A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior, that is, it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonance frequencies, with greater amplitude than at others. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's Oscillation is the repetitive variation typically in Time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of Equilibrium) or between two or more different states Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's Amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each Oscillation, within an oscillating system Although its usage has broadened, the term usually refers to a physical object that oscillates at specific frequencies because its dimensions are an integral multiple of the wavelength at those frequencies. In Physics wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating Wave of a given Frequency. The oscillations or waves in a resonator can be either electromagnetic or mechanical. Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. Resonators are used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal. Musical instruments use acoustic resonators that produce sound waves of specific tones.
A cavity resonator, usually used in reference to electromagnetic resonators, is one in which the waves exist in a hollow space inside the device. Acoustic cavity resonators, in which sound is produced by air vibrating in a cavity with one opening, are known as Helmholtz resonators. Helmholtz resonance is the phenomenon of air Resonance in a cavity
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Electromagnetic
A distributed parameter resonator of the distributed network type has capacitance, inductance, and resistance which cannot be isolated into separate lumped capacitors, inductors, or resistors. Electromagnetism is the Physics of the Electromagnetic field: a field which exerts a Force on particles that possess the property of In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. The time factor of propagation of wave energy in the network is appreciable. Resonators can be of the dielectric type or magnetic type. A hollow conductor that uses resonance to amplify an electromagnetic wave is called a cavity resonator. In the context of electronic components, resonator may refer to a ceramic resonator, a device used to produce an oscillation of a specific frequency, primarily for use as the clock signal for digital circuits. Description A ceramic resonator is an Electronic component that can produce Oscillation at a specific Frequency when combined with other A single layer coil (or solenoid) that is used as a secondary or tertiary winding in a Tesla Coil or Magnifying Transmitter is also called a resonator. A solenoid is a three-dimensional Coil. In Physics, the term solenoid refers to a loop of wire often wrapped around a Metallic core which A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Serbian-American scientist Nikola Tesla around 1891 The magnifying transmitter is an alternate version of a Tesla coil.
Cavity resonators
The cavity has interior surfaces which reflect a wave of a specific frequency. When a wave that is resonant with the cavity enters, it bounces back and forth within the cavity, with low loss (See standing wave). A standing wave, also known as a stationary wave, is a Wave that remains in a constant position As more wave energy enters the cavity, it combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.
Examples
Some examples of cavity resonators include the tube of a flute, the body of a violin (this being an example of a Helmholtz resonator), and the magnetron tube in a microwave oven (see also klystron). The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Helmholtz resonance is the phenomenon of air Resonance in a cavity A cavity magnetron is a high-powered Vacuum tube that generates coherent Microwaves They are commonly found in Microwave ovens as well as various A klystron is a specialized linear-beam Vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube
The cavity magnetron is a vacuum tube with a filament in the center of an evacuated, lobed, circular chamber. A perpendicular magnetic field is imposed by a permanent magnet. The magnetic field causes the electrons, attracted to the (relatively) positive outer part of the chamber, to spiral outward in a circular path rather than moving directly to this anode. Spaced about the rim of the chamber are cylindrical cavities. The cavities are open along their length and so connect the common cavity space. As electrons sweep past these openings they induce a resonant high frequency radio field in the cavity, which in turn causes the electrons to bunch into groups. A portion of this field is extracted with a short antenna that is connected to a waveguide (a metal tube usually of rectangular cross section). The waveguide directs the extracted RF energy to the load, which may be a cooking chamber in a microwave oven or a high gain antenna in the case of radar.
The klystron tube waveguide is a beam tube including at least two apertured cavity resonators. A waveguide is a structure which guides waves such as Electromagnetic waves Light, or Sound waves The beam of charged particles passes through the apertures of the resonators in succession. A collector electrode is provided to intercept the beam after passing through the resonators. The first resonator causes bunching of the particles passing through it. The bunched particles travel in a field-free region where further bunching occurs, then the bunched particles enter the second resonator giving up their energy to excite it into oscillations. It is a particle accelerator that works in conjunction with a specifically tuned cavity by the configuration of the structures. On the beamline of an accelerator system, there are specific sections that are cavity resonators for RF.
