Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia Most Serene Republic of Venice ← 697 – 1797 →   → Flag Coat of arms Borders of the Republic of Venice in 1796. Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern The Venetian-held Ionian Islands are not depicted. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. Capital Venice Language(s) Venetian, Latin, Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic (Plutocracy) Doge  - 1789–97 Ludovico Manin History  - Established 697  - Treaty of Zara June 27, 1358  - Treaty of Leoben April 17, 1797 * Traditionally, the establishment of the Republic is dated to 697. Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Plutocracy is rule by the wealthy or power provided by wealth The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf Ludovico Manin ( May 14, 1725 &mdash October 24, 1802) was the last Doge of Venice. The Treaty of Zadar, also known as the Treaty of Zara, was a Peace treaty signed in Zadar, Dalmatia on Feb 18 1358 by which Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden The Treaty of Leoben (also known as the Peace of Leoben) was signed on April 17, 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.

Map of the Venetian Republic, circa 1000. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red.

The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: (Serenìsima) Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia, Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia), was an Italian state originating from the city of Venice (today in Northeastern Italy). Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Related categories Central Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy Northeast Italy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common It is often referred to as La Serenissima, in reference to its title in Venetian, The Most Serene Republic. It is also referred to as the Republic of Venice or the Venetian Republic.

History

Main article: History of the Republic of Venice

The city of Venice originated as a collection of lagoon communities banded together for mutual defence from the Lombards, Huns and other steppe peoples as the power of the Byzantine Empire dwindled in northern Italy. The history of the Republic of Venice began with the city of Venice, which originated as a collection of lagoon communities banded together for mutual defence from The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Related categories Central Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy Northeast Italy Sometime in the first decades of the eighth century, the people of the lagoon elected their first leader Ursus, who was confirmed by Byzantium and given the titles of hypatus and dux. Orso Ipato (Latin Ursus) was the third traditional Doge of Venice (726&ndash742 and the first historically known Hypatus or ypatus (pl hypati or ypati) was the Latin form of the Greek hypatos (pl Dux (plural duces) is Latin for leader (from the verb ducere, 'to lead' and could refer to anyone who commanded troops such He was the first historical Doge of Venice. The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf Tradition, however, first attested in the early 11th century, states that the Venetians first proclaimed one Anafestus Paulicius duke in 697, though this story dates to no earlier than the chronicle of John the Deacon. Paoluccio or Paolo Lucio Anafesto ( Latin Anafestus Paulucius or Paulicius) was the reputed first Doge of Venice. John deacon of Venice (d after 1008 was a Venetian Deacon and religious chronicler Whatever the case, the first doges had their power base in Heraclea. Eraclea is a town in the Province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. SP42 goes through it

Rise

Ursus's successor, Deusdedit, moved his seat from Heraclea to Malamocco in the 740s. Teodato Ipato (also Diodato or Deusdedit, Latin Theodatus Ursus) was the Doge of Venice after a brief interregnum following the death He was the son of Ursus and represented the attempt of his father to establish a dynasty. Such attempts were more than commonplace among the doges of the first few centuries of Venetian history, but all were ultimately unsuccessful. During the reign of Deusdedit, Venice became the only remaining Byzantine possession in the north and the changing politic of the Frankish Empire began to change the factional division of Venetia. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the One faction was decidedly pro-Byzantine. They desired to remain well-connected to the Empire. Another faction, republican in nature, believed in continuing along a course towards practical independence. The other main faction was pro-Frankish. Supported mostly by clergy (in line with papal sympathies of the time), they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Pepin or Pippin (714 &ndash 24 September 768) called the Short, and often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from A minor, pro-Lombard, faction was opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers and interested in maintaining peace with the neighbouring (and surrounding, but for the sea) Lombard kingdom.

