G. Struhl retracted the 2002 article "Evidence that Armadillo Transduces Wingless by Mediating Nuclear Export or Cytosolic Activation of Pangolin" because of fabrication of data by first author S. Chan.
• 2003 Numerous articles with questionable data from physicist Jan Hendrik Schön from many journals including both Science and Nature are retracted. Jan Hendrik Schön (born 1970 is a German Physicist who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs that were later discovered to be fraudulent Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869
• 2002 Retraction of announced discovery of elements 116 and 118. See Ununhexium. Ununhexium (ˌjuːnənˈhɛksiəm or /ˌʌnənˈhɛksiəm/ is the temporary name of a synthetic Superheavy element in the Periodic table that has the temporary
• 2000 Retraction of "Stable RNA/DNA hybrids in the mammalian genome: inducible intermediates in immunoglobulin class switch recombination" and "Transcription-dependent R-loop formation at mammalian class switch sequences" because of fabrication of data by first author R. B. Tracy.
• 1991 Thereza Imanishi-Kari, who worked with David Baltimore, published a 1986 article in the journal Cell. David Baltimore (born March 7, 1938) is an American biologist Margot O'Toole, a postdoctoral researcher for Imanishi-Kari publicized Imanishi-Kari's scientific misconduct. After a major investigation, Baltimore was finally forced to issue a retraction in 1991 when the National Institutes of Health concluded that data in the 1986 Imanishi-Kari article had been falsified. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. In 1996, an expert panel appointed by the federal government cleared Imanishi-Kari of misconduct, finding no evidence of scientific fraud.
• 1982-3 John Darsee. John Darsee (born c 1948 Huntington West Virginia) was a Medical researcher with an impressive list of publications in reputable Scientific journals who Fabricated results in the Cardiac Research Laboratory of Eugene Braunwald at Harvard in the early 1980s. Eugene Braunwald (born August 15, 1929) is an Austria -born American Physician. Initially thought to be brilliant by his boss. He was caught out by fellow researchers in the same laboratory.
• 1981 Mark Spector, a graduate student in the laboratory of Efraim Racker fabricated and published data in support of a new molecular mechanism of cancer. After researchers in other laboratories were unable to replicate Spector's results, it was found that Spector had knowingly incorporated radioactive iodine into proteins rather than radioactive phosphate, allowing him to fabricate an imaginary regulatory cascade. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic In 1981 Efraim Racker retracted the paper "Warburg effect revisited: merger of biochemistry and molecular biology" from the scientific journal Science, volume 213, page 1313. Efraim Racker (1913-1991 was an Austrian biochemist who was responsible for identifying and purifying Factor 1 (F1 the first part of the ATP synthase enzyme to be characterised

Retraction for Political Reasons

• 1633 Galileo Galilei was coerced into retracting his finding that the Earth was not the center of the universe. Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 &ndash 8 January 1642 was a Tuscan ( Italian) Physicist, Mathematician, Astronomer, and Philosopher
• 1896 Jose Rizal was said to have issued a letter of retraction regarding his novels and other published articles against the Roman Catholic Church. Dr José P Rizal (full name José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda) (June 19 1861 – December 30 1896 was a Filipino Polymath,

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