The reflex klystron is a klystron utilizing only a single apertured cavity resonator through which the beam of charged particles passes, first in one direction. A klystron is a specialized linear-beam Vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube A repeller electrode is provided to repel (or redirect) the beam after passage through the resonator back through the resonator in the other direction and in proper phase to reinforce the oscillations set up in the resonator.
In a laser, light is amplified in a cavity resonator which is usually composed of two or more mirrors. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Thus an optical cavity, also known as a resonator, is a cavity with walls which reflect electromagnetic waves (light). An optical cavity or optical resonator is an arrangement of Mirrors that forms a Standing wave Cavity resonator for Light waves Optical Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 This will allow standing wave modes to exist with little loss outside the cavity.
Patents
The USPTO classifies devices and systems where the resonator device is an enclosure or cavity so constructed that the field configuration excited within the boundaries of the device includes longitudinal as well as transverse field components as Class 333, Wave transmission lines and networks, and Subclass 227. The United States Patent and Trademark Office ( PTO or USPTO) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that issues Patents to In Physics, a field is a Physical quantity associated to each point of Spacetime. Longitudinal waves are waves that have vibrations along or parallel to their direction of travel that is waves in which the motion of the medium is in the same direction as the motion A transverse wave is a moving Wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer A transmission line is the material medium or structure that forms all or part of a path from one place to another for directing the transmission of energy
Acoustic resonators
The most familiar audio resonator is perhaps the Helmholtz resonator although many other structures can exhibit audio resonances. Helmholtz resonance is the phenomenon of air Resonance in a cavity
Automobiles
A resonator is one part in exhaust systems that works with the muffler to reduce noise, by making sound waves "cancel each other out"[1]. An exhaust system is usually tubing used to guide waste Exhaust gases away from a controlled Combustion inside an Engine or Stove. A muffler (or silencer in British English is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine The "exhaust note" is an important feature for many vehicle owners, so both the original manufacturers and the after-market suppliers use the resonator to enhance the sound. The automotive aftermarket is the part of the automotive industry concerned with the Manufacturing, Remanufacturing, Distribution, Retailing,
Musical instruments
Most musical instruments include resonators to enhance the sound of the instrument. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. An example would be the hollow shell (also known as a sound box) of an acoustic guitar, which permits the strummed strings to set up resonant vibrations and hence project a louder sound. A sound box or sounding box, (sometimes written soundbox) is an open chamber in the body of a Musical instrument which alters the instrument's tone quality See also Acoustic Guitar (magazine An acoustic guitar is a Guitar that uses only acoustic methods to project the sound produced by its strings Marimbas, xylophones, and other similar musical percussion often have carefully-tuned pipes underneath each bar to allow resonance to occur when the key is struck, as well as higher-order harmonics. In some parts of Africa the term "marimba" refers to the Kalimba. The xylophone (from the Greek words ξύλον - xylon, "wood" + φωνή - phone, "voice" meaning "wooden
Percussion instruments
In many keyboard percussion instruments, below the centre of each note is a tube, which is an acoustic cavity resonator, referred to simply as the resonator. Acoustic resonance is the tendency of an acoustic system to absorb more energy when the Frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration The length of the tube varies according to the pitch of the note, with higher notes having shorter resonators. The tube is open at the top end and closed at the bottom end, creating a column of air which resonates when the note is struck. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's This adds depth and volume to the note. In string instruments, the body of the instrument is a resonator.
