A reservoir is, most broadly, a place or hollow vessel where something (usually liquid) is kept in reserve, for later use. Taoyuan County ( Taiwanese POJ: Thô-hn̂g-kōan Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄠˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ is a county of Taiwan, located in the northwestern part Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Most often, a reservoir refers to an artificial lake, used to store water for various uses. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Reservoirs are created first by building a sturdy dam, usually out of cement, earth, rock, or a mixture. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Once the dam is completed, a stream is allowed to flow behind it and eventually fill it to capacity. A stream is a body of Water with a current, confined within a bed and stream-banks
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Construction
There are two basic types of reservoir: the commonly-seen dam across a valley, or the less-common fully-bunded dam. Gelmersee (or Lake Gelmer) is a Lake in Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is
A fully water tower bunded dam has a continuous human made embankment around its entire perimeter, most commonly using a central clay core as the waterproof element. A water tower, watershed, or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container The core is held in place by earth or rock piled either side of it in suitable volumes to resist the outward forces exerted by the water. The clay is joined directly to the natural underlying material, which itself is usually clay in order for the dam to be water tight. The reservoir is filled by mechanical pumps that draw water from an adjacent water course such as a river.
If a water tight roof is added then this dam can then be used for storing treated water before it goes to the tap and is known as a "Service" reservoir.
The more common dam across a valley relies on naturally formed features to form the water tight elements. Generally, surveyors have to find river valleys which are deep and narrow; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is The best place along the valley for building a dam has to be determined according to where the dam can best be tied into the valley walls and floor to form a water tight seal. If necessary, humans have to be re-housed and/or historic sites have to be moved, e. g. the temples of Abu Simbel before the construction of the Aswan Dam, creating Lake Nasser in the Nile River, Egypt. Abu Simbel ( أبو سنبل or ar '''أبو سمبل''' is an Archaeological site comprising two massive rock Temples in southern Egypt Aswan (Assuan is a city on the first cataract of the Nile in Egypt. Lake Nasser ( Arabic: بحيرة ناصر transliterated: Buhayrat Nasir is a vast reservoir in southern Egypt and northern Sudan The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics.
First, the river must be redirected slightly so as to not disturb construction of the dam. Yarrow Reservoir - named after its tributary the River Yarrow, is the newest Reservoir in the whole Rivington chain in Lancashire, England Rivington is a small village and Civil parish of the Borough of Chorley, in Lancashire, England Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea Once that is done, building of the dam may commence. This may take anywhere from a few months to a few years, depending on its size and complexity. After the dam is complete, the river is allowed to begin filling the large area behind the dam.
Some reservoirs are entirely underground. In the United Kingdom Thames Water has many underground reservoirs beneath London built in the 1800s by the Victorians, most of which are lined with thick layers of brick. Thames Water, known originally as the Thames Water Authority and after privatisation as Thames Water Utilities Limited, is the utility responsible London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Honor Oak Service reservoir, which was completed in 1909, is the largest of this type in Europe. The roof is supported using large brick pillars and arches and the outside surface is used as a golf course.
Operation
A raw water reservoir doesn't simply hold water until it is needed. It is the first part of the water treatment process. Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use The time the water is held for before it is released is known as the retention time, and is a design feature that allows larger particles and silts to settle out as well as time for the biological treatment of algae and bacteria by plankton-like creatures that naturally live within the water. Silt is Soil or rock derived Granular material of a Grain size between sand and clay
Water is then released from the reservoir, generally by gravity, to be cleaned for drinking water. Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not In the event that major rain occurs, water can be released, decreasing the reservoir's water level. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to
Levels
The normal maximum level of a reservoir lake is called full pool, while the minimum level it can function at is dead pool. The water below this point is also called the dead pool, while the water in between is called the conservation pool. Full pool may have different levels in summer and winter, or based on the local wet and dry seasons.
