Insect trapped in resin.

Resin, not to be confused with rosin, is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees. Rosin, formerly called colophony or Greek pitch ( Pix græca) is a solid form of Resin obtained from Pines and some other Plants In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Secretion is the process of segregating elaborating and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted Chemical substance or amount of substance Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. It is valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes and adhesives, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Fossilized resins are the source of amber. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty

The term is also used for synthetic substances of similar properties. Resins have a very long history and are mentioned by both ancient Greek Theophrastus and ancient Roman Pliny the Elder, especially as the forms known as frankincense and myrrh. Theophrastus ( Greek:; 371 – c 287 BC a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia They were highly prized substances used for many purposes, especially perfumery and as incense in religuous rites. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned

Chemistry

Resin of a pine

The resin produced by most plants is a viscous liquid, composed mainly of volatile fluid terpenes, with lesser components of dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin thick and sticky. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Terpenes are a large and varied class of Hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants particularly Conifers though also by some insects such The most common terpenes in resin are the bicyclic terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and smaller amounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes longifolene, caryophyllene and delta-cadinene. α-Pinene is an Organic compound of the Terpene class one of two isomers of Pinene. The Chemical compound pinene is a bicyclic Terpene (C10H16 136 Carene, or delta-3-carene is a bicyclic monoterpene which occurs naturally as a constituent of Turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source Sabinene is a natural bicyclic monoterpene with the molecular formula C10H16 Limonene is a Hydrocarbon, classified as a cyclic Terpene. It is a colourless liquid at room temperatures with an extremely strong smell of oranges Sesquiterpenes are a class of Terpenes that consist of three Isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24 Longifolene is the common (or trivial chemical name of a naturally occurring oily liquid Hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine Caryophyllene, or (&minus-β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many Essential oils especially clove oil the oil from Cadinene is the trivial chemical name of a number of Isomeric Hydrocarbons that occur in a wide variety of Essential oil -producing plants Some resins also contain a high proportion of resin acids. Resin acids are Protectants and Wood preservatives that are produced by Parenchymatous epithelial cells that surround the Resin ducts The individual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation

A few plants produce resins with different compositions, most notably Jeffrey Pine and Gray Pine, the volatile components of which are largely pure n-heptane with little or no terpenes. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts or fractions such as in separating Chemical compounds by their Boiling point by heating Jeffrey Pine ( Pinus jeffreyi) named in honor of its documenter John Jeffrey, is a North American Pine related to Ponderosa Pine The Gray Pine ( Pinus sabineana) is a Pine endemic to California in the United States. n -Heptane is the straight-chain Alkane with the Chemical formula H3C(CH25CH3 or C7H16 The exceptional purity of the n-heptane distilled from Jeffrey Pine resin, unmixed with other isomers of heptane, led to its being used as the defining zero point on the octane rating scale of petrol quality. This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer. n -Heptane is the straight-chain Alkane with the Chemical formula H3C(CH25CH3 or C7H16 The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of Gasoline and other Fuels to Detonation ( Engine knocking) in spark-ignition Because heptane is highly flammable, distillation of resins containing it is very dangerous. Some resin distilleries in California exploded because they mistook Jeffrey Pine for the similar but terpene-producing Ponderosa Pine. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa) sometimes called Bull Pine or Western Yellow Pine is a widespread and variable Pine native to western North At the time the two pines were considered to be the same species of pine; they were only classified as separate species in 1853. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common

Some resins when soft are known as oleo-resins, and when containing benzoic acid or cinnamic acid they are called balsams. Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest Aromatic Carboxylic acid Cinnamic acid has the formula C6H5CHCHCOOH and is a white crystalline Acid, which is slightly Soluble in water Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a Turpentine which is made from the Resin of the balsam fir tree Other resinous products in their natural condition are a mix with gum or mucilaginous substances and known as gum resins. Natural gums are Polysaccharides of natural origin capable of causing a large Viscosity increase in solution even at small concentrations Mucilage is a gooey polar Glycoprotein; an exopolysaccharide; a Polymer produced by most plants and some microorganisms Many compound resins have distinct and characteristic odors, from their admixture with essential oils. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile

Certain resins are obtained in a fossilized condition, amber being the most notable instance of this class; African copal and the kauri gum of New Zealand are also procured in a semi-fossil condition. Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty Copal is a type of Resin produced from plant or tree secretions, often taken from members of the genus Copaifera. Gum-diggers were men and women who dug for kauri gum a fossilised Resin, in the old kauri fields of New Zealand at the end of the nineteenth New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

Derivatives

Cedar of Lebanon pine cone showing flecks of resin as used in the mummification of Egyptian pharoahs.

Solidified resin from which the volatile terpene components have been removed by distillation is known as rosin. Rosin, formerly called colophony or Greek pitch ( Pix græca) is a solid form of Resin obtained from Pines and some other Plants Typical rosin is a transparent or translucent mass, with a vitreous fracture and a faintly yellow or brown colour, non-odorous or having only a slight turpentine odour and taste.

It is insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether and hot fatty oils, and softens and melts under the influence of heat, is not capable of sublimation, and burns with a bright but smoky flame.

This comprises a complex mixture of different substances including organic acids named the resin acids. Resin acids are Protectants and Wood preservatives that are produced by Parenchymatous epithelial cells that surround the Resin ducts These are closely related to the terpenes, and derive from them through partial oxidation. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Resin acids can be dissolved in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the purified resin acids are regenerated by treatment with acids. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Resin soap is a mix of salts (usually sodium of Resin acids (usually mainly Abietic acid) Examples of resin acids are abietic acid (sylvic acid), C₂₀H₃₀O₂, plicatic acid contained in cedar, and pimaric acid, C₂₀H₃₅O₂, a constituent of gallipot resin. Abietic acid (also known as abietinic acid or sylvic acid) a Resin acid, is the primary Irritant in Pine wood and resin isolated Plicatic acid is a Carboxylic acid from the Resin acid group It is naturally found in Thuja and cypress resin Pimaric acid is a Carboxylic acid from the Resin acid group It can be prepared by dehydration of Abietic acid, which it usually accompanies in mixtures Abietic acid can also be extracted from rosin by means of hot alcohol; it crystallizes in leaflets, and on oxidation yields trimellitic acid, isophthalic acid and terebic acid. Isophthalic acid, or benzene-13-dicarboxylic acid, is an aromatic Dicarboxylic acid, with formula C6H4(COOH2 Pimaric acid closely resembles abietic acid into which it passes when distilled in a vacuum; it has been supposed to consist of three isomers. This vacuum means "absence of matter" or "an empty area or space" for the cleaning appliance see Vacuum cleaner.

Synthetic resins

Main article: plastic

Synthetic resins are materials with similar properties to natural resins—viscous liquids capable of hardening. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. They are typically manufactured by esterification or soaping of organic compounds. Esterification is the general name for a Chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid form an Ester as the reaction product SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. The classic variety is epoxy resin, manufactured through polymerization-polyaddition or polycondensation reactions, used as a thermoset polymer for adhesives and composites. In Chemistry, epoxy or polyepoxide is a Thermosetting Epoxide Polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks when mixed with a In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Thermosetting plastics thermosets are Polymer materials that irreversibly cure form Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical One more category, which constitutes 75% of resins used, is unsaturated polyester resin. Ion exchange resin is another important class with application in water purification and catalysis of organic reactions. ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure normally in the form of small (1-2 mm diameter beads usually white or yellowish fabricated from an organic Polymer Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Organic reactions are Chemical reactions involving Organic compounds The basic Organic chemistry reaction types are Addition reactions Elimination See also AT-10 Resin, melamine resin. AT-10 is a synthetic Resin, mainly used in the manufacture of ultra-thin Condoms. Melamine resin or melamine formaldehyde (also shortened to melamine) is a hard Thermosetting plastic material made from Melamine and Another synthetic polymer is also sometimes called by the same suffix, acetal resin. Polyoxymethylene (POM in the USA also commonly known under DuPont 's brand name Delrin, is an Engineering plastic, a Polymer with the chemical By contrast with the other synthetics, however, it has a simple chain structure with the repeat unit of form -[CH₂O]-. An essential concept which defines Polymer structure the repeat unit is the simplest structural unit of a Polymer chain.