The tremolo effect of a vibraphone is obtained by a mechanism which opens and shuts the resonators. Tremolo, or tremolando, is a Musical term with several meanings A regular and repetitive variation in Amplitude for the duration The vibraphone, sometimes called the vibraharp or simply the vibes, is a Musical instrument in the mallet subfamily of the percussion family
Stringed instruments
String instruments such as the bluegrass banjo may also have resonators. The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments Many five-string banjos have removable resonators, to allow the instrument to be used with resonator in bluegrass style, or without in folk music style. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and is a sub-genre of Country music. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The term resonator, used by itself, may also refer to the resonator guitar. A resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar whose sound is produced by one or more metal cones ( Resonators ' instead of the
The modern ten-string guitar, invented by Narciso Yepes, adds four string resonators to the traditional classical guitar. This article is about modern ten-string guitars For the five-course guitar with nine or ten strings see Baroque guitar. Narciso Yepes ( November 14, 1927 – May 3, 1997) was a Spanish guitarist. By tuning these resonators in a very specific way (C, Bb, Ab, Gb) and making use of their strongest partials (corresponding to the octaves and fifths of the strings' fundamental tones), the bass strings of the guitar now resonate equally with any of the 12 tones of the chromatic octave.
See also
External links
- Websites
- Patents
- Numbered
- U.S. Patent 2,199,045 -- Electromagnetic resonator -- W. In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's For information on mechanical systems' absorption of energy at resonance see Mechanical resonance. Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonance frequency when the impedance between the input and output of the Acoustic resonance is the tendency of an acoustic system to absorb more energy when the Frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF science and technology involves the application of electrical superconductors to radio frequency devices Leigh Howard Stevens (LHS born March 9 1953) in Orange New Jersey and is a Marimba artist best known for developing codifying and promoting the Dallenbach
- U.S. Patent 2,611,094 -- Inductance-capacitance resonance circuit -- H. B. Rex
- U.S. Patent 2,444,152 -- Cavity resonator circuit -- P. S. Carter (Radio Corporation of America)
- U.S. Patent 2,372,228 -- Ultra short wave radio system -- S. A. Schelkunoff (Bell Laboratories)
- U.S. Patent 2,357,314 -- Cavity resonator circuit -- P. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 Dr Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff (January 27 1897 - May 2 1992 who published as S Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization S. Carter
- U.S. Patent 2,357,313 -- High frequency resonator and circuit therefor -- P. S. Carter
- U.S. Patent 2,315,313 -- Cavity resonator -- H. Bushholz (General Electric Company)
- U.S. Patent 2,235,506 -- High frequency tanks and resonant cavities -- S. A. Schelkunoff
- U.S. Patent 2,262,020 -- Frequency stabilization at ultra high frequencies -- F. B. Llewellyn
- U.S. Patent 2,250,096 -- Resonant system for ultra short waves -- Willi Engbert
- U.S. Patent 2,199,045 -- Electromagnetic resonator -- W. Dr Frederick Britton Llewellyn (September 16 1897 - December 10 1971 was a noted American Electrical engineer. Dallenbach
- U.S. Patent 2,106,769 -- Transmission of guided waves -- G. C. Southworth
- U.S. Patent 2,044,413 -- Transmitter and receiver for electromagnertic waves -- R. George Clark Southworth ( August 24, 1890 - July 6, 1972) who published as G Weyrich
- U.S. Patent 2,030,180 -- Electrical circuit arrangement -- R. K. Potter
- U.S. Patent 2,030,179 -- Electrical circuit arrangement -- R. K. Potter
- U.S. Patent 2,030,178 -- Electrical circuit arrangement -- R. K. Potter
- Reissued
- U.S. Patent RE23,534 -- High-power high-frequency electron discharge apparatus -- R. H. Varian
- U.S. Patent RE23,019 -- High efficiency resonate circuit -- W. W. Hansen
- U.S. Patent RE22,990 -- Modulation system -- W. William Webster Hansen ( May 27, 1909 – May 23, 1949) was a U W. Hansen
Dictionary
resonator
-noun
- Any object or system that resonates
- A hollow cavity whose dimensions are selected so as to resonate at a specific frequency
- A resonant electronic circuit
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