Once a reservoir reaches dead pool, it is below the level at which the dam can release it downstream. At this point, the streambed beyond the dam goes nearly or completely dry, and electricity production stops as well. This is also often the point at which intakes for municipal water systems begin to suck air in, and must be extended into deeper water, where stagnant water quality is much poorer. A township (or Municipality) is a settlement which has the status and powers of a unit of local government Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards This can be done either permanently with longer pipes, or temporarily with large hoses floated on small barges, such as until a severe drought or dam repairs are over. HOSE (aka SHOE is a term used for playing a mixed game of Poker consisting of four different poker games BARGE, the Big August RecGambling Excursion is a yearly convention held in Las Vegas during the first weekend of August A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Maintenance repair and operations or maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO is fixing any sort of mechanical or Electrical device should it
Hydroelectricity
A hydroelectric power station consists of large turbines at the base of a dam. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water A water turbine is a rotary Engine that takes energy from moving water Water from the reservoir behind the dam is channeled through pipes and delivered to the turbines, which in turn, spin a generator to produce electricity. Generally, reservoirs behind hydroelectric dams are built specifically for electrical power generation and are not used for drinking water or irrigation.
Controlling watercourses
Reservoirs can be used in a number of ways to control how water flows through downstream waterways.
Irrigation
Water in an irrigation reservoir is released into networks of canals mainly for use in farmlands or secondary water systems. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Water in an irrigation reservoir is generally not used for drinking water, but in some cases is. As with all reservoirs, water can be released if the reservoir is too full.
Flood control
Commonly known as an "attenuation" or "balancing" reservoir, these are used to prevent flooding to lower lying lands, flood control reservoirs collect water at times of unseasonally high rainfall, then release it slowly over the course of the following weeks or months. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge See transvasement. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another
Compensation
If a standard reservoir is built on a river which is used as a source of power, a compensation reservoir may also be built to guarantee a sufficient flow of water downstream during the working hours of the water-powered industries.
Canals
Where a natural watercourse's water is not available to be diverted into a canal, a reservoir may be built to guarantee the water level in the canal; for example, where a canal climbs to cross a range of hills through locks. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A lock is a device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal Waterways.
Recreation
Reservoirs often provide for recreational uses. Recreation or fun is the expenditure of time in a manner designed for therapeutic refreshment of one's Body or Mind. Most reservoirs are built for a civic purpose, but still allow fishing, boating, and other activities. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Boating, the leisurely activity of traveling by Boat typically refers to the Recreational use of boats whether Power boats sail boats, or At most reservoirs, special rules apply for the safety of the public.
History
Dry climate and water scarcity in India led to early development of water management techniques, including the building of a reservoir at Girnar in 3000 BCE. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Girnar (also known as "Girnar Hill" is a collection of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat, India. [1] Artificial lakes dating to the 5th century BCE have been found in ancient Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία [2] An artificial in present-day Madhya Pradesh province of India, constructed in the 11th century, covered 650 square meters. Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often [1]
List of reservoirs
Largest reservoir by region
- Northern Europe: Lokka in the municipality of Sodankylä in Northern Finland 417 km²
- Western Europe: The IJsselmeer 1,250 km²
List of reservoirs by area
The following are the world's ten largest reservoirs by surface area:
- Lake Volta (8,482 km²; Ghana)
- Smallwood Reservoir (6,527 km²; Canada)
- Kuybyshev Reservoir (6,450 km²; Russia)
- Lake Kariba (5,580 km²; Zimbabwe, Zambia)
- Bukhtarma Reservoir (5,490 km²; Kazakhstan)
- Bratsk Reservoir (5,426 km²; Russia)
- Lake Nasser (5,248 km²; Egypt, Sudan)
- Rybinsk Reservoir (4,580 km²; Russia)
- Caniapiscau Reservoir (4,318 km²; Canada)
- Lake Guri (4,250 km²; Venezuela)
List of reservoirs by volume
- Lake Kariba (180 km3; Zimbabwe, Zambia)
- Bratsk Reservoir (169 km3; Russia)
- Lake Nasser (157 km3; Egypt, Sudan)
- Lake Volta (150 km3; Ghana)
- Manicouagan Reservoir (142 km3; Canada)
- Lake Guri (135 km3; Venezuela)
- Williston Lake (74 km3; Canada)
- Krasnoyarsk Reservoir (73 km3; Russia)
- Zeya Reservoir (68 km 3; Russia)
Other uses