Early Middle Ages

The successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori (803) the two emperors had recognised Venetian de facto independence, while it remained nominally Byzantine in subservience. The Pax Nicephori was an 803 Peace treaty concluded between the two emperors of Europe Charlemagne in the West and Nicephorus I in the East During the reign of the Participazio, Venice grew into its modern form. Though Heraclean by birth, Agnello, first doge of the family, was an early immigrant to Rialto and his dogeship was marked by the expansion of Venice towards the sea via the construction of bridges, canals, bulwarks, fortifications, and stone buildings. Agnello Participazio ( Angelo Particiaco, Latin Agnellus Particiacus was the tenth (traditional or eighth (historical Doge of Venice from 811 to 827 The modern Venice, at one with the sea, was being born. Agnello was succeeded by his son Giustiniano, who brought the body of Saint Mark the Evangelist to Venice from Alexandria and made him the patron saint of Venice. Giustiniano Participazio (also Partecipazio or Particiaco, English Justinian Latin Agnellus Iustinianus Particiacus) (died 829 was the eleventh "Saint Mark" redirects here For other uses see Saint Mark (disambiguation. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια

During the reign of the successor of the Participazio, Pietro Tradonico, Venice began to establish its military might which would influence many a later crusade and dominate the Adriatic for centuries. Pietro Tradonico (Latin Petrus Tradonicus Pola) died 13 September 864, an Istrian by birth was the Doge of Venice from 836 to 864 Tradonico secured the sea by fighting Slavic and Saracen pirates. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Tradonico's reign was long and successful (837–64), but he was succeeded by the Participazio and it appeared that a dynasty may have finally been established. Around 841, the Republic of Venice sent a fleet of 60 galleys (each carrying 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but it fails. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Croton may also refer to a plant genus See Croton (genus. Or to the NY village Croton-on-Hudson. ^[1] In 1000, Pietro II Orseolo sent a fleet of 6 ships to defeat the Croatian pirates from Dalmatia. Pietro II Orseolo was the Doge of Venice from 991 to 1009He began the period of eastern expansion of Venice that lasted for the better part of 500 years Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern ^[2]

High Middle Ages

Horses of Saint Mark, brought as loot from Constantinople in 1204. The Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of Saint Mark is a set of Roman or Greek Bronze statues of four Horses originally Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS

In the High Middle Ages, Venice became extremely wealthy through its control of trade between Europe and the Levant, and began to expand into the Adriatic Sea and beyond. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 See also Names of the Levant The Levant (lə'vænt is a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia, roughly bounded on the north by the In 1084, Domenico Selvo personally led a fleet against the Normans, but he was defeated and lost 9 great galleys, the largest and most heavily armed ships in the Venetian war fleet. Domenico Selvo (died 1087 was the 31st Doge of Venice, serving from 1071 to 1084 The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units ^[3] Venice was involved in the Crusades almost from the very beginning; 200 Venetian ships assisted in capturing the coastal cities of Syria after the First Crusade, and in 1123 they were granted virtual autonomy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem through the Pactum Warmundi. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of conquering the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian The Pactum Warmundi was a treaty of alliance established in 1123 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice. ^[4] In 1110, Ordelafo Faliero personally commanded a Venetian fleet of 100 ships to assist Baldwin I of Jerusalem in capturing the city of Sidon. Ordelafo Faliero de Doni (or Dodoni (d Zara, 1117 was the 34th Doge of Venice. Baldwin I of Jerusalem, formerly Baldwin I of Edessa, born Baldwin of Boulogne (French Baudouin de Boulogne 1058? - April 2, 1118, was Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh ^[5] In the 12th century, the Venetians also gained extensive trading privileges in the Byzantine Empire and their ships often provided the Empire with a navy. In 1182 there was an anti-Western riot in Constantinople, of which the Venetians were the main targets. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Many in the Empire had become jealous of Venetian power and influence, and thus, when in 1182 the pretender Andronikos I Komnenos marched on Constantinople, Venetian property was seized and the owners imprisoned or banished, an act which humiliated, and angered the Republic. Andronikos I Komnenos or Andronicus I Comnenus ( Greek: Ανδρόνικος Α’ Κομνηνός Andronikos I Komninos; c The Venetian fleet was crucial to the transportation of the Fourth Crusade, but when the crusaders could not pay for the ships, the cunning and manipulative Doge Enrico Dandolo quickly exploited the situation and offered transport to the crusaders if they were to capture the (Christian) Dalmatian city of Zadar (Italian: Zara), which had rebelled against the Venetian rule in 1183, placed itself under the dual protection of the Papacy and King Emeric of Hungary and had proven too well fortified to retake for Venice alone. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Enrico Dandolo (also Anglicised Henry Dandolo or in Latin Henricus Dandulus, 1107? &ndash June 21 1205) was the Doge The Siege of Zara ( Croatian - Zadar) ( November 10 - November 23, 1202) was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. There was also a Hungarian prince and saint named Emeric of Hungary (died 1031 Upon accomplishing this the crusade was again diverted to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, another rival of Venice in revenge for the 1182 massacre of Venetian citizens living in Constantinople. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The city was captured and sacked in 1204; the sack has been described as one of the most profitable and disgraceful sacks of a city in history. ^[6] The Byzantine Empire, which until 1204 had resisted several attacks and kept the Islamic invaders out of Western Anatolia and the Balkans, was re-established in 1261 by Michael VIII Palaiologos but never recovered its previous power and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who later occupied the Balkans and Hungary and on two occasions even besieged Vienna. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Michael VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus ( Greek: Μιχαήλ Η΄ Παλαιολόγος Mikhaēl VIII Palaiologos) (1223 &ndash December 11 The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Venetians, who accompanied the crusader fleet, claimed much of the plunder, including the famous four bronze horses which were brought back to adorn St. Mark's basilica. The Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of Saint Mark is a set of Roman or Greek Bronze statues of four Horses originally Saint Mark's Basilica ( Italian: Basilica di San Marco a Venezia) the Cathedral of Venice, is the most famous of As a result of the subsequent partition of the Byzantine Empire, Venice gained a great deal of territory in the Aegean Sea (three-eighths of the Byzantine Empire), including the islands of Crete and Euboea; for example, the present core city of Chania on Crete is largely of Venetian construction, built atop the ruins of the ancient city of Cydonia. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Chaniá ( Greek: Χανιά xaˈɲa also transliterated Hania and Khania, older form Chanea and Venetian: Canea Cydonia or Kydonia was an important ancient City-state on the northwest coast of the island of Crete. ^[7] The Aegean islands came to form the Venetian Duchy of the Archipelago. The Duchy of the Archipelago (Ducato dell'arcipelago Δουκάτον Αρχιπελάγους) or also Duchy of Naxos (Ducato di Nasso Δουκάτον Νάξου

In 1295, Pietro Gradenigo sent a fleet of 68 beautiful pretty sugary salty

ships to attack a Genoese fleet at Alexandretta, then another fleet of 100 ships were sent to attack the Genoese in 1299. Pietro Gradenigo was the 49th Doge of Venice, reigning from 1289 to 1311 İskenderun, also Iskenderon (formerly in Greek Ἀλεξανδρέττα Alexandretta; in Arabic الإسكندرون al-ʼIskandarūn [8] From 1350 to 1381, Venice fought an intermittent war with the Genoese.  Initially defeated, they devastated the Genoese fleet at the Battle of Chioggia in 1380 and retained their prominent position in eastern Mediterranean affairs at the expense of Genoa's declining empire. The naval Battle of Chioggia took place in June 1380 in the Lagoon off Chioggia, Italy between the Venetian and the Genoese fleets  

Venetian fort in Nafplion, Greece. Nafplion (Ναύπλιο in the Peloponnese in Greece, is a seaport town that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία This is one of the many forts that secured the Venetian trade routes in the Eastern Mediterranean. A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo

15th century

In the early fifteenth century, the Venetians also began to expand in Italy, as well as along the Dalmatian coast from Istria to Albania, which was acquired from King Ladislas of Naples during the civil war in Hungary. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Ladislas the Magnanimous (also spelled Ladislaus; July 14, 1376 / February 11, 1377 &ndash August 6 Ladislas was about to lose the conflict and had decided to escape to Naples, but before doing so he agreed to sell his now practically forfeit rights on the Dalmatian cities for a meager sum of 100,000 ducats. Venice exploited the situation and quickly installed nobility to govern the area, for example, Count Filippo Stipanov in Zadar. This move by the Venetians was a response to the threatening expansion of Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. Gian Galeazzo Visconti (November 1351 – September 3, 1402) son of Galeazzo II Visconti and Bianca di Savoia, was the first Duke of Milan The following is a list of rulers of Milan from the 13th century to 1859 when Milan and the rest of Lombardy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Control over the north-east main land routes was also a necessity for the safety of the trades. By 1410, Venice had a navy of 3,300 ships (manned by 36,000 men) and taken over most of Venetia, including such important cities as Verona (which swore its loyalty in the Devotion of Verona to Venice in 1405) and Padua. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. The Devotion of Verona to Venice was a Feudal oath of loyalty made by Verona to Venice, via Veronese ambassadors to Venice pronounced on June 24 1405 Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. ^[9]

The situation in Dalmatia had been settled in 1408 by a truce with King Sigismund of Hungary but the difficulties of Hungary finally granted to the Republic the consolidation of its Adriatic dominions. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9, At the expiration of the truce, Venice immediately invaded the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and subjected Traù, Spalato, Durazzo and other Dalmatian cities. The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an historical state and Episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head Trogir ( Italian & Dalmatian: Traù, Tragurium Greek Tragurion, Trau is a historic town and Harbour on the Adriatic Split (Spalatum Ancient Greek: Aspálathos, Ασπάλαθος Spalato is the largest and most important Dalmatian city the second-largest

Slaves were plentiful in the Italian city-states as late as the 15th century. Between 1414 and 1423, some 10,000 slaves were sold in Venice, almost all of whom were "nubile" young women from Russia, Greece, Bosnia, Georgia, Armenia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another ^[10][11]

In February 1489, the island of Cyprus, previously a crusader state (the Kingdom of Cyprus), was annexed to Venice. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European Crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489

Venetian possessions in Greece, 1450

League of Cambrai, Lepanto and the loss of Cyprus

The Ottoman Empire started sea campaigns as early as 1423, when it waged a seven year war with the Venetian Republic over maritime control of the Aegean Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The wars with Venice resumed in 1463 until a favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479. In 1480 (now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet) the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and captured Otranto. In 1480 the Knights Hospitaller garrison of Rhodes withstood an attack of the seemingly unstoppable Ottoman Empire. In 1480 and 1481 the city and fort of Otranto, in Apulia, southern Italy, were held by Ottoman troops By 1490, the population of Venice had risen to about 180,000 people. ^[12]

War with the Ottomans resumed from 1499 to 1503. The Turkish–Venetian War of 1499–1503 refers to the naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for the control of lands that were contested In 1499, Venice allied itself with Louis XII of France against Milan, gaining Cremona. Louis XII ( June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) called "the Father of the People" (Le Père du Peuple was the thirty-fifth king Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Cremonese redirects here For the football team see US Cremonese Cremona is a City in northern Italy, situated In the same year the Ottoman sultan moved to attack Lepanto by land, and sent a large fleet to support his offensive by sea. Antonio Grimani, more a businessman and diplomat than a sailor, was defeated in the sea battle of Zonchio in 1499. Antonio Grimani ( December 28 1434 - May 7 1523) was the Doge of Venice from 1521 to 1523 The naval Battle of Zonchio (also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days August 12 20 22 and 25 The Turks once again sacked Friuli. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Preferring peace to total war both against the Turks and by sea, Venice surrendered the bases of Lepanto, Modon and Coron. Methoni (Greek Μεθώνη alternative form Mothoni (Μοθώνη from Mothona, a mythical rock is a town on the southwestern coast of the prefecture of Koroni (Κορώνη is a town and municipality in Messenia, Greece of Arvanite origin