Uses

Lumps of dried Frankincense resin

The hard transparent resins, such as the copals, dammars, mastic and sandarac, are principally used for varnishes and cement, while the softer odoriferous oleo-resins (frankincense, elemi, turpentine, copaiba) and gum resins containing essential oils (ammoniacum, asafoetida, gamboge, myrrh, and scammony) are more largely used for therapeutic purposes and incense. Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Copal is a type of Resin produced from plant or tree secretions, often taken from members of the genus Copaifera. Dammar gum is obtained from the Dipterocarpaceae family of trees in India and East Asia, principally those of the genera Mastic ( Greek:μαστίχα( Pistacia lentiscus) is an Evergreen Shrub or small Tree of the Pistacio family growing In Mineralogy, sandarac, or sandarach, may refer to Realgar or native arsenic disulfide but is generally (a use found in Dioscorides) a Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus Elemi ( Canarium luzonicum) is a Tree native to the Philippine Islands, and an oleo-resin harvested from it Turpentine (also called spirit of turpentine oil of turpentine wood turpentine gum turpentine is a fluid obtained by the Distillation of Resin obtained from trees Copaiba is a stimulant Oleoresin obtained from several pinnate-leaved South American leguminous trees ( Genus Copaifera) Ammoniacum, or gum ammoniac, is a gum - Resin exuded from the stem of a perennial Herb ( Dorema ammoniacum) natural order Asafoetida ( Ferula assafoetida) alternative spelling asafetida, æsəˈfɛtɪdə (also known as devil's dung, stinking gum, asant Gamboge is a rather transparent dark mustard yellow Pigment. Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping resin from various species of evergreen trees of the family Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia Scammony ( Convolvulus scammonia) is a Bindweed native to the countries of the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin it grows in bushy waste places Incense is composed of Aromatic biotic materials It releases fragrant Smoke when burned

Resin in the form of rosin is used for the upkeep of bows for stringed instruments (i. Rosin, formerly called colophony or Greek pitch ( Pix græca) is a solid form of Resin obtained from Pines and some other Plants e. violin, viola, cello, double bass), because of its quality for adding friction to the hair. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra. Ballet dancers may apply crushed rosin to their shoes to increase grip on a slippery floor.

Resin has also been used as a medium for sculpture by artists such as Eva Hesse, and in other types of artwork. Eva Hesse ( January 11, 1936 - May 29, 1970) was a German-born American sculptor known for her pioneering work in

Also, resin is used in some skateboard decks. It makes the skateboard more durable, making it less likely to get pressure cracks, chippings, or break in half.

Conservators use resins to consolidate fragile items such as bone found on archaeological sites. A conservator is a professional who works on the conservation of objects The resin acts to bind the fragile material inside its molecular structure. In Pompeii, resin is now used instead of plaster to recreate the bodies of Mount Vesuvius' victims, because it is more durable. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in The term plaster can refer to plaster of Paris Lime plaster, or Cement plaster. Mount Vesuvius (in Italian Monte Vesuvio and in Latin Mons Vesuvius) is an active Stratovolcano east of Naples

Akira Ifukube, who wrote and composed the music to numerous Godzilla films, also created Godzilla's roar by rubbing a resin-covered leather glove over the loosened strings of a double bass. Akira Ifukube (伊福部 昭 Ifukube Akira, May 31, 1914 &ndash February 8, 2006) was a Japanese composer of classical is a series of giant monster films starring Godzilla, a Japanese creation usually portrayed by a man in a rubber suit Etymology Name "Godzilla" is a combination of two Japanese words and. The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra.

See also

• Light Activated Resin
• Naturalis Historia
• Pliny the Elder
• Rosin
• Theophrastus

References