A water tank is also a reservoir, feeding into a local water system when demand is high, and refilling when it is low. The List of reservoirs and dams is a link page for any reservoir or Dam in the world by continent Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland Sodankylä (Suáđigil Soađegilli Suäˊđjel is a town and municipality of Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' IJsselmeer (sometimes translated as Lake IJssel, alternative international spelling Lake Yssel) is a shallow lake of 1100 km² in the central Netherlands Lake Volta (located at) is the largest reservoir by surface area in the world lying in Ghana and covering almost 8502 km² (3275 square miles. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The Smallwood Reservoir is a large reservoir located in the western part of Labrador in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Kuybyshev Reservoir or Kuybyshevskoye Reservoir (Ку́йбышевское водохрани́лище Kuybyshevskoye Vodokhranilishche, Куйбышев Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lake Kariba is a large man-made Lake and reservoir located on the Zambezi river about halfway between See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Bratsk Reservoir (Бра́тское водохрани́лище Bratskoye Reservoir) is a reservoir of the Angara River, located in Irkutsk Oblast Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lake Nasser ( Arabic: بحيرة ناصر transliterated: Buhayrat Nasir is a vast reservoir in southern Egypt and northern Sudan This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Rybinsk Reservoir (Ры́бинское водохрани́лище Rybinskoye vodokhranilishche) informally called the Rybinsk Sea, is a vast water Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Caniapiscau Reservoir (in French Réservoir de Caniapiscau) is a reservoir on the upper Caniapiscau River in the Côte-Nord administrative Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Guri Dam is one of the largest in the world It is located in Bolívar State, Venezuela in the Caroni River. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Lake Kariba is a large man-made Lake and reservoir located on the Zambezi river about halfway between See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. Bratsk Reservoir (Бра́тское водохрани́лище Bratskoye Reservoir) is a reservoir of the Angara River, located in Irkutsk Oblast Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lake Nasser ( Arabic: بحيرة ناصر transliterated: Buhayrat Nasir is a vast reservoir in southern Egypt and northern Sudan This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Lake Volta (located at) is the largest reservoir by surface area in the world lying in Ghana and covering almost 8502 km² (3275 square miles. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Manicouagan Reservoir (also Lake Manicouagan) is an annular lake in central Quebec, Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Guri Dam is one of the largest in the world It is located in Bolívar State, Venezuela in the Caroni River. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Williston Lake is a Reservoir located in central British Columbia, Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Zeyskoye Reservoir (Зе́йское водохрани́лище is a large water reservoir in Amur Oblast, Russia, north of the Chinese Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Water tanks are liquid storage containers these tanks are usually storing water for human consumption Typically they are placed in a higher part of the area it serves, so the system is gravity-fed from it.
A reservoir may also refer to the water for a steam iron or humidifier, or collected from a dehumidifier or air conditioner (before being carried or pumped outside, respectively). Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A humidifier is a household Appliance that increases Humidity (moisture in a single room or in the entire home A dehumidifier is a Household appliance that reduces the level of Humidity in air usually for health reasons as humid air can cause Mold and An air conditioner is an Appliance, System, or mechanism designed to extract Heat from an area via a Refrigeration cycle The term is also used for perfumes and liquid air fresheners, as well as the paint bottle for airbrushes, or for any other spray or atomizer. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Air fresheners are Consumer products that mitigate unpleasant Odors in indoor spaces Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid An airbrush is a small air-operated tool that sprays various media including Ink and Dye, but most often Paint by a process of Nebulization In Atomic spectroscopy, atomization stands for the conversion of a vaporized sample into atomic components
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Rodda et al. A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply āb anbār آب انبار is a traditional Reservoir of drinking water in Persian antiquity (2004), page 161
- ^ Wilson & Wilson, page 8
References
- Rodda, John & Ubertini, Lucio, eds. (2004), The Basis of Civilization – Water Science?, International Association of Hydrological Science, ISBN 1-901502-57-0
- Wilson & Wilson (2005). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. ISBN 0415973341.
Dictionary
reservoir
-noun
- A place where anything is kept in store; especially, a place where water is collected and kept for use when wanted, as to supply a fountain, a canal, or a city by means of aqueducts.
- A small intercellular space, often containing resin, essential oil, or some other secreted matter.
- A supply or source of something.
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