Venice's attention was diverted from its usual maritime position by the delicate situation in Romagna, then one of the richest lands in Italy, which was nominally part of the Papal States but effectively fractionated in a series of small lordship of difficult control for Rome's troops. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Eager to take some of Venice's lands, all neighbouring powers joined in the League of Cambrai in 1508, under the leadership of Pope Julius II. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. Pope Julius II (5 December 1443 &ndash 21 February 1513 born Giuliano Della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513 The pope wanted Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I: Friuli and Veneto; Spain: the Apulian ports; the king of France: Cremona; the king of Hungary: Dalmatia, and each of the others some part. Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Friuli ( Friulian: Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The King of Hungary (magyar király was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001 to 1918 The offensive against the huge army enlisted by Venice was launched from France. On 14 May 1509, Venice was crushingly defeated at the battle of Agnadello, in the Ghiara d'Adda, marking one of the most delicate points of the entire Venetian history. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was the one of the more significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai, and one of the major battles of French and imperial troops were occupying the Veneto, but Venice managed to extricate itself through diplomatic efforts. The Apulian ports were ceded in order to come to terms with Spain, and pope Julius II soon recognized the danger brought by the eventual destruction of Venice (then the only Italian power able to face kingdoms like France or empires like the Ottomans). The citizens of the mainland rose to the cry of "Marco, Marco", and Andrea Gritti recaptured Padua in July 1509, successfully defending it against the besieging imperial troops. Andrea Gritti (1455 - 1538 was the Doge of Venice from 1523 to 1538 following a distinguished diplomatic and military career Padua ( Padova 'padova Latin: Patavium, Padoa) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy. Spain and the pope broke off their alliance with France, and Venice regained Brescia and Verona from France also. Brescia ( Lombard: Brèsa) is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. After seven years of ruinous war, the Serenissima regained its mainland dominions west to the Adda river. Although the defeat had turned into a victory, the events of 1509 marked the end of the Venetian expansion.

In 1489, the first year of Venetian control of Cyprus, Turks attacked the Karpasia Peninsula, pillaging and taking captives to be sold into slavery. The Karpass Peninsula (Καρπασία Karpaz also known as Karpasia or Kırpaşa is a long finger-like Peninsula that is one of the most prominent In 1539 the Turkish fleet attacked and destroyed Limassol. Limassol or Lemesos ( Greek: Λεμεσός, Lemesos; Turkish: Limasol, alt Fearing the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire, the Venetians had fortified Famagusta, Nicosia, and Kyrenia, but most other cities were easy prey. "Magusa" redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Magusa (moth. Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. For the village in Greece which see Keryneia Greece. Kyrenia (Keryneia (ΚερύνειαGirne is a town noted for its historic By 1563, the population of Venice had dropped to about 168,000 people. ^[12]

In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia. Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha (or simply Lala Mustafa Pasha) (c 1500-1580 was an Ottoman general and statesman In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell — September 9, 1570 — 20,000 Nicosian Greeks and Venetians were put to death, and every church, public building, and palace was looted. Word of the massacre spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a heroic defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.

The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Turkish fleet at Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history. The Holy League of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included almost all the major Catholic maritime states in the Mediterranean. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa The Battle of Lepanto ( Greek: Ναύπακτος Naupaktos, pron The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. By 1575, the population of Venice was about 175,000 people, but dropped to 124,000 people by 1581. ^[12]

17th century

In 1605, a conflict between Venice and the Holy See began with the arrest of two clerics accused of petty crimes, and with a law restricting the Church's right to enjoy and acquire landed property. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Pope Paul V held that these provisions were contrary to canon law, and demanded that they should be repealed. For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese. When this was refused, he placed Venice under an interdict. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty The Republic paid no attention to the interdict or the act of excommunication, and ordered its priests to carry out their ministry. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community It was supported in its decisions by the Servite monk Paolo Sarpi, a sharp polemical writer who was nominated to be the Signoria's adviser on theology and canon law in 1606. Paolo Sarpi ( August 14, 1552 &ndash January 15, 1623) was an Italian patriot scholar scientist and church reformer. The interdict was lifted after a year, when France intervened and proposed a formula of compromise. Venice was satisfied with reaffirming the principle that no citizen was superior to the normal processes of law.

Decline

Giovan Battista Tiepolo, Neptune offers the wealth of the sea to Venice, 1748–50. See also Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (or Giandomenico Tiepolo) or Lorenzo Baldissera Tiepolo, both sons of Giovanni Battista Neptune (Neptūnus is the god of water and the sea in Roman mythology, a brother of Jupiter and Pluto. This painting is an allegory of the power of the Republic of Venice, as the wealth and power of the Serenissima was based on the control of the sea.

In December 1714, the Turks declared war when the Peloponnese (the Morea) was "without any of those supplies which are so desirable even in countries where aid is near at hand which are not liable to attack from the sea". The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Morea ( Greek: Μορέας or Μοριάς) was the name of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages

The Turks took the islands of Tinos and Aegina, crossed the isthmus and took Corinth. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Daniele Dolfin, commander of the Venetian fleet, thought it better to save the fleet than risk it for the Morea. When he eventually arrived on the scene, Nauplia, Modon, Corone and Malvasia had fallen. Levkas in the Ionian islands, and the bases of Spinalonga and Suda on Crete which still remained in Venetian hands, were abandoned. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Turks finally landed on Corfù, but its defenders managed to throw them back. Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea In the meantime, the Turks had suffered a grave defeat by the Austrians at Battle of Petrovaradin on 5 August 1716. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Battle of Petrovaradin or Battle of Peterwardein was a decisive victory for Austrian forces in the war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire ( Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Venetian naval efforts in the Aegean and the Dardanelles in 1717 and 1718, however, met with little success. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly With the Treaty of Passarowitz (21 July 1718), Austria made large territorial gains, but Venice lost the Morea, for which its small gains in Albania and Dalmatia were little compensation. The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the Peace treaty signed in Požarevac ( Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. This was the last war with the Ottoman Empire. By the year 1792, the once great Venetian merchant fleet had declined to a mere 309 merchantmen. ^[13]

The fall of the Republic

By 1796, the Republic of Venice could no longer defend itself since its war fleet numbered only four galleys and seven galliots. Galleys redirects here For other uses see Galley (disambiguation. Galiots (or galliots) were types of ships from the Age of Sail. ^[14] In spring 1796, Piedmont fell and the Austrians were beaten from Montenotte to Lodi. Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Montenotte was a département of the First French Empire in present Italy. Lodi ( pronounced) is a town in Lombardy, Italy, on the right bank of the River Adda. The army under Bonaparte crossed the frontiers of neutral Venice in pursuit of the enemy. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. By the end of the year the French troops were occupying the Venetian state up to the Adige. The Adige (Adige Venetian: Àdexe; Trentin Ades; Friulian: Adis; Etsch Ladin: Adesc, or Adiç Vicenza, Cadore and Friuli were held by the Austrians. With the campaigns of the next year, Napoleon aimed for the Austrian possessions across the Alps. In the preliminaries to the Peace of Leoben, the terms of which remained secret, the Austrians were to take the Venetian possessions as the price of peace (18 April 1797). The Treaty of Leoben (also known as the Peace of Leoben) was signed on April 17, 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Government

In the early years of the republic, the Doge ruled Venice in an autocratic fashion, but later his powers were limited by the promissione, a pledge he had to take when elected. The Doge ( Venetian language, also Doxe, derived from Latin Dux military leader duke cf An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler As a result powers were shared with the (Major) Council, composed of 480 members taken from certain families, so that "He could do nothing without the Major Council and the Major Council could do nothing without him". ^[15]

In the 12th century, the aristocratic families of Rialto further diminished the Doge's powers by establishing the Minor Council (1175), composed of six advisors of the Doge, and the Quarantia (1179) as a supreme tribunal. In 1223, these institutions were combined into the Signoria, which consisted of the Doge, the Minor Council and the three leaders of the Quarantia. The Signoria of Venice ( Serenissima Signoria) was the supreme body of government of the Republic of Venice. The Signoria was the central body of government, representing the continuity of the republic as shown in the expression: "si è morto il Doge, no la Signoria" ("Though the Doge is dead, not the Signoria").

Also created were the sapientes, two (and later six) bodies that combined with other groups to form a collegio, which formed an executive branch. In 1229, the Consiglio dei Pregadi, a senate, was formed, being 60 members elected by the Major Council. ^[16] These developments left the Doge with little personal power and saw actual authority in the hands of the Major Council.

Venice described its political system as a 'classical republic' combining the monarchy in the Doge, aristocracy in the senate, and democracy in the Major Council. A political system is a System of Politics and Government. It is usually compared to the Law system, Economic system, Cultural A classical republic, according to certain modern political theorists is a state of Classical Antiquity that is considered to have a Republican form of government Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy ^[17]. Machiavelli also refers to Venice as a republic. ^[18].

In 1335, a Council of Ten was established and became the central political body whose members operated in secret. The Council of Ten, or simply the Ten, was from 1310 to 1797 one of the major governing bodies of the Republic of Venice. Around 1600, its dominance over the Major Council was considered a threat and the Ten's reduced.

In 1454, the Supreme Tribunal of the three state inquisitors was established to guard the security of the republic. By means of espionage, counterespionage, internal surveillance and a network of informers, they ensured that Venice did not come under the rule of a single "signore", as many other Italian cities did at the time. This article is a subset article of Intelligence cycle security. Surveillance is the monitoring of Behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people objects or processes within systems for conformity One of the inquisitors - popularly known as Il Rosso ("the red one") because of his scarlet robe - was chosen from the Doge's councillors, two - popularly known as I negri ("the black ones") because of their black robes - were chosen from the Council of Ten. The Supreme Tribunal gradually assumed some of the powers of the Council of Ten. ^[16]

In 1556, the provveditori ai beni inculti were also created for the improvement of agriculture by increasing the area under cultivation and encouraging private investment in agricultural improvement. The consistent rise in the price of grain during the 16th century encouraged the transfer of capital from trade to the land.

References

Bibliography

• Patricia Fortini Brown. Private Lives in Renaissance Venice: art, architecture, and the family (2004)
• Chambers, D. S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580. London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.
• Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).
• Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography. " Journal of Modern History 58, pp. 43–94 — the classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.
• Deborah Howard and Sarah Quill. The Architectural History of Venice (2004)
• John Rigby Hale. Renaissance Venice (1974), ISBN 0571104290
• Lane, Frederic Chapin. Venice: Maritime Republic (1973) — a standard scholarly history with an emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history; ISBN 0801814456
• Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the life of women more generally.
• Mallett, M. E. and Hale, J. R. The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State, Venice c. 1400 to 1617 (1984), ISBN 0521032474
• Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. (2002) Johns Hopkins UP — The most recent collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
  • Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated. " Trames 6(2), pp. 192–201 — A scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on Venice.
• Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP — The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
• David Rosand. Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State (2001) — how writers (especially English) have understood Venice and its art
• Manfredo Tafuri. Venice and the Renaissance (1995) — architecture

Primary sources

• Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, translator. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes. " — The most important contemporary account of Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming; numerous reprint editions; online facsimile.

Sources

• Benvenuti, Gino (1989). Le repubbliche marinare. Rome: Newton Compton.  
• Norwich, John Julius (1982). John Julius Cooper 2nd Viscount Norwich CVO (born 15 September 1929) is an English historian travel writer and television personality A History of Venice. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. The City of New York Alfred A Knopf Inc is a New York publishing house founded by Alfred A